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79-702: It is included in the Circeo National Park . Sites include the Grotta Guattari , one of the oldest Neanderthal sites in Italy, in which remains of nine Neanderthals were discovered. Capo Circeo Lighthouse is 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) from the old town. In the treaty signed between Carthage and Rome in 509 BC , the Carthaginians agreed not to harm Circeii. In 209 BC, during the Second Punic War , Circeii

158-553: A carnivoran , the European badger is an omnivore , feeding on a wide variety of plant and animal foods, including earthworms , large insects , small mammals , carrion , cereals , and tubers . Litters of up to five cubs are produced in spring. The young are weaned a few months later, but usually remain within the family group. The European badger has been known to share its burrow with other species, such as rabbits , red foxes , and raccoon dogs , but it can be ferocious when provoked,

237-458: A 22–63 cm (8.7–24.8 in) wide base and a 14–32 cm (5.5–12.6 in) height. Three sleeping chambers occur in a family unit, some of which are open at both ends. The nesting chamber is located 5–10 m (16–33 ft) from the opening, and is situated more than a 1 m (3 ft 3 in) underground, in some cases 2.3 m (7 ft 7 in). Generally, the passages are 35–81 m (115–266 ft) long. The nesting chamber

316-445: A maximum depth of 27 meters. The section nearer to the sea is home to short vegetation, housing a number of small size wildlife including the European badger, foxes, lizards and beetles. Farther from the sea are bigger plants, such as the prickly juniper and mastic , up to true trees like the maritime pine and the holm oak, or, near the lakes (see following section), the alder , fraxinus , poplar and willow . The humid area of

395-597: A peak just before the winter. During the summer, European badgers commonly weigh 7–13 kg (15–29 lb) and 15–17 kg (33–37 lb) in autumn. The average weight of adults in the Białowieża Forest was 10.2 kg (22 lb) in spring but up to 19 kg (42 lb) in autumn, 46% higher than the spring low mass. In Woodchester Park , England , adults in spring weighed on average 7.9 kg (17 lb) and in fall average 9.5 kg (21 lb). In Doñana National Park , average weight of adult badgers

474-546: A piercing scream when alarmed or frightened. Like other badger species, European badgers are burrowing animals. However, the dens they construct (called setts) are the most complex, and are passed on from generation to generation. The number of exits in one sett can vary from a few to fifty. These setts can be vast, and can sometimes accommodate multiple families. When this happens, each family occupies its own passages and nesting chambers. Some setts may have exits which are only used in times of danger or play. A typical passage has

553-461: A plain and coastal area. It reaches from approximately Pontinia in the north to Sabaudia in the south. The park can be divided into five main habitats : the forest, the promontory, the littoral dune, the humid area and the island of Zannone. The forest included in the park, occupying a grossly square sector between the SS 148 Pontina state road and the coast of San Felice Circeo , is the last relic of

632-583: A prominent role in Colin Dann 's The Animals of Farthing Wood series as second in command to Fox. The badger is also the house symbol for Hufflepuff in the Harry Potter book series. The Redwall series also has the Badger Lords, who rule the extinct volcano fortress of Salamandastron and are renowned as fierce warriors. The children's television series Bodger & Badger was popular on CBBC during

711-403: A provoked badger was once reported as biting down on a man's wrist so severely that his hand had to be amputated. The dental formula is 3.1.3.1 3.1.4.2 . Scent glands are present below the base of the tail and on the anus . The subcaudal gland secretes a musky-smelling, cream-coloured fatty substance, while the anal glands secrete a stronger-smelling, yellowish-brown fluid. In winter,

790-462: A quantity of food equal to 3.4% of its body weight. Badgers typically eat prey on the spot, and rarely transport it to their setts. Surplus killing has been observed in chicken coops. Badgers prey on rabbits throughout the year, especially during times when their young are available. They catch young rabbits by locating their position in their nest by scent, then dig vertically downwards to them. In mountainous or hilly districts, where vegetable food

869-589: A reduction in rabies in Central Europe. In the UK, badgers experienced a 77% increase in numbers during the 1980s and 1990s. The badger population in Great Britain in 2012 is estimated to be 300,000. The European badger is found in deciduous and mixed woodlands, clearings, spinneys, pastureland and scrub, including Mediterranean maquis shrubland . It has adapted to life in suburban areas and urban parks, although not to

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948-419: A series of canals. Other species present in the area include badger , wild boar, fox , crested porcupine , wild weasel, and European hedgehog . Vegetation is composed, on the lakes' shores, by salicornia (Arthrocnemum glaucum) , inula and tamarisk among the others. Apart the lakes, there are some further smaller marshy area in which Italian Mediterranean buffalo shepherding is practiced. Zannone

1027-471: A strip of coastal land from Anzio to Terracina , including also a sector of forest in the mainland of San Felice Circeo , and the island of Zannone . The park was established by order of Benito Mussolini , under advice from Senator Raffaele Bastianelli , to preserve the last remains of the Pontine Marshes which were being reclaimed in that period. It is the only national park in Italy to occupy only

1106-536: A threat to adult badgers, though deaths caused by them are quantitatively rare as these predators are often limited in population due to human persecution and usually prefer easier, larger prey like ungulates , while badgers may fight viciously if aware of a predator and cornered without an escape route. They may live alongside red foxes ( Vulpes vulpes ) in isolated sections of large burrows. The two species possibly tolerate each other out of commensalism ; foxes provide badgers with food scraps, while badgers maintain

1185-415: A trait which has been exploited in the now-illegal blood sport of badger-baiting . Like many wild and domesticated species of mammals, badgers can be carriers of bovine tuberculosis , which can spread between species and can be particularly detrimental to cattle. In England, badger populations are culled to try to reduce the incidence of bovine tuberculosis in cattle, although the efficacy of this practice

1264-433: A wide range of animals and plants. Earthworms are their most important food source, followed by large insects , carrion , cereals , fruit and small mammals , including rabbits , mice , rats , voles , shrews , moles and hedgehogs . Insect prey includes chafers , dung and ground beetles , caterpillars , leatherjackets , and the nests of wasps and bumblebees . They are able to destroy wasp nests, consuming

1343-716: A wise hermit, a good leader and gentleman, embodying common sense. He is also brave and a skilled fighter, and helps rid Toad Hall of invaders from the wild wood. The "Frances" series of children's books by Russell and Lillian Hoban depicts an anthropomorphic badger family. In T. H. White 's Arthurian series The Once and Future King , the young King Arthur is transformed into a badger by Merlin as part of his education. He meets with an older badger who tells him "I can only teach you two things – to dig, and love your home." A villainous badger named Tommy Brock appears in Beatrix Potter 's 1912 book The Tale of Mr. Tod . He

1422-507: Is a boar, a female is a sow, and a young badger is a cub. A badger's home is called a sett. Badger colonies are often called clans. The far older name "brock" ( Old English : brocc ), ( Scots : brock ) is a Celtic loanword (cf. Gaelic broc and Welsh broch , from Proto-Celtic * brokko ) meaning 'grey'. The Proto-Germanic term was * þahsu- (cf. German Dachs , Dutch das , Norwegian svin-toks ; Early Modern English dasse ), probably from

1501-549: Is a cousin of Reynard the Fox , whom he uselessly tries to convince to return to the path of righteousness. In Kenneth Grahame 's The Wind in the Willows , Mr. Badger is depicted as a gruff, solitary figure who "simply hates society", yet is a good friend to Mole and Ratty. As a friend of Toad's now-deceased father, he is often firm and serious with Toad, but at the same time generally patient and well-meaning towards him. He can be seen as

1580-405: Is a lack of suitable burrowing grounds, badgers may move into haystacks in winter. They may share their setts with red foxes or European rabbits . The badgers may provide protection for the rabbits against other predators. The rabbits usually avoid predation by the badgers by inhabiting smaller, hard to reach chambers. Estrus in European badgers lasts four to six days and may occur throughout

1659-529: Is a small island belonging to the Ponziano archipelago , annexed to the park in 1979. Uninhabited, it is covered by woods of oaks and holm oaks, and is the only island in the archipelago to have kept its original vegetation cover. The latter include strawflower , mastic , myrtus , common broom , erica, euphorbia, strawberry tree and bay laurel . European badger Ursus meles Linnaeus, 1758 The European badger ( Meles meles ), also known as

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1738-439: Is generally just called the " badger ". The European badger is a powerfully built, black, white, brown, and grey animal with a small head, a stocky body, small black eyes, and a short tail. Its weight varies, being 7–13 kg (15–29 lb) (15–29 lb) in spring, but building up to 15–17 kg (33–37 lb) in autumn before the winter sleep period. It is nocturnal and is a social , burrowing animal that sleeps during

1817-543: Is hunted as a pest. Badgers play a part in European folklore and are featured in modern literature. In Irish mythology , badgers are portrayed as shape-shifters and kinsmen to Tadg, the king of Tara and foster father of Cormac mac Airt . In one story, Tadg berates his adopted son for having killed and prepared some badgers for dinner. In German folklore , the badger is portrayed as a cautious, peace-loving Philistine , who loves more than anything his home, family and comfort, though he can become aggressive if surprised. He

1896-537: Is largely associated with territorial defence and mating. When fighting, they bite each other on the neck and rump, while running and chasing each other and injuries incurred in such fights can be severe and sometimes fatal. When attacked by dogs or sexually excited, badgers may raise their tails and fluff up their fur. European badgers have an extensive vocal repertoire. When threatened, they emit deep growls and, when fighting, make low kekkering noises. They bark when surprised, whicker when playing or in distress, and emit

1975-459: Is more common—, Catalan toixó , Spanish tejón , Portuguese texugo ) except Asturian melandru . Until the mid-18th century, European badgers were variously known in English as brock, pate, grey, and bawson. The name "bawson" is derived from "bawsened", which refers to something striped with white. "Pate" is a local name that was once popular in northern England. The name "badget"

2054-460: Is on average 74 cm × 76 cm (29 in × 30 in), and are 38 cm (15 in) high. Badgers dig and collect bedding throughout the year, particularly in autumn and spring. Sett maintenance is usually carried out by subordinate sows and dominant boars. The chambers are frequently lined with bedding, brought in on dry nights, which consists of grass , bracken , straw , leaves and moss . Up to 30 bundles can be carried to

2133-464: Is reported as 6 to 7.95 kg (13.2 to 17.5 lb), perhaps in accordance with Bergmann's rule , that its size decreases in relatively warmer climates. Sows can attain a top autumn weight of around 17.2 kg (38 lb), while exceptionally large boars have been reported in autumn. The heaviest verified was 27.2 kg (60 lb), though unverified specimens have been reported to 30.8 kg (68 lb) and even 34 kg (75 lb) (if so,

2212-466: Is scarce, badgers rely on rabbits as a principal food source. Adult rabbits are usually avoided, unless they are wounded or caught in traps. They consume them by turning them inside out and eating the meat, leaving the inverted skin uneaten. Hedgehogs are eaten in a similar manner. In areas where badgers are common, hedgehogs are scarce. Some rogue badgers may kill lambs, though this is very rare; they may be erroneously implicated in lamb killings through

2291-637: Is shown kidnapping the children of Benjamin Bunny and his wife Flopsy, and hiding them in an oven at the home of Mr. Tod the fox, whom he fights at the end of the book. The portrayal of the badger as a filthy animal which appropriates fox dens was criticized from a naturalistic viewpoint, though the inconsistencies are few and employed to create individual characters rather than evoke an archetypical fox and badger. A wise old badger named Trufflehunter appears in C. S. Lewis ' Prince Caspian , where he aids Caspian X in his struggle against King Miraz . A badger takes

2370-420: Is strongly disputed, and badger culls are widely considered cruel and inhumane. The source of the word "badger" is uncertain. The Oxford English Dictionary states it probably derives from "badge" + -ard , a reference to the white mark on its forehead that resembles a badge, and may date to the early 16th century. The French word bêcheur ('digger') has also been suggested as a source. A male badger

2449-553: Is uncommon, though badgers may temporarily visit other colonies. Badgers can live for up to about fifteen years in the wild. Badgers begin to prepare for winter sleep during late summer by accumulating fat reserves, which reach a peak in October. During this period, the sett is cleaned and the nesting chamber is filled with bedding. Upon retiring to sleep, badgers block their sett entrances with dry leaves and earth. They typically stop leaving their setts once snow has fallen. In Russia and

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2528-589: The Eurasian badger , is a badger species in the family Mustelidae native to Europe and West Asia and parts of Central Asia . It is classified as least concern on the IUCN Red List , as it has a wide range and a large, stable population size which is thought to be increasing in some regions. Several subspecies are recognized, with the nominate subspecies ( M. m. meles ) predominating in most of Europe. In Europe, where no other badger species commonly occurs, it

2607-747: The Impiso Cave ( Italian : Grotta dell'Impiso ), the Grotta del Fossellone and the Grotta Breuil ; the latter was also inhabited by the Neanderthal Man. The park is home to a 22 km-long coastal sand strip, from the limestone cliffs of the Mount Circeo, in correspondence of the Torre Paola watchtower, up to Capo Portiere. The sand, characterized by fine sand, is backed by a typical maquis shrubland with

2686-568: The PIE root * tek'- 'to construct', which suggests that the badger was named after its digging of setts (tunnels); the Germanic term * þahsu- became taxus or taxō , -ōnis in Latin glosses , replacing mēlēs (' marten ' or 'badger'), and from these words the common Romance terms for the animal evolved ( Italian tasso , French tesson/taisson/tasson —now blaireau

2765-400: The fleas Paraceras melis (the badger flea), Chaetopsylla trichosa and Pulex irritans (the human flea), the lice Trichodectes melis and the ticks Ixodes ricinus , I. canisuga , I. hexagonus , I. reduvius and I. melicula . They also suffer from mange. They spend much time grooming, individuals concentrating on their own ventral areas, alternating one side with

2844-477: The holm oak , the bay laurel and the cork oak . Understory is also rich, featuring common hawthorn , blackthorn , wild apple , pear and strawberry trees , erica , Ruscus aculeatus and numerous others. The berry vegetation allows the presence of a rich fauna, including wild boar , fallow deer , hare , european badger , red fox , weasel , green whip snake , Natrix maura , land and marsh Testudo , Triturus newt , toad and frog among

2923-447: The 1990s and was set around the mishaps of a mashed potato -loving badger and his human companion. An unnamed badger is part of Bosnian Serb writer Petar Kočić 's satirical play Badger on Tribunal in which local farmer David Štrbac attempts to sue a badger for eating his crops. It is actually highly critical towards Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina at the beginning of

3002-450: The Circeo park includes four coastal salt lakes: Paola , Caprolace, Monaci and Fogliano, which are what remains of the Pontine Marshes and currently are home to a vast wildlife of aquatic birds ( cattle egret , crane , goose , northern lapwing , skylark , curlew ), as well as to rare species such as the marsh turtle. With a maximum depth of two meters, they are connected to the sea through

3081-600: The European badger as being of least concern . This is because it is a relatively common species with a wide range and populations are generally stable. In Central Europe it has become more abundant in recent decades due to a reduction in the incidence of rabies. In other areas it has also fared well, with increases in numbers in Western Europe and the United Kingdom. However, in some areas of intensive agriculture it has reduced in numbers due to loss of habitat and in others it

3160-635: The Nordic countries, European badgers retire for winter sleep from late October to mid-November and emerge from their setts in March and early April. In areas such as England and Transcaucasia, where winters are less harsh, badgers either forgo winter sleep entirely or spend long periods underground, emerging in mild spells. European badgers are among the least carnivorous members of the Carnivora ; they are highly adaptable and opportunistic omnivores, whose diet encompasses

3239-415: The black tones becoming brownish, sometimes with yellowish tinges. Partial melanism in badgers is known, and albinos and leucists are not uncommon. Albino badgers can be pure white or yellowish with pink eyes, while leucistic ones are the same but with normal eyes instead. Erythristic badgers are more common than the former, being characterized by having a sandy-red colour on the usually black parts of

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3318-549: The body. Yellow badgers are also known. The European badger is native to most of Europe. Its range includes Albania, Armenia, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Crete, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Moldova, Montenegro, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and Ukraine. The distributional boundary between

3397-453: The breeding season. However, in general, animals within and outside a group show considerable tolerance of each other. Boars tend to mark their territories more actively than sows, with their territorial activity increasing during the mating season in early spring. Badgers groom each other very thoroughly with their claws and teeth. Grooming may have a social function. They are crepuscular and nocturnal in habits. Aggression among badgers

3476-1154: The burrowing habits of the species. In the 19th and 20th centuries, several badger type specimens were described and proposed as subspecies . As of 2005 , eight subspecies were recognized as valid taxa , but four ( canescens , arcalus , rhodius , severzovi ) are now considered to belong to a distinct species, the Caucasian badger ( M. canescens ). [REDACTED] taxus (Boddaert, 1785) alba (Gmelin, 1788) maculata (Gmelin, 1788) vulgaris (Tiedemann, 1808) europaeus (Desmarest, 1816) caninus (Billberg, 1827) communis (Billberg, 1827) typicus (Barrett-Hamilton, 1899) britannicus (Satunin, 1905) caucasicus (Ognev, 1926) tauricus (Ognev, 1926) danicus (Degerbøl, 1933) mediterraneus (Barrett-Hamilton, 1899) [REDACTED] European badgers are powerfully built animals with small heads, thick, short necks, stocky, wedge-shaped bodies and short tails. Their feet are plantigrade or semidigitigrade and short, with five toes on each foot. The limbs are short and massive, with naked lower surfaces on

3555-424: The colour of the upper body. The front parts of the bands are 15 mm (0.59 in), and widen to 45–55 mm (1.8–2.2 in) in the ear region. A wide, white band extends from the nose tip through the forehead and crown. White markings occur on the lower part of the head, and extend backwards to a great part of the neck's length. The summer fur is much coarser, shorter and sparser, and is deeper in colour, with

3634-789: The countryside is waterlogged , cubs may be born above ground in buildings. Typically, only dominant sows can breed, as they suppress the reproduction of subordinate females. The average litter consists of one to five cubs. Although many cubs are sired by resident males, up to 54% can be fathered by boars from different colonies. Dominant sows may kill the cubs of subordinates. Cubs are born pink, with greyish, silvery fur and fused eyelids. Neonatal badgers are 12 cm (4.7 in) in body length on average and weigh 75 to 132 g (2.6 to 4.7 oz), with cubs from large litters being smaller. By three to five days, their claws become pigmented, and individual dark hairs begin to appear. Their eyes open at four to five weeks and their milk teeth erupt about

3713-529: The day in one of several setts in its territorial range. These burrows have multiple chambers and entrances, and are extensive systems of underground passages of 35–81 m (115–266 ft) length. They house several badger families that use these setts for decades. Badgers are fussy over the cleanliness of their burrow, carrying in fresh bedding and removing soiled material, and they defecate in latrines strategically situated outside their setts or en route to other setts. Although taxonomically classified as

3792-494: The early Middle Pleistocene , with fossil sites occurring in Episcopia , Grombasek , Süssenborn , Hundsheim , Erpfingen , Koněprusy , Mosbach 2, and Stránská Skála . A comparison between fossil and living specimens shows a marked progressive adaptation to omnivory, namely in the increase in the molars ' surface areas and the modification of the carnassials . Occasionally, badger bones are discovered in earlier strata , due to

3871-518: The extent of red foxes. In mountainous areas it occurs up to an altitude of 2,000 m (6,600 ft). European badgers are the most social of badgers, forming groups of six adults on average, though larger associations of up to 23 individuals have been recorded. Group size may be related to habitat composition. Under optimal conditions, badger territories can be as small as 30 ha (74 acres), but may be as large as 150 ha (370 acres) in marginal areas. Badger territories can be identified by

3950-652: The facial part of their skulls is elongated and narrow. Adults have prominent sagittal crests which can reach 15 mm tall in old males, and are more strongly developed than those of honey badgers. Aside from anchoring the jaw muscles, the thickness of the crests protect their skulls from hard blows. Similar to martens, the dentition of European badgers is well-suited for their omnivorous diets. Their incisors are small and chisel -shaped, their canine teeth are prominent and their carnassials are not overly specialized. Their molars are flattened and adapted for grinding. Their jaws are powerful enough to crush most bones;

4029-417: The feet. The claws are strong, elongated and have an obtuse end, which assists in digging. The claws are not retractable, and the hind claws wear with age. Old badgers sometimes have their hind claws almost completely worn away from constant use. Their snouts, which are used for digging and probing, are muscular and flexible. The eyes are small and the ears short and tipped with white. Whiskers are present on

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4108-421: The fur on the back and flanks is long and coarse, consisting of bristly guard hairs with a sparse, soft undercoat. The belly fur consists of short, sparse hairs, with skin being visible in the inguinal region . Guard hair length on the middle of the back is 75–80 mm (3.0–3.1 in) in winter. Prior to the winter, the throat, lower neck, chest and legs are black. The belly is of a lighter, brownish tint, while

4187-523: The heaviest weight for any terrestrial mustelid). If average weights are used, the European badger ranks as the second largest terrestrial mustelid, behind only the wolverine. Although their sense of smell is acute, their eyesight is monochromatic as has been shown by their lack of reaction to red lanterns. Only moving objects attract their attention. Their hearing is no better than that of humans. European badger skulls are quite massive, heavy and elongated. Their braincases are oval in outline, while

4266-401: The inguinal region is brownish-grey. The general colour of the back and sides is light silvery-grey, with straw-coloured highlights on the sides. The tail has long and coarse hairs, and is generally the same colour as the back. Two black bands pass along the head, starting from the upper lip and passing upwards to the whole base of the ears. The bands sometimes extend along the neck and merge with

4345-509: The legs of their mothers, and even adult badgers may be attacked by this eagle species when emerging weak and hungry from hibernation. Eurasian eagle owls ( Bubo bubo ) may also take an occasional cub and other large raptors such as white-tailed eagles ( Haliaeetus albicilla ) and greater spotted eagle ( Clanga clanga ) are considered potential badger cub predators. Raccoon dogs may extensively use badger setts for shelter. There are many known cases of badgers and raccoon dogs wintering in

4424-457: The lower heights, is associated with manna arsh , Ostrya carpinifolia , downy and Italian oak . The understory includes erica, broom and strawberry tree, while where the mount descends to the plain is a 25 ha cork oak wood. The southern slopes have a milder climate and are characterized by Mediterranean rock vegetation (holm oak, Phoenicean juniper , euphorbia tree, myrtus , Pistacia lentiscus , rosemary and erica, while amongst

4503-546: The lower plants are the rock samphire , Helichrysum and Centaurea . Wildlife, aside from the European badger, wild boar and beech marten , includes numerous bird species such as peregrine falcon and the common kestrel . Among the numerous coastal caves of naturalistic interest are the Grotta Guattari, where in 1939 a skull of Homo neanderthalensis was found, the Goats Cave ( Italian : Grotta delle Capre ),

4582-424: The mustelid herpesvirus -1, as well as rabies and canine distemper , though the latter two are absent in Great Britain. Other diseases found in European badgers include arteriosclerosis , pneumonia , pleurisy , nephritis , enteritis , polyarthritis and lymphosarcoma . Internal parasites of badgers include trematodes , nematodes and several species of tapeworm . Ectoparasites carried by them include

4661-941: The occupants, combs, and envelope, such as that of Vespula rufa nests, since their thick skin and body hair protect the badgers from stings. Cereal food includes wheat, oats , maize and occasionally barley . Fruits include windfall apples, pears, plums , blackberries , bilberries , raspberries , cherries , strawberries , acorns , beechmast , pignuts and wild arum corms . Occasionally, they feed on medium to large birds , amphibians , fish , small reptiles including tortoises and lizards , snails , slugs , fungi, tubers and green food such as clover and grass , particularly in winter and during droughts . Badgers characteristically capture large numbers of one food type in each hunt. Generally, they do not eat more than 0.5 kg (1.1 lb) of food per day, with young specimens yet to attain one year of age eating more than adults. An adult badger weighing 15 kg (33 lb) eats

4740-441: The other, while social grooming occurs with one individual grooming another on its dorsal surface. Fleas tried to avoid the scratching, retreating rapidly downwards and backwards through the fur. This was in contrast to fleas away from their host, which ran upwards and jumped when disturbed. The grooming seems to disadvantage fleas rather than merely having a social function. The International Union for Conservation of Nature rates

4819-416: The others. The promontory of Circeo, with a maximum height of 541 m, is a Mesozoic limestone - dolomite massif with a peculiar island shape, and gives its name to the whole park. From a naturalistic point of view, it can be divided into two different sectors. The northern slopes of the promontory have a more humid climate and are covered by a thick shrub of holly oak in the upper sector, which, at

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4898-505: The pair may briefly copulate for a minute or two when the sow is not in estrus. A delay of two to nine months precedes the fertilized eggs implanting into the wall of the uterus , though matings in December can result in immediate implantation. Ordinarily, implantation happens in December, with a gestation period lasting seven weeks. Cubs are usually born in mid-January to mid-March within underground chambers containing bedding. In areas where

4977-441: The presence of communal latrines and well-worn paths. It is mainly males that are involved in territorial aggression. A hierarchical social system is thought to exist among badgers and large powerful boars seem to assert dominance over smaller males. Large boars sometimes intrude into neighbouring territories during the main mating season in early spring. Sparring and more vicious fights generally result from territorial defense in

5056-417: The presence of discarded wool and bones near their setts, though foxes, which occasionally live alongside badgers, are often the culprits, as badgers do not transport food to their setts. They typically kill lambs by biting them behind the shoulder. Poultry and game birds are also taken only rarely. Some badgers may build their setts in close proximity to poultry or game farms without ever causing damage. In

5135-680: The ranges of European and Asian badgers is the Volga River , the European species being situated on the western bank. The boundary between the ranges of the European and Caucasian badgers is in the North Caucasus , but a clear boundary has not been defined, and they are sympatric in some regions, potentially forming a hybrid zone . They are common in European Russia , with 30,000 individuals having been recorded there in 1990. They are abundant and increasing throughout their range, partly due to

5214-756: The rare instances in which badgers do kill reared birds, the killings usually occur in February–March, when food is scarce due to harsh weather and increases in badger populations. Badgers can easily breach bee hives with their jaws, and are mostly indifferent to bee stings , even when set upon by swarms. European badgers have few natural enemies. While normally docile, badgers can become extremely aggressive and ferocious when cornered, making it dangerous for predators to target them. Grey wolves ( Canis lupus ), Eurasian lynxes ( Lynx lynx ) and brown bears ( Ursus arctos ), Europe's three largest remaining land predators, and large domestic dogs ( C. familiaris ) can pose

5293-482: The same hole, possibly because badgers enter hibernation two weeks earlier than the latter, and leave two weeks later. In exceptional cases, badger and raccoon dog cubs may coexist in the same burrow. Badgers may drive out or kill raccoon dogs if they overstay their welcome. Bovine tuberculosis (bovine TB) caused by Mycobacterium bovis is a major mortality factor in badgers, though infected badgers can live and successfully breed for years before succumbing. The disease

5372-400: The same time. They emerge from their setts at eight weeks of age, and begin to be weaned at twelve weeks, though they may still suckle until they are four to five months old. Subordinate females assist the mother in guarding, feeding and grooming the cubs. Cubs fully develop their adult coats at six to nine weeks. In areas with medium to high badger populations, dispersal from the natal group

5451-402: The sett on a single night. European badgers are fastidiously clean animals which regularly clear out and discard old bedding. During the winter, they may take their bedding outside on sunny mornings and retrieve it later in the day. Spring cleaning is connected with the birth of cubs, and may occur several times during the summer to prevent parasite levels building up. If a badger dies within

5530-448: The sett, its conspecifics will seal off the chamber and dig a new one. Some badgers will drag their dead out of the sett and bury them outside. A sett is almost invariably located near a tree, which is used by badgers for stretching or claw scraping. Badgers defecate in latrines , which are located near the sett and at strategic locations on territorial boundaries or near places with abundant food supplies. In extreme cases, when there

5609-420: The shared burrow's cleanliness. However, cases are known of badgers driving vixens from their dens and destroying their litters without eating them. In turn, red foxes are known to have killed badger cubs in spring. Golden eagles ( Aquila chrysaetos ) are known predators of European badgers and attacks by them on badger cubs are not infrequent, including cases where they have been pulled out directly from below

5688-1079: The snout and above the eyes. Boars typically have broader heads, thicker necks and narrower tails than sows, which are sleeker, have narrower, less domed heads and fluffier tails. The guts of badgers are longer than those of red foxes , reflecting their omnivorous diet. The small intestine has a mean length of 5.36 m (17.6 ft) and lacks a cecum . Both sexes have three pairs of nipples but these are more developed in females. European badgers cannot flex their backs as martens , polecats and wolverines can, nor can they stand fully erect like honey badgers , though they can move quickly at full gallop. Adults measure 25–30 cm (9.8–11.8 in) in shoulder height, 60–90 cm (24–35 in) in body length, 12–24 cm (4.7–9.4 in) in tail length, 7.5–13 cm (3.0–5.1 in) in hind foot length and 3.5–7 cm (1.4–2.8 in) in ear height. Males (or boars) slightly exceed females (or sows) in measurements, but can weigh considerably more. Their weights vary seasonally, growing from spring to autumn and reaching

5767-464: The so called Circeo massacre took place in San Felice Circeo, the murder and rape of two young women which received significant media attention in Italy. This Lazio location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Circeo National Park Circeo National Park ( Italian : Parco Nazionale del Circeo ) is an Italian national park founded in 1934. It occupies

5846-597: The so-called ancient "Selva di Terracina", once occupying much of what is now the central province of Latina . Now reduced to an area of c. 3,300 hectares, it is anyway the largest plain forest in Italy. It is characterized by the peculiar piscine ("swimming pools"), temporary marshy areas forming in the autumn season due to the accumulation of rainwater, and the lestre , where once the sparse population built their villages. Vegetation includes maquis shrubland , continental species such as Turkish oak , fraxinus and common oak , as well as typical Mediterranean trees including

5925-524: The year, though the main peak occurs in February–May, when mature sows are in postpartal estrus and young animals experience their first estrus. Matings occurring outside this period typically occur in sows which either failed to mate earlier in the year or matured slowly. Badgers are usually monogamous ; boars typically mate with one female for life, whereas sows have been known to mate with more than one male. Mating lasts for fifteen to sixty minutes, though

6004-401: The year, though there is a peak in spring. Sexual maturity in boars is usually attained at the age of twelve to fifteen months but this can range from nine months to two years. Males are normally fecund during January–May, with spermatogenesis declining in summer. Sows usually begin ovulating in their second year, though some exceptionally begin at nine months. They can mate at any time of

6083-649: Was first observed in badgers in 1951 in Switzerland where they were believed to have contracted it from chamois ( Rupicapra rupicapra ) or roe deer ( Capreolus capreolus ). It was detected in the United Kingdom in 1971 where it was linked to an outbreak of bovine TB in cows. The evidence appears to indicate that the badger is the primary reservoir of infection for cattle in the southwest of England, Wales and Ireland. Since then there has been considerable controversy as to whether culling badgers will effectively reduce or eliminate bovine TB in cattle. Badgers are vulnerable to

6162-590: Was once common, but only used in Norfolk , while "earth dog" was used in southern Ireland. The badger is commonly referred to in Welsh as a mochyn daear ('earth pig'). Ursus meles was the scientific name used by Carl Linnaeus in 1758, who described the badger in his work Systema Naturae . The species likely evolved from the Chinese Meles thorali of the early Pleistocene . The modern species originated during

6241-501: Was one of twelve Latin colonies to refuse any more military contributions towards Rome and in 204 it was severely punished as a result, by furnishing double the greatest number of foot soldiers they had ever provided and 120 horsemen, all chosen from the wealthiest of the inhabitants, and to be sent out of Italy. Also an annual tax was imposed. The Roman Triumvir Lepidus was exiled here after his fall in 36 BC by his former colleague, and future Emperor , Octavian . In September 1975

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