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125-770: In its first few decades, the Zoological Society of San Diego worked to establish and build up the San Diego Zoo. Members of the organization formed groups that later became the Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA) and American Association of Zoo Keepers (AAZK). In the early 1970s the society established the San Diego Wild Animal Park and the Center for Reproduction of Endangered Species (CRES). The organization changed its name to San Diego Zoo Global in 2010 as part of

250-560: A petition to put the proposition on the ballot. It passed, and has been in force ever since. Wegeforth, the last of the Zoological Society's founders to remain on its board of directors, died in June 1941; he was succeeded as president by Lester T. Olmstead. Following the attack on Pearl Harbor and the United States' entry into World War II , the Zoological Society focused on managing the Zoo through

375-535: A raised-relief map of California and a series of aquariums. Donations were promised to fund the project, but the society could not reach an agreement with city officials on a suitable location; the Star of India eventually became part of the Maritime Museum of San Diego . The Zoological Society continued to secure finances to expand the Zoo, adding new animals and habitats and financing collection expeditions to Australia,

500-453: A rookery in the Salton Sea , were also traded to other zoos in exchange for new bird species. Personally, I think the struggle to finance the Zoo is one of the most exciting features of our growth; certainly, it is the keynote to the history of the Zoo's existence [...] Our main reservoir, of course, was donations from well-to-do and public-spirited persons [...] Only during the late thirties

625-533: A 5-mile, 50-minute tour of the park. A grant from the William H. Donner Foundation enabled the park to purchase ten adult South African cheetahs from southwest Africa and build two 5-acre enclosures for a cheetah reproductive behavior research project. Eighteen southern white rhinoceros , eight born at the San Diego Zoo and ten purchased through Ian Player , chief conservator of the Republic of South Africa , were added to

750-553: A Professor of Reproductive Medicine and Pathology at the University of California, San Diego , became chairman of the university's advisory committee to the Zoological Society dealing with research and animal reproduction. He organized the committee to prepare a white paper describing the need for in-house research to examine the problems of breeding and sustaining endangered species populations in managed care. In 1975 Benirschke and then-San Diego Zoo Director Charles Bieler established

875-530: A San Diego physician , founded the Zoological Society of San Diego in 1916 with the intention of starting a zoo in the city's Balboa Park area using abandoned exotic animal exhibitions from the Isthmus portion of the 1915–16 Panama–California Exposition . Wegeforth had served on the board of directors for the Exposition in 1916, and he and his brother Paul, also a physician and surgeon , had served as surgeons for

1000-568: A bird, a snake, a tree, and two elephants . The Jennings Center for Zoological Medicine was opened at the San Diego Zoo the following year, adding a clinical building to the animal hospital. In 1985 the society approved the first long-range strategic plan in its 69-year history; the plan included establishing an Internal Conservation Committee, and rebuilding areas of the Zoo in " bio-climate " zones with multi-species enclosures that integrate plants and animals from specific regions to more closely resemble native habitats. The 67th annual AAZPA conference

1125-508: A business corporation , a neighbourhood association , or depending on the jurisdiction, a municipality . In the United Kingdom and some Commonwealth countries, the local laws established by municipalities are referred to as by ( e ) -laws because their scope is regulated by the central governments of those nations. Accordingly, a bylaw enforcement officer is the Canadian equivalent of

1250-427: A certain area. The main difference between a by-law and a law passed by a national/federal or regional/state body is that a by-law is made by a non-sovereign body, which derives its authority from another governing body, and can only be made on a limited range of matters. A local council or municipal government derives its power to pass laws through a law of the national or regional government which specifies what things

1375-612: A conference in September, one of the largest zoo and aquarium professionals' events in the US. AZA also manages the citizen science program FrogWatch USA . In the United States, any public animal exhibit must be licensed and inspected by the United States Department of Agriculture , United States Environmental Protection Agency , Drug Enforcement Administration , Occupational Safety and Health Administration , and others. Depending on

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1500-428: A corporation's founders or directors under the authority of its charter or articles of incorporation . By-laws widely vary from organization to organization, but generally cover topics such as the purpose of the organization, who are its members, how directors are elected, how meetings are conducted, and what officers the organization will have and a description of their duties. A common mnemonic device for remembering

1625-644: A date of September 27. Association of Zoos and Aquariums The Association of Zoos and Aquariums ( AZA ), originally the American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquariums , is an American 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization founded in 1924 and dedicated to the advancement of zoos and public aquariums in the areas of conservation , education, science, and recreation. AZA is headquartered in Silver Spring, Maryland , and accredits zoos. There were 238 accredited facilities as of 2019, primarily in

1750-488: A female Kodiak bear that had been kept as a mascot and pet by the crew of the USS Nanshan ; having grown too large and unruly to remain aboard the ship, the bear was lent to the fledgling zoo by Captain W. D. Prideaux. By the end of the year the Zoological Society had grown to 120 members, and had raised $ 1,000 in four days by selling lifetime memberships at $ 200 apiece. The Zoological Society's initial efforts focused on

1875-489: A fence around the property, which for the first time enabled the Zoo to charge an admission fee. A formal dedication of the property was held, and much of 1922 was spent hiring staff, building exhibits and pools, and acquiring new animals, including the first live Guadalupe fur seals to be brought into the United States. Fred Baker remained on the society's board of directors until June 13, 1922. The San Diego Zoo's grand opening occurred on January 1, 1923. The original entrance

2000-407: A form of delegated legislation. In Australian Law there are five types of by-law, and they are established by statute: Corporate and organizational by-laws regulate only the organization to which they apply and are generally concerned with the operation of the organization, setting out the form, manner, or procedure in which a company or organisation should be run. Corporate by-laws are drafted by

2125-488: A group of intelligent zoo directors could not get together and work out a plan whereby they would all know what surplus stock each had available. This thought blossomed in my mind: to have them contact foreign zoos for their mutual benefit, relative to importing such animals as they wanted. And that led me logically to the hope that a number of zoos would collaborate on expeditions, prorating the animals among them [...] In addition to saving affiliated zoos tidy sums by eliminating

2250-615: A new program, the San Diego Zoo Global Wildlife Conservancy, intended to unify and raise the profile of the conservation efforts pursued by the Zoo, Safari Park, and the conservation science department. According to Erickson, the Conservancy "helps us communicate that we are more than a zoo; we are a wildlife conservation organization." One of the Conservancy's first initiatives was a partnership with Nature and Culture International, begun in 2011, to assume operation of

2375-665: A new research department at the Zoo with Benirschke as its director. Originally based in the Zoo's Biological Research Institute built 49 years prior, the department eventually expanded under the leadership of Dr. Allison Alberts to eight research- and education-centered divisions—Recovery Ecology , Plant Conservation, Population Sustainability, Conservation Genetics , Reproductive Sciences, Disease Investigations, Community Engagement , and Biodiversity Banking—employing over 200 scientists participating in more than 160 conservation studies and projects in 35 countries. In 1965 Benirschke had started collecting and freezing fibroblast cells from

2500-591: A rebranding that also saw the Wild Animal Park renamed to the San Diego Zoo Safari Park. The name of the organization was changed again in March 2021, to San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance. The organization's mission is to save species worldwide by uniting their expertise in animal care and conservation science with their dedication to inspiring passion for nature. It is classified as a 501(c)(3) nonprofit, and

2625-468: A regional figure. In 1971 the society established a set of criteria for selecting recipients, declaring that the medals should be awarded to "individuals who, through research and publication, have furthered knowledge of the habits and habitats of wildlife, [...] who have been active in the preservation of endangered and other species of animals through breeding programs, research, and the establishment of game and wildlife preserves, [... and] who have furthered

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2750-629: A subscription to the member magazine, which has now expanded to digital distribution as well as print and has been renamed San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance Journal. In April 1924 Wegeforth created the National Association of Zoological Executives (NAZE), an affiliate of the American Institute of Park Directors, to bring together zoo directors from around the country to exchange information and animals so they would not have to go through animal dealers. "It seemed preposterous to me", he wrote, "that

2875-404: A token collection and, under the direction of a professional staff, provides its collection with appropriate care and exhibits them in an aesthetic manner to the public on a regularly scheduled basis. They shall further be defined as having as their primary business the exhibition, conservation and preservation of the earth's fauna in an educational and scientific manner." To achieve accreditation,

3000-477: A wide variety of animals. This project was institutionalized and expanded into an extensive collection of genetic material from endangered species, stored in liquid nitrogen for use in genetic research and future propagation of the species, and the term " frozen zoo " was coined. The collection, now known as the Wildlife Biodiversity Bank, includes sperm , ova , and embryos from over 300 species,

3125-408: A zoo must pass an application and inspection process and meet or exceed AZA's standards for animal health and welfare, fundraising, zoo staffing, and involvement in global conservation efforts. Inspection is performed by three experts (typically one veterinarian, one expert in animal care, and one expert in zoo management and operations) and then reviewed by a panel of twelve experts before accreditation

3250-430: Is also possible that this usage was forgotten and the word was "reinvented" in modern times through the use of the adverbial prefix by- giving the meaning of subsidiary law or side-law (as in byway ). In any case, it is incorrect to claim that the word is related to the prepositional phrase "by law"; that is a modern conjecture contradicted by the evidence. Municipal by-laws are public regulatory laws; which apply in

3375-710: Is awarded. This accreditation process is repeated once every five years. AZA estimates that there are approximately 2,800 animal exhibits operating under USDA license as of 2019; fewer than 10% are accredited. Certification is possible for facilities that hold animals, but are not regularly open to the public. AZA's Saving Animals From Extinction (SAFE) program prioritizes collaboration between zoos and aquariums to support highly vulnerable species. SAFE builds on existing recovery plans to implement strategic conservation and public engagement activities. In 2017, AZA member zoos and aquariums invested $ 15.6 million towards SAFE program species. The SAFE program signature species include

3500-702: Is funded by a combination of grants, donations, membership revenues, revenues from the Zoo and Safari Park, and property taxes collected by the City of San Diego. Its lands, facilities, and animals are legally owned by the city, but are exclusively managed and maintained by San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance. The organization and its institutions are accredited by the AZA and the American Alliance of Museums (AAM), and have received many awards for their habitats, breeding programs, and wildlife conservation efforts. Dr. Harry M. Wegeforth ,

3625-429: Is funded through grants, membership revenue, and from sales of tickets, merchandise, and food at the Zoo and Safari Park. Additionally, San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance receives revenues from property taxes collected by the City of San Diego, the result of a proposition passed in 1934 that allows the organization to receive $ 0.02 from every $ 100 collected in property taxes, to be used for maintenance of zoological exhibits at

3750-402: Is needed, and how much of a vote is needed. A typical requirement is a two-thirds vote provided that previous notice was given or a majority of all the members . In parliamentary procedure , including Robert's Rules of Order , the by-laws are generally the supreme governing document of an organization , superseded only by the charter of an incorporated society . The by-laws contain

3875-615: Is proposed to combine them in a nucleus which will later be developed into an efficient organization. "We already have a good start", said Dr. Harry Wegeforth, "in the collection we have at the Exhibition. The cost of maintaining these animals is not large. "There are tons of animals from Mexico, Central, and South America coming through our port and being distributed among cities like Chicago, New York, and San Francisco. These animals are gifts. Why can't we keep some of them here? The zoological societies trade animals with each other and we can do

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4000-679: The San Diego Union , the brothers announced a call for interested parties to join them in forming a society to develop and support a zoological garden. They specifically called for local physician Fred Baker , who had co-founded the Marine Biological Institution (which later became the Scripps Institution of Oceanography ), and Joseph Cheesman Thompson , a Navy neurosurgeon with an interest in entomology and herpetology : Drs. Harry M. and Paul Wegeforth are interested in

4125-455: The African lion , African species of vultures , Asian elephant , Atlantic Acropora coral, black-footed ferret , black rhinoceros , cheetah , eastern indigo snake , giraffe , gorilla , sea turtles , orangutan , radiated tortoise , red wolf , sharks , and sting rays , vaquita , western pond turtle , and whooping crane . There were more than 20 species or taxonomic groups included in

4250-607: The Cocha Cashu Biological Station in Peru 's Manu National Park . The following year the Conservancy collaborated with the University of Sydney and James Cook University to use whole genome sequencing to better understand the genetic fitness of koala populations. In 2010, San Diego Zoo Global hosted a conference of world experts to discuss "The Future of Zoos". For 2011 the organization reported its number of card-carrying members at 530,740, and combined attendance for

4375-481: The Galápagos Islands , and Guadalupe Island . A significant source of income for the society at this time was the sale of California sea lions , captured by local fishermen, to other zoos and circuses around the country; this also led to the Zoo hiring an animal trainer and beginning sea lion shows in 1928, and the sea lion soon became the society's most lucrative animal. American white pelicans , collected from

4500-615: The Local Autonomy Law . By-laws therefore constitute part of the legal system subordinate to the Japanese constitution. In terms of its mandatory powers and effective, it is considered the lowest of all legislation possible. Such powers are used to govern the following: In the United Kingdom, by-laws are laws of local or limited application made by local councils or other bodies, using powers granted by an Act of Parliament, and so are

4625-572: The San Diego Sun had long been interested in establishing a zoo in Balboa Park, and offered to use his newspaper to publicize the Zoo and campaign for funds. At his suggestion, the society's board of directors contacted school authorities, asking them to stimulate children to approach their parents about supporting the Zoo. Porterfield ran a contest in the Sun in conjunction with an upcoming circus , in which

4750-484: The United Kingdom , union by-laws are sometimes a subset of the union's constitution or implement the union's rules in more detail. Nonprofit organizations in the United States applying for Federal Tax-Exemption Status are required to adopt bylaws for their organizations. Bylaws for nonprofit organizations by themselves are more of an internal organizing document than required by most states but are necessary for filing for nonprofit 501(c)(3) tax-exemption application using

4875-486: The University of California, Berkeley collaborated to isolate DNA from 150-year-old quagga skin. A polymerase chain reaction was first used by the organization's scientists to amplify DNA in 1988. Their work also contributed to reproductive successes with cheetahs, Indian rhinoceros , southern white rhinoceros , and Przewalski's horses during the 1980s. In 1990 researchers produced the first pheasant hatched from artificial insemination with frozen semen . In 1996

5000-553: The by-laws and constitution of the New York Zoological Society as a model, Harry Wegeforth, Thompson, and Stephens drew up the Articles of Incorporation and by-laws for the Zoological Society of San Diego, which were submitted to Mayor Edwin M. Capps , Park Commission President George Marston , and the state and executed on December 11, 1916. The group had already received one of its first animals that November: "Caesar",

5125-515: The poʻouli , a critically endangered and possibly extinct Hawaiian bird, for storage in the Wildlife Biodiversity Bank. That same year, San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance joined the National Zoological Park , Fossil Rim Wildlife Center , White Oak Conservation Center, and The Wilds to form Conservation Centers for Species Survival. The organization hosted the first State of Endangered Species Symposium in 2006, and began an effort to rescue

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5250-597: The 2022 fiscal year (the most recent period examined), Charity Navigator gave San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance a score of 100 out of 100 for 'Accountability & Finance', reporting the organization's total revenues at $ 392,443,880 and its expenses at $ 352,421,424, resulting in an excess of $ 40,022,456. The report indicated that 89.9% of its expenses went toward operating its programs, 7.3% to administration, and 2.8% to fundraising. The San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance has received many awards for its exhibits, programs, and conservation efforts. This list includes only awards given to

5375-415: The AZA community's research. To be a member, a facility must either be accredited or certified. Accredited facilities maintain a professional staff and appropriate animal care, and are open to the public on a predictable basis. The following list is from 2013. Pier 39 Pier 3, Inner Harbor Pier 59 Certified facilities maintain a professional staff and appropriate animal care, but are not open to

5500-534: The American Code Enforcement Officer or Municipal Regulations Enforcement Officer. In the United States , the federal government and most state governments have no direct ability to regulate the single provisions of municipal law. As a result, terms such as code , ordinance , or regulation , if not simply law , are more common. The Merriam-Webster Dictionary indicates that the origin of

5625-726: The Biological Research Institute and Zoological Hospital. Following the war, the Ellen Browning Scripps Foundation gave a grant to the society for the Research Institute and Hospital to conduct research in the fields of bacteriology , parasitology , and pathology . By 1951, annual attendance at the Zoo exceeded one million visitors. Then-President of the Zoological Society Laurence Monroe Klauber retired that year, and

5750-515: The City Council appropriated $ 5,000 for maintenance and improvements to the Zoo, and the Zoo's current site, an area of 140 acres, was approved that fall as its permanent location. City planner Nathanial Slaymaker drew up the initial plans for the site. Wegeforth convinced many notable San Diegans to help fund the Zoo's construction, including Scripps, John D. Spreckels , George Marston , and Ralph Granger (of Granger Hall ). Scripps donated $ 9,000 for

5875-567: The Desert Tortoise Conservation Center in Las Vegas , which relocated 36 desert tortoises to the wild near Las Vegas in 2011. During the 1970s and 1980s the Zoological Society turned much of its attention to breeding and wildlife conservation efforts, establishing a number of conservation projects at the Zoo and Wild Animal Park. In 1974 the society adopted a new official seal, the "Tree of Life" insignia featuring images of

6000-497: The Endangered Species Act. In 2017, member institutions reported participating in field conservation projects benefiting over 860 species in 128 countries. AZA zoos and aquariums spent $ 25 million on research and published 170 books, book chapters, journal articles, conference proceeding papers, posters and theses or dissertations. Animal care, health and welfare, followed by species and habitat conservation, describe 68% of

6125-561: The Exposition, and the animals were held jointly by the society, the Park Department, and the Mission Bay Corporation. Additional animals left over from the Exposition and scattered throughout Balboa Park included buffalo , deer , a pair of bears , ducks , and herds of Panama deer and elk ; supervision of most of these animals was turned over to the new Zoo by the Park Department. Other early animals acquired by or donated to

6250-504: The Mission Bay Corporation. Carl H. Heilbron and David Charles Collier were also instrumental in helping the Zoo acquire the Wonderland animals. Joseph Thompson planned much of the Zoo's education program, which included guidebooks, textbooks, and free lectures; the first such lecture was about bears , in response to Caesar's arrival. However, in April 1917 he was called away on new orders from

6375-625: The Navy following American entry into World War I , and resigned from the society's board of directors; he was replaced by Joseph Sefton, Jr. Paul Wegeforth resigned in mid-1917 to accept a commission in the United States Army , and was replaced by Thomas N. Faulconer. By October 1917 the society had again run out of funds, and Wegeforth organized a track and field meet between the Navy and Marine Corps , generating enough revenue from ticket sales to maintain

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6500-706: The Nevada State Building, left over from the Exposition, and paid to move it and the Standard Oil Building onto the Zoo's grounds for use as the Children's Education Center and Junior Zoological Society departments; Raymonton was appointed head of the latter. In 1926 O'Rourke resigned from the board of directors, denied his gift of the Nevada building to the society, and incorporated his own O'Rourke Institute as an educational institution, with Raymenton in possession of

6625-530: The New Century". Also in 2000 the society received a $ 7.5 million grant, the largest in its history, from the Arnold and Mabel Beckman Foundation to build a new conservation science complex on the Wild Animal Park property. "Because the [conservation science] staff and projects have increased significantly since the [department] was founded 25 years ago, we desperately need new research facilities", said Benirschke, who

6750-569: The Park Commission and promising "to furnish the best collection of animals and reptiles on the Pacific Coast" as well as to provide professional staff, scientific and descriptive labels for the animals, and free public lectures about the collection and natural history . Following a suggestion made by the city attorney, a resolution was adopted in 1918: In return for a building in Balboa Park and an as-yet-undesignated plot of ground set aside for

6875-486: The Safari Park to take one of a variety of safaris ." The Zoological Society of San Diego was renamed San Diego Zoo Global, the umbrella title for the entire organization: "Individuals had an impossible time remembering the corporate name of the organization", said Erickson. " 'San Diego Zoo Global' connotes that we are a zoo that works around the world." Summary of the rebranding name changes: The rebranding also created

7000-498: The San Diego Zoo Safari Park: "This allows us to more easily communicate the differences between the Zoo and the Safari Park", said Debra Erickson, Director of Communications and Interpretation for the society. "People outside of San Diego County didn't understand what a Wild Animal Park was and why, if they visited the world-famous San Diego Zoo, they needed to visit the Wild Animal Park. 'Safari Park' says it all: You go to

7125-463: The San Diego Zoo Safari Park; see #Rebranding below) now houses over 2,600 animals representing more than 300 species, and a botanical collection of 1.5 million specimens representing 3,500 plant species. Over half of the park's 1,800 acres (730 hectares) is set aside as protected native species habitat for the California coastal sage and chaparral ecoregion . In the early 1970s, Dr. Kurt Benirschke ,

7250-452: The San Diego Zoo after her retirement, had the idea to develop a "country zoo", an expansive animal farm where rare and endangered animals could be relocated from the somewhat-crowded Zoo and have space to roam, which would encourage breeding. He began searching for a suitable location in 1959, envisioning a facility with few public amenities and estimating the cost of construction at $ 1 million. The Zoological Society's board of directors opposed

7375-488: The San Diego Zoo. By 2015 this amounted to approximately $ 12 million a year, out of the organization's total annual earnings of almost $ 270 million. The largest grant in the organization's history came in 2000: $ 7.5 million from the Arnold and Mabel Beckman Foundation, which went toward the construction of the Arnold and Mabel Beckman Center for Conservation Research on the Wild Animal Park property. The largest individual donation to

7500-609: The San Diego Zoo. In 1966, its fiftieth year, the society hosted the first international conference on "The Role of Zoos in International Conservation of Wild Animals", and presented its first conservation awards. The following year, seven zookeepers from the San Diego Zoo formed the San Diego Zoo Keepers' Association, which later became the American Association of Zoo Keepers . In the late 1950s, Dr. Charles Schroeder, who had replaced Belle Benchley as Director of

7625-612: The US and eleven other countries: Canada , Mexico , Bermuda , The Bahamas , the Dominican Republic , Colombia , Argentina , Spain , Hong Kong , Singapore , and South Korea . Approximately 800,000 animals representing 6,000 species are in the care of AZA-accredited facilities, including 1,000 threatened or endangered species. The association also facilitates both species survival plans and population management plans, which serve to sustainably manage genetically diverse captive populations of various animal species. AZA holds

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7750-500: The US, and also a handful in eleven other countries. In October 1924 the American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquariums was formed as an affiliate of the American Institute of Park Executives. In 1966, the American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquariums became a professional branch affiliate of the newly formed National Recreation and Park Association , which absorbed the American Institute of Park Executives. In

7875-401: The Wild Animal Park property. In the 2000s San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance conservation scientists made further strides in the field of genetics. In 2003, skin cells from the organization's Wildlife Biodiversity Bank were used to clone a healthy male banteng (the animal went to live at the San Diego Zoo the following year). In 2005 the conservation scientists successfully cultured cells of

8000-449: The Year" in 2004. In 2006 the society established a new foundation for its key fundraising efforts. The following year the society adopted a new strategic plan, which included new master plans for the Zoo and Wild Animal Park. In 2008 the society found a need to rethink its business model . Despite an operating profit of $ 13 million in the face of the financial crisis of 2007–08 , attendance at

8125-427: The Zoo and Balboa Park. In March 2021 the organization changed its name from San Diego Zoo Global to San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance. CEO Paul Baribault said the new name better reflects the nonprofit group's focus on conservation and the interconnectedness of animal and human health. While it is best known for its two conservation parks, the organization also supports wildlife conservation and research projects around

8250-606: The Zoo and Safari Park at nearly 5 million. In 2012 the organization partnered with the Autonomous University of Baja California 's school of veterinary medicine to aid the California Condor Recovery Program in Mexico. The San Diego Zoo Academy, an internet-based training program for animal care staff worldwide, was launched that year. San Diego Zoo Global celebrated its centennial in 2016, with themed events at

8375-410: The Zoo and Wild Animal Park was also started. Beginning in its 93rd year, the Zoological Society of San Diego underwent a rebranding , with all branches of the organization being renamed with the exception of the San Diego Zoo, and all receiving new logos. In June 2010 the society's board of trustees approved rebranding the rest of the organization's facilities. The San Diego Zoo Wild Animal Park became

8500-439: The Zoo and Wild Animal Park was not rising as fast as the organization's costs, and the parks' revenues and donations would no longer be sufficient to fund the society's conservation research and educational initiatives. Hiring Jump Associates , a consulting firm , the society sought to identify new revenue streams to fund its conservation efforts, and to develop a sustainable growth strategy. To build its strengths and credibility,

8625-460: The Zoo and for research work, the society would sell ownership of all its wildlife, equipment, and property to the Board of Park Commissioners of the City of San Diego; thus the Zoo and all its future assets would belong to the city, but would be managed and maintained by the Zoological Society, who would have jurisdiction over the permanent zoo site. "Then the Zoological Society would not legally own either

8750-484: The Zoo in 1934, she stated "The chief function of the Zoological Society is to maintain public interest in the Zoo at all times and to prevent its being used as a political cat's paw by unscrupulous politicians." In order to stave off anti- captivity protests, three members of San Diego Humane Society were admitted to the Zoological Society to handle animal welfare complaints, conduct weekly inspections, and make recommendations. Humane Society State President Daniel Wray

8875-451: The Zoo included a badger , two lynxes , a gray fox , a coyote , two golden eagles , two rails , a whip snake , and a white goose . Stephens served as the active director of the Zoo during this time. The Zoological Society's first official seal was created, featuring an image of a grizzly bear (the animal depicted on the Flag of California ). I cannot remember a time in the early days of

9000-445: The Zoo when we were not in financial straits, and every so often these reached hazardous peaks [...] It was only by a sort of careful prestidigitation that we could meet our maintenance costs, and there was little or nothing left for the purchase of animals. To many of the people donating them we gave yearly memberships. The society faced financial challenges in maintaining the growing number of animals in their care. W. H. Porterfield of

9125-461: The Zoo's day-to-day operations. Belle Benchley , who had started working for the Zoo as a temporary bookkeeper in 1925, was appointed to the position; her title was soon changed to Director, making her the only woman director of a zoo in the world, a position she held until her retirement in 1953. She also served as president of the AAZPA from 1949 to 1950. Remarking on the role of the society in relation to

9250-510: The Zoological Society; all three passed, but were not implemented because they had not been published within the requisite number of days prior to the election. In 1929 only the tax amendment was proposed; it passed, but was omitted when San Diego switched from a mayor–council government to a council–manager government . In 1934 the society made a concerted effort to pass the tax amendment, using Zoonooz to promote their cause, having Benchley present their case at over 200 meetings, and circulating

9375-752: The animals they exhibit, the activities of zoos are regulated by laws including the Endangered Species Act , the Animal Welfare Act , the Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918 and others. Additionally, zoos in North America may choose to pursue accreditation by AZA. The American association has developed a definition for zoological gardens and aquariums as part of its accreditation standards: "A permanent cultural institution which owns and maintains captive wild animals that represent more than

9500-513: The building to the society in 1939. In 1926 Ellen Browning Scripps donated $ 50,000 to the society to build a Hospital and Biological Research Institute, which opened the following year. After several unsuccessful attempts to hire a satisfactory director or superintendent for the Zoo, the board of directors decided to adopt an operating practice used by the London Zoo , appointing an Executive Secretary to work under them, whom they could train to manage

9625-404: The building. In a 1928 issue of Zoonooz , the society accused Raymenton of plotting "to seize the organization and exploit it as his own" and O'Rourke of attempting to split the junior and senior branches of the society. The society argued that the 1918 resolution gave them jurisdiction and control over the Zoo grounds, including any buildings within; city authorities agreed, and returned control of

9750-423: The by-laws has to be precise. Otherwise, the meaning may be open to interpretation. In such cases, the organization decides how to interpret its by-laws and may use guidelines for interpretation. Usually, one of the last sections in the by-laws describes the procedures for amending them. It describes who can amend them (usually the membership, but it could be the organization's board of directors ), how much notice

9875-513: The by-laws, is often referred to as a constitution or a constitution and by-laws . Unless otherwise provided by law, the organization does not formally exist until by-laws have been adopted. In some countries, trade unions generally have constitutions , which govern activities of the international office of the union as well as how it interfaces with its locals. The locals themselves can set up their own by-laws to set out internal rules for how to conduct activities. In other countries, such as

10000-549: The cause of conservation through continued financial support and through their influence and publicity." In 2008 the Conservation Award was expanded to include four categories: Lifetime Achievement, Conservation in Action, Conservation Advocate, and Young Conservationist. Several Conservation Medals have been awarded posthumously. Recipients include: ^ I Wegeforth gave the date as September 17, 1916, but other sources give

10125-689: The creation of the San Diego Zoo. In January 1917 the Balboa Park Board agreed to furnish quarters in the park to establish a zoo, and to assist the society with maintenance. The Zoo began as a long row of animal homes along Park Boulevard ("little more than Menagerie Row", according to Wegeforth) for animals that had been rented for the Panama–California Exposition from a menagerie at the Wonderland Amusement Park in nearby Ocean Beach ; Wonderland had gone out of business during

10250-505: The decades after the San Diego Zoo's opening, the Zoological Society of San Diego focused on expanding the Zoo and its reputation. Zoonooz first appeared as a column in the San Diego Sun in 1924, written by W.B. France; in 1926 he granted the palindrome title to the society, who expanded it into a bi-monthly magazine that was free to Society members. To this day, membership in the San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance includes

10375-463: The difficult war years. "That the Zoo survived the first, hysterical months after Pearl Harbor—economically and personnel-wise—was due to careful planning and organization and strong leadership", wrote San Diego author and journalist Neil Morgan. "Zoos and parks throughout the West Coast were hard-hit by the war scare, and some others were closed." Though attendance at the Zoo dropped after the outbreak of

10500-479: The endangered California mountain yellow-legged frog . 2007 saw San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance partner with the Gary and Jerri-Ann Jacobs High Tech High Charter School , and the formation of a new Plant Conservation Division which partnered with San Diego Botanic Garden to start a seed bank for native species. Another partnership with USFWS, begun in 2009, saw San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance and USWFS assume operations of

10625-466: The event. By his own account, Harry Wegeforth was inspired to start a zoo after hearing the roar of a lion from one of the Exposition's exhibits: On September 16, 1916, as I was returning to my office after performing an operation at the St. Joseph Hospital, I drove down Sixth Avenue and heard the roaring of the lions in the cages at the Exposition then being held in Balboa Park. I turned to my brother, Paul, who

10750-515: The fall of 1971, the American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquariums membership voted to become an independent association. On January 19, 1972, it was chartered as the American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquariums with its executive office located in Wheeling, West Virginia , within the Oglebay Park Good Zoo . In 1994, the shorter name American Zoo and Aquarium Association (AZA)

10875-414: The first monetary donation to the society, providing funds to improve the exhibit. The resulting design, a grotto with the floor built up to place the animals at eye level with visitors, separated from them by a moat and a low wall, became a prototype for many of the Zoo's early exhibits. The Zoological Society's first organized membership campaign was carried out during the final months of 1920. By 1921

11000-410: The grounds exclusively for Zoo purposes, the other requesting that $ 0.02 from every $ 100 collected in property taxes by the City of San Diego be given to the Zoo; both failed to pass. The issues were raised again in 1927 as three propositions: one for the tax, one for permanent granting of the grounds, and another asking that jurisdiction of the land be transferred from the Board of Park Commissioners to

11125-475: The idea, saying it would be too costly, and some even threatened to fire Schroeder if he did not drop the subject. Schroeder persisted, however, and a site in San Diego's San Pasqual Valley , about 30 miles northeast of the Zoo, was chosen in 1962. In May 1969 then-Society president Anderson Borthwick signed an agreement with Mayor Francis Earl Curran to establish a wildlife preserve and "natural environment zoo" on

11250-468: The land or the animals but would be the administrative body for the Zoo," wrote Wegeforth, "retaining the right to sell or trade whatever surplus animals we deemed unnecessary for exhibition." The City Council agreed, and pledged additional funds to aid the Zoo's maintenance. In July 1918 Harry Wegeforth resigned from the board of directors to accept a commission with the Army Medical Corps , and Sefton

11375-473: The largest such collection in the world. San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance has partnered with the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) on many projects, beginning in the 1980s with the effort to recover the California condor population, which had been reduced to 22 individuals and been declared critically endangered (see California condor#Recovery plan ). A condor breeding center and program

11500-524: The middlemen, the discussions and exchange of experiences proved of inestimable value." In 1966 NAZE became the American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquariums (AAZPA), a branch of the National Recreation and Park Association , and later became the Association of Zoos and Aquariums . The society came into conflict with two of its board members, P.F. O'Rourke and Dr. W. H. Raymenton, in 1926: Three years earlier, O'Rourke and his wife had purchased

11625-408: The most fundamental principles and rules regarding the nature of the organization. It was once common practice for organizations to have two separate governing documents, a constitution and by-laws, but this has fallen out of favor because of the ease of use, increased clarity, and reduced chance of conflict inherent in a single, unified document. This single document, while properly referred to as

11750-472: The newspaper gave prizes to the best children's stories about animals. He also arranged for the circus to charge children a $ 0.50 admission fee which would include a membership to the Junior Zoological Society; $ 0.12 of each admission would go to the circus, and the remaining $ 0.38 to the Zoological Society. Within two months the society had raised enough money to purchase the Wonderland animals from

11875-462: The open space concept of the valley". The measure passed with 75.9% support from San Diego voters, and the society repaid the bond in full, plus interest, in subsequent years. Over $ 10 million was spent to construct the park, with the remainder coming from the society's funds. Schroeder himself staked out the route for the Wgasa Bush Line, a monorail -type people mover tram that took visitors on

12000-495: The organization came in 2004: $ 10 million from the estate of Joan Kroc , which was used in part to finance a renovation project at the Zoo which included a new habitat, Joan B. Kroc's Monkey Trails and Forest Tales, named in Kroc's honor. Charity Navigator , an independent nonprofit corporation that evaluates charities in the United States, has given San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance an overall rating of four stars, its highest rating. For

12125-466: The organization received six Jamaican iguanas , joining five other American zoos as an off-site breeding colony for the species, which had been thought to be extinct but was rediscovered in 1990. The organization's pathology department opened the first zoo-based molecular diagnostics laboratory in 1999. The following year, San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance added twelve post-doctoral fellowships and hosted an international conference on "Genetic Resources for

12250-504: The parent organization, not to the institutions it operates; for those, see San Diego Zoo#Awards and San Diego Zoo Safari Park#Awards . In 1966, during the Zoological Society of San Diego's golden jubilee , the organization created the Gold Conservation Medal as an award given to outside parties. Nine medals were awarded that year, and it has since been customary to award two each year, one to an international figure and one to

12375-567: The park in February 1971, as were thirty ostriches donated by the president of a local car dealership. The San Diego Wild Animal Park (later renamed the San Diego Zoo Wild Animal Park) opened to the public May 10, 1972, receiving 3,000 visitors on its first day. As with the San Diego Zoo, admission to the Wild Animal Park was free to Zoological Society members and to children 15 years and younger. Schroeder retired as Zoo Director later

12500-460: The program as of 2019. The association has a computerized database called the Annual Report on Conservation and Science . This helps track AZA research projects worldwide. AZA member zoos and aquariums contribute $ 220 million to conservation projects each year. They participate in 115 reintroduction programs, including more than 40 programs for species listed as threatened or endangered under

12625-412: The promotion of a zoological society for San Diego, which will have for its object the development and support of a zoological garden to be maintained out of the funds that the society will raise through dues and subscriptions. There are a number of physicians and scientists such as Drs. Baker, Thompson, Gregg, and Archie Talboy in this city and county, who are interested in the study of animal life and it

12750-554: The public justice system, and offenders can be charged with a criminal offence for breach of a by-law. Common by-laws include vehicle parking and stopping regulations, animal control, building and construction, licensing, noise, zoning and business regulation, and management of public recreation areas. Under Article 94 of the Constitution of Japan , regional governments have limited autonomy and legislative powers to create by-laws. In practice, such powers are exercised in accordance with

12875-450: The public on a predictable basis. By-law A by-law ( bye-law , by ( e ) law , by ( e ) law ), is a set of rules or law established by an organization or community so as to regulate itself, as allowed or provided for by some higher authority. The higher authority, generally a legislature or some other government body, establishes the degree of control that the by-laws may exercise. By-laws may be established by entities such as

13000-517: The same month. That fall the Park had its first white rhinoceros calf birth, and added a herd of six Arabian oryx . The Park's first hatching of an Abyssinian ground hornbill also occurred that year, for which the Park received the Edward H. Bean Award from the AAZPA for "a truly significant captive propagation effort that clearly enhances the conservation of the species" in 1974. The Wild Animal Park (now named

13125-544: The same thing here when we get a surplus of any one species." Baker and Thompson responded, and helped convince naturalist Frank Stephens, a member of the board of directors of the Natural History Society, to join as well. The five men held the first organizational meeting of the Zoological Society of San Diego on October 2, 1916, with Harry Wegeforth serving as the founding president, Thompson as vice-president, Baker as treasurer, and Paul Wegeforth as secretary. Using

13250-574: The site, and ground was broken on 1,800 acres of land leased by the Zoo from the city. The new facility received its first animals—South African sable antelope , greater kudu , and gemsbok —in January 1970. A ballot measure was voted on that November, proposing a $ 6 million municipal bond through which the city of San Diego would assist the society in "the acquisition, construction, and completion of facilities to provide recreational, educational, scientific, ecological, and research facilities in harmony with

13375-413: The society began hosting more environmental conferences and forming new partnerships to share its in-house knowledge with other organizations, including a partnership with Polar Bears International to form a Conservation Alliance to protect polar bears , and hosting the first annual Biomimicry / Bioinspiration Conference; the 2009 Biomimicry Symposium, a partnership with Point Loma Nazarene University ,

13500-422: The society through the end of the year. Another source of income was the sale of lion cubs, born to the Zoo's lionesses, to other zoos; 30 cubs were sold during the Zoo's first four years, at prices ranging from $ 150 to $ 1,500. By this time the Zoological Society was selling annual memberships at $ 5 apiece. The Zoological Society struggled to find a permanent location for the Zoo within Balboa Park, negotiating with

13625-431: The town or city may regulate through by-laws. It is therefore a form of delegated legislation . Within its jurisdiction and specific to those areas mandated by the higher body, a municipal by-law is no different from any other law of the land, and can be enforced with penalties, challenged in court, and must comply with other laws of the land, such as the country's constitution. Municipal by-laws are often enforceable through

13750-447: The typical articles in by-laws is NOMOMECPA, pronounced "No mommy, see pa!" It stands for name, object, members, officers, meetings, executive board, committees, parliamentary authority, amendment. Organizations may use a book such as Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised for guidelines on the content of their by-laws. This book has a sample set of by-laws of the type that a small, independent society might adopt. The wording of

13875-472: The war, it rose dramatically through the rest of the decade, averaging 500,000–600,000 visitors annually as San Diego's population boomed due to the presence of many military installations and defense manufacturers, and topping 800,000 by 1948. A visit to the Zoo by officials of the New York Zoological Society in 1944 earned praise from its president, Henry Fairfield Osborn, Jr. , particularly for

14000-688: The word by-law is from the English word bilawe , probably from Old Norse *bȳlǫg , from Old Norse bȳr town + lag-, lǫg law. The earliest use of the term, which originates from the Viking town law in the Danelaw , wherein by is the Old Norse word for a larger settlement as in Whitby and Derby (compare with the modern Danish-Norwegian word by meaning town, or the modern Swedish word by , meaning village). However, it

14125-525: The world. The rebrand coincided with a new visual identity that incorporated three animals that represent the San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance century-long conservation efforts: the lion, the California condor and the white rhino. San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance is a nonprofit organization classified as 501(c)(3) , making it tax-exempt according to the Internal Revenue Service . The organization

14250-686: Was a sold-out event. The society also sought to connect with younger consumers by increasing its online content, and to appeal to ecotourism seekers by adding new attractions at its parks, such as a zip-line experience at the Wild Animal Park. The society also expanded its consulting business, partnering with the Al Ain Zoo and Aquarium Public Institution to assist in the creation of a 2,000-acre wildlife park in Abu Dhabi , and started using its facilities to showcase sustainable products and technologies to visitors. A formal program for volunteer interpreters at

14375-852: Was adopted. In early 2018, AZA acquired the Wildlife Trafficking Alliance to help grow public awareness about the purchase and sale of illegal wildlife products in the United States. The Association of Zoos and Aquariums reported 195 million visitors to its 236 accredited member facilities in 2017. The organization is active in institution accreditation , animal care initiatives, education and conservation programs, collaborative research and advocacy. AZA serves as an accrediting body for zoos and aquariums and ensures accredited facilities meet higher standards of animal care than required by law. Institutions are evaluated every five years in order to ensure standards are met and to maintain accreditation. As of 2019 AZA had 238 accredited facilities in

14500-410: Was appointed president for almost five months before Wegeforth resumed the position, which he would retain until his death in 1941. Upon his return Wegeforth began the construction of reptile cages and started trading with and selling animals to other zoos, exchanging two brown bear cubs for a polar bear . By late 1919 a permanent location for the Zoo had still not been secured, but sturdier housing

14625-403: Was hosted by the Zoological Society in 1991. In 1993 the society was one of only five zoological institutions in the United States to receive American Museum Accreditation. 1998 saw the adoption of a new strategic plan involving renovating older exhibits and building new ones. The society hosted the second annual Animal Behavior Management Conference in 2002, and was named San Diego's "Recycler of

14750-469: Was made a member of the Zoological Society's board of directors, but resigned the position due to complaints of conflict of interest . In 1927 the sailing ship Star of India was donated to the Zoological Society for a maritime museum and first unit of a proposed aquarium. Plans were made for a site on San Diego Bay at the Marina , with the ship to be set in concrete in the midst of a seal pool adjacent to

14875-407: Was needed for the bears. The society set about building its first open-air, cageless exhibit along what is now Zoo Drive: a bear pit that housed Caesar, the polar bear, and a black bear , with the species separated by wire fencing. The planned concrete floor was omitted due to insufficient funds, and Caesar tunneled under the wall the first night, damaging the enclosure. Ellen Browning Scripps made

15000-497: Was riding with me, and half jokingly, half wishfully, said "Wouldn't it be splendid if San Diego had a zoo! You know...I think I'll start one." Taking me at my word, he replied that he would be glad to help me but added dubiously that he did not see how such a project could be put over on the heels of an Exposition not very successful in its second year. I had long nurtured the thought of a San Diego Zoo and now—suddenly—I decided to try to establish one. Later that month, in an article in

15125-534: Was set up at the Wild Animal Park, and the remaining wild condors were captured and brought to the Wild Animal Park and the Los Angeles Zoo , with the last known wild specimen brought to the Wild Animal Park on April 19, 1987. Through breeding and reintroduction to the wild, the California condor population had increased to 425 by October 2014, with 219 in the wild and 206 in zoos. In 1982 conservation scientists from San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance and scientists from

15250-550: Was succeeded by Robert J. Sullivan. In 1955, in response to the grizzly bear being declared extinct in California, the society changed its corporate seal to one depicting a northern elephant seal . The organization was granted membership in the International Union for Conservation of Nature in 1957. In 1963 the society worked with the government of the Malagasy Republic to establish a conservation program for lemurs at

15375-469: Was the Zoo able to avoid large debts. This financial security was due largely to the increased attendance as the fame of the Zoo spread and to the special tax voted by the people of San Diego toward the support of the Zoo. During the 1920s and early 1930s the Zoological Society proposed several ballot measures aimed at securing the Zoo's real estate and finances, since both were still uncertain. Two ballot propositions were voted on in 1925: one to designate

15500-543: Was then president of the Zoological Society. "The generous Beckman Foundation grant is an incredible beginning to building our new facility and will enable us to continue leading the world in research and wildlife conservation efforts." The $ 22 million, 50,000 square foot Arnold and Mabel Beckman Center for Reproduction of Endangered Species opened in November 2004 as a second phase of the $ 20 million, 64,000 square foot Paul Harter Veterinary Medical Center, which had opened in 2001 on

15625-514: Was through the Reptile House, which had been converted from the Panama–California Exposition's International Harvester Building by Louis John Gill . Admission was free for children and members of the Zoological Society (adult admission for non-members was $ 0.10). The San Diego Zoo now houses over 3,700 rare and endangered animals representing more than 650 species and subspecies , and a botanical collection of more than 700,000 exotic plants. In

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