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61-751: SJM was founded in 1991, with Baburam Bhattarai as its chairman. Except for the CPN (UC), the Nepal Workers Peasants Organisation and the Nepal Marxist–Leninist Party , later known as CPN (MLM), took part in the formation. Both factions did however leave the Front rather soon, the NWPO left just before the 1991. After the SJM was restructured on August 17, 1991, the CPN (MLM) left it. The CPN (MLM) cited that

122-599: A "twelve-point agreement" that expressed areas of agreement between the CPN(M) and the parties that won a large majority in the last parliamentary election in 1999. Among other points, this document stated that a dictatorial monarchy of King Gyanendra is the chief impediment to progress in Nepal. It claimed further that the Maoists are committed to human rights and press freedoms and a multi-party system of government. It pledged self-criticism and

183-470: A 14-year-old girl named Tripurasundari on 7 March 1806, making her his fifth legitimate wife. Taking advantage of the political chaos, Bhimsen became the Mukhtiyar (1806–37), and Tripurasundari was given the title Lalita Tripurasundari and declared regent and Queen Mother (1806–32) of Girvan Yuddha Shah , who was himself 9 years old. Thus, Bhimsen became the first person outside the royal household to hold

244-635: A ceremony announcing an alliance with CPN UML and CPN Maoist centre but left the alliance after two weeks as he was not guaranteed an election ticket. Bhattarai was born in Gorkha Belbas in Khoplang VDC. He was born in a low-middle class peasant family. He has three siblings: one elder sister, one younger sister and one younger brother. He belongs to Brahmin group. He completed his secondary school education from Amar Jyoti High School in Luintel, Gorkha . He

305-538: A democratic mandate. The first elected prime minister was B. P. Koirala , in 1959. After he was deposed and imprisoned in 1960, King Mahendra established the Panchayat system and the country did not have a democratic government until 1990. The country became a constitutional monarchy after the Jana Andolan (meaning People's movement). The monarchy was abolished on 28 May 2008 by the 1st Constituent Assembly , and

366-481: A direct conflict with almost all the courtiers who had pledged a holy oath of allegiance to the legitimate king Girvan Yuddha Bikram Shah . This conflict eventually led to the establishment of a dual government and to an imminent civil war, with Damodar Pande leading the military force against the dissenting ex-king and his group. Since most of the military officers had sided with Damodar Pande, Rana Bahadur realized that his authority could not be re-established, and he

427-596: A general pardon. Those who had helped Rana Bahadur to return to Kathmandu were lavished with rank, land, and wealth. Bhimsen Thapa was made a second kaji ; Ranajit Pande , who was the father-in-law of Bhimsen's brother, was made the Mulkaji ; Sher Bahadur Shah , Rana Bahadur's half-brother, was made the Mul Chautariya ; while Rangnath Paudel was made the Raj Guru (royal spiritual preceptor). After almost two-year, all of

488-459: A high caste Chhetri , Queen Subarna Prabha Devi . Such acts earned Rana Bahadur notoriety both among courtiers and common people, especially among Brahmins . After the inevitable death of Kantavati, Rana Bahadur suffered a mental breakdown during which he lashed out by desecrating temples and cruelly punishing the attendant physicians and astrologers. He then renounced his ascetic life and attempted to re-assert his royal authority. This led to

549-476: A huge impact on the political system in Nepal. The decade-long civil war, in which more than 17,000 Nepalese died, had a major role in the transformation of Nepal from a monarchy into a republic. Bhattarai was elected to the Constituent Assembly from Gorkha 1 as a Maoist candidate in 2008 and became Minister of Finance in the cabinet formed after the election. Bhattarai became Prime Minister in 2011. As

610-399: A new constitution, and decide the fate of the monarchy. The Maoists wanted this process to end with Nepal becoming a republic of Nepal. Bhattarai was elected 36th Prime minister of Nepal. Having been elected from UCPN (Maoist). He was elected in support small parties including MJF (Loktantrik) , MJF (Republican) , TMLP , TMSP and Nepal Sadbhawana Party splinter groups. Bhattarai led

671-635: A number of published works, including The Nature of Underdevelopment and Regional Structure of Nepal: A Marxist Analysis (Adroit Publishers, Delhi, 2003) which is a cursory rewriting of his PhD thesis. Other works include Politico-Economic Rationale of People's War in Nepal (Utprerak Publications, Kathmandu, 1998), and Nepal! krantika aadharharu (in Nepali) (Janadisha Publications, 2004). His books and articles have had some impact on Nepalis both at home and abroad, though primarily only on those who share his political beliefs. Among his many well read newspaper articles

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732-506: A reward for establishing her regency. [Damodar Pande] was the most influential Kaji since the fall of regent Chautariya Bahadur Shah of Nepal from central power in April 1794 by his newly active nephew, King Rana Bahadur Shah . By 1797, his relationship with his uncle, who was living a retired life, and who wanted to seek refuge in China on the pretext of meeting the new emperor, had deteriorated to

793-512: A sudden Rana Bahadur was made Mukhtiyar (chief authority) and Bhimsen tried to implement his schemes through Rana Bahadur. Bhimsen had also secretly learned of a plot to oust Rana Bahadur. Tribhuvan Khawas (Pradhan), a member of Sher Bahadur's faction, was imprisoned on the re-opened charges of conspiracy with the British that led to the Knox's mission, but for which pardon had already been doled out, and

854-507: A sword and killed Rana Bahadur Shah before being cut down by nearby courtiers, Bam Shah and Bal Narsingh Kunwar , also allies of Bhimsen. The assassination of Rana Bahadur Shah triggered a great massacre in Bhandarkhal (a royal garden east of Kathmandu Durbar) and at the bank of Bishnumati river. That very night member of Sher Bahadur's faction – Bidur Shah , Tribhuvan Khawas, and Narsingh Gurung – and even King Prithvipal Sen of Palpa, who

915-515: A way out of the political deadlock since the dissolution of the first Nepalese Constituent Assembly in May 2012, he was replaced by Chief Justice Khil Raj Regmi as head of an interim government that was to hold elections by 21 June 2013 . He was a senior Standing Committee member and vice chairperson of the Maoist party until his resignation from his post and all party responsibilities on 26 September 2015. He

976-818: Is "Let's Give No Legitimacy to the Beneficiaries of the New Kot Massacre" written in the aftermath of Palace Massacre of 2001. Similarly, it is widely believed that he is the principal author of the most successful Election Manifesto brought out by Communist Party of Nepal (Maoists) in March 2008 in preparation of the Constituent Assembly Election held in April 2008. Prime Minister of Nepal Executive: Federal Parliament : Judiciary: The prime minister of Nepal ( Nepali : नेपालको प्रधानमन्त्री , romanized:  Nēpālakō pradhānamantrī )

1037-607: Is a Nepalese politician, architect and former Prime Minister who presently serves as leader of the Nepal Socialist Party . Bhattarai was a long-time leading member and deputy chairman of the Unified Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) prior to founding a new party, Naya Shakti Party, Nepal . He subsequently embraced democratic socialism . In 1996, the Maoists started the Nepalese Civil War , which had

1098-569: Is the head of government of Nepal . Together with their Council of ministers , The prime minister exercises executive power in the country. The prime minister must enjoy the confidence in the Pratinidhi Sabha before being appointed by the president and shall resign if they are unable to retain the majority in the House. The residence of the prime minister is in Baluwatar, Kathmandu . The seat of

1159-587: The Rana dynasty , the position of prime minister was hereditary and the officeholder held additional titles — Maharaja of Lamjung and Kaski, Supreme Commander-in-Chief of Nepal and Grand Master of the Royal Orders of Nepal. Mukhtiyar Bhimsen Thapa was the first person to be referred to as prime minister by the British . Similarly, historian Chittaranjan Nepali writes that the first institution to hold all state powers

1220-433: The government of Nepal comprised: Per historian Dilli Raman Regmi , the states the government of Nepal were: In 1794, King Rana Bahadur Shah came of age and his first act was to re-constitute the government such that his uncle, Prince Bahadur Shah of Nepal , had no official part to play. Rana Bahadur appointed Kirtiman Singh Basnyat as Chief ( Mul ) Kaji among the newly appointed four kajis though Damodar Pande

1281-752: The 'lights out'. At dawn on April 6, clashes between strike activists and police outside a police station in Pulchok ( Patan ) left two activists dead. Later in the day, a mass rally of the Agitation Committee at Tundikhel in the capital Kathmandu was attacked by police forces. As a result, riots broke out, and the Nepal Telecommunications building was set on fire. Police opened fire at the crowd, killing several persons. The Human Rights Organisation of Nepal estimated that 14 people, including several on-lookers, had been killed in police firing. Ahead of

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1342-433: The Front has become a mere " rubber stamp " of CPN (UC). In the general election held in 1991, SJM won nine seats and became the third largest force in the parliament. In 1992, in a situation of economic crisis and chaos, with spiralling prices as a result of implementation of changes in policy of the new Nepali Congress government, SJM and CPN (UC) stepped up their political agitation. A Joint People's Agitation Committee

1403-696: The Gurkha Empire had reached its greatest expanse from Sutlej river in the west to the Teesta river in the east. However, Nepal entered into a disastrous Anglo-Nepalese War with the East India Company lasting from 1814 to 1816, which was concluded with the Treaty of Sugauli , by which Nepal lost almost one-third of its land. It also led to the establishment of a permanent British Residency . The death of King Girvan Yuddha Bikram Shah in 1816 before his maturity, and

1464-419: The House of Representatives as prime minister. If no party has a majority, the president is required to appoint an MP who has the support of a coalition of parties who between them have a majority in the chamber–in practice, the leader of the senior partner in such a coalition. If no majority coalition can be formed within 30 days of the final result of a parliamentary election, the president is required to appoint

1525-518: The SJM won 0.86% of the popular vote and 1 out of 205 seats. In total, it had 40 candidates. When CPN (UC) merged with Communist Party of Nepal (Masal) in 2002, SJM merged with Rashtriya Jana Morcha , the front of CPN (Masal), and formed the People's Front, Nepal . Baburam Bhattarai Baburam Bhattarai ( Nepali : बाबुराम भट्टराई , pronounced [ˈbaburam ˈbʱʌʈːʌrai̯] ; born 18 June 1954), also known by his nom de guerre Laaldhwoj ,

1586-501: The control of the feudal system to the landless and the homeless". They started armed movement before the deadline to fulfill the demand given by themselves to the government. After that, and until 26 April 2006, the guerrilla leader Prachanda directed the military efforts of the CPN (M) towards establishing areas of control, particularly in the mountainous regions and western Nepal. The 40 demands were whittled down to 24 in subsequent political negotiations. In late 2004 or early 2005,

1647-580: The country from 29 August 2011 to 14 March 2013. He did some exemplary works during his tenure including the expansion of ring road. On 12 July 2016, Baburam Bhattarai announced the establishment of the Naya Shakti Nepal (New Force Nepal) as a new political party under his leadership. On 24 January, he had announced to establish a new political force. The leaders of Major Parties attended the ceremony. Ashok Sharma, Karishma Manandhar and other 33 new members were announced in that ceremony. He took part in

1708-517: The country was declared a federal democratic republic. The prime minister has a more enhanced constitutional role than his counterparts in other parliamentary democracies. This is because Section 75 of the Constitution explicitly vests the executive power of the federal government in the Council of Ministers–of which the prime minister is the leader–not the president. In most other parliamentary republics,

1769-560: The country. The courtiers were instead replaced by his close relatives, who were mere yes-men. On the spot where Rana Bahadur Shah drew his last breath, Bhimsen later built a commemorative Shiva temple by the name Rana-Mukteshwar. Bhimsen Thapa ruled for 31 years as Mukhtiyar and implemented large number of reforms in agriculture , forestry , trade and commerce , judiciary , military , communications , transportations , slavery , human trafficking and other social evils in his premiership. During Bhimsen Thapa's prime ministership,

1830-507: The election, new elections must be held within six months. The vacation process of the prime minister as per Section 77 (1) of 2015 Constitution of Nepal is as follows: The prime minister shall cease to hold office in the following circumstances: Furthermore, the Section 77 (3) states: If the prime minister ceases to hold the office according to clause (1), the same council of ministers shall continue to work until another council of ministers

1891-673: The elections to local bodies the year SJM formed a front together with the Nepal Workers Peasants Party , Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist–Leninist–Maoist), Communist Party of Nepal (15 September 1949) and Nepal Communist League . SJM obtained one deputy mayor, 8 (1.34%) municipal committee seats and around 5% of the seats in the Village Development Committees. When CPN (UC) split in 1994, so did SJM on May 22. The hardline faction (which would later rename itself as Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) in 1996) under

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1952-408: The ex-King with state honors and take him into isolation. After Rana Bahadur's reinstatement to power, he started to extract vengeance on those who had tried to keep him in exile. He exiled Rajrajeshwari to Helambu , where she became a Buddhist nun, on the charge of siding with Damodar Pande and colluding with the British. Damodar Pande, along with his two eldest sons, who were completely innocent,

2013-474: The extent that he ordered his imprisonment on 19 February 1797 and his subsequent murder on 23 June 1797. Similarly, in mid-1795, he became infatuated with a Maithil Brahmin widow , Kantavati Jha, and married her on the oath of making their illegitimate half-caste son (as per the Hindu law of that time) the heir apparent, by excluding the legitimate heir Prince Ranodyot Shah who was born from his previous marriage with

2074-486: The field of architecture. Bhattarai went to the Delhi School of Planning and Architecture for an M.Tech. degree. He is married to Hisila Yami , a fellow Maoist leader. They have a daughter, Manushi. He completed his PhD degree from Jawaharlal Nehru University in 1986. His thesis was published in 2003 as "The Nature of Underdevelopment and Regional Structure of Nepal - A Marxist Analysis". Bhattarai has contributed

2135-560: The government, led by Prime Minister Sher Bahadur Deuba , from the Nepali Congress , a list of 40 demands , threatening civil war if those were not met. The demands related to "nationalism, democracy, and livelihood" and included an end to the "domination of foreign capital in Nepali industries, business and finance", abrogation of "discriminatory treaties, including the 1950 Nepal-India Treaty ", and confiscation and distribution of "land under

2196-462: The immature age of his heir, King Rajendra Bikram Shah , coupled with the support from Queen Tripurasundari (the junior queen of Rana Bahadur Shah), allowed him to continue to remain in power even after Nepal's defeat in the Anglo-Nepalese War . The Rana regime, founded by Jung Bahadur Rana , began an autocratic and totalitarian rule. Only a handful of Nepalese prime ministers have carried

2257-623: The intention of the Maoists and the Seven Parties to not repeat past mistakes. Several ceasefires have occurred over the course of the Nepalese civil war. Most recently, on 26 April 2006, Prachanda announced a ceasefire with a stated duration of 90 days. The move followed weeks of massive protests—the April 2006 Nepalese general strike — in Kathmandu and elsewhere that had forced King Gyanendra to give up

2318-414: The leader of the largest party in the chamber. In the latter cases, the person appointed as prime minister must win a confidence vote within 30 days. However, if a confidence vote is unsuccessful, the president must appoint an MP who can demonstrate command the confidence of the House. In the event that no member can command the confidence of the House within 55 days of the announcement of the final results of

2379-607: The leadership of Prachandra and Dr. Baburam Bhattarai launched a parallel SJM . The mainstream group, led by Niranjan Govinda Vidya and Nirmal Lama was the one accorded the recognition by the Election Commission to the name SJM. On July 14 the Vidya/Lama-led SJM held its convention and decided to participate in upcoming elections. At the last legislative elections before the King of Nepal took power, 3 and 16 May 1999,

2440-470: The minority of the King Girvan Yuddha, Damodar Pande took over the administration as Mulkaji, or prime minister (1799–1804), with complete control over administration and the power to conduct foreign affairs. He set a significant precedent for later Nepalese history, which has seen a recurring struggle for effective power between king and prime minister. The main policy of Damodar Pande was to protect

2501-487: The personal dictatorship he had established on 1 February 2005 and restore the parliament that was dissolved in May 2002. After that, a new government was established by the Seven-Party Alliance. The Parliament and the new government supported the ceasefire and started negotiations with the Maoists on the basis of the twelve-point agreement. The two sides agreed that a new constituent assembly will be elected to write

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2562-485: The position of executive head till adoption of title of prime minister in 1843 A.D. The first Mukhtiyar to title himself as prime minister, as per the British convention, was the last Mukhtiyar Mathabar Singh Thapa . Mathabar Singh became Mukhtiyar as well as prime minister and Commander-In-Chief of the Nepalese army in November 1843 by the declaration of second queen of Rajendra, Queen Rajya Laxmi Devi . During

2623-524: The position of the Mukhtiyar . All the other wives (except Subarnaprabha ) and concubines of Rana Bahadur, along with their handmaidens, were forced to commit sati . Bhimsen obtained a royal mandate from Tripurasundari, given in the name of King Girvan, commanding all other courtiers to be obedient to him. Bhimsen further consolidated his power by disenfranchising the old courtiers from the central power by placing them as administrators of far-flung provinces of

2684-405: The president is at least the nominal chief executive, while being bound by convention to act on the advice of the cabinet. Per Section 76, the prime minister is the chairman of the Council of Ministers and thus exercises executive power collectively with the Council of Ministers. Under part 7, Article 76, of the Constitution, the president is required to appoint the leader of the majority party in

2745-617: The prime minister is Singha Darbar since the time of Chandra Shamsher Jung Bahadur Rana . The incumbent prime minister is KP Sharma Oli of the CPN (UML) , in office since 15 July 2024. He was appointed by the President Ram Chandra Poudel as per Article 76(2) of the Constitution of Nepal . The position of prime minister of Nepal ( Nepali : नेपालको प्रधानमन्त्री , romanized:  Nēpālakō pradhānamantrī ) in modern form

2806-492: The relations between Prachanda and Bhattarai cooled down. This was reportedly due to disagreement on power sharing inside the party. Bhattarai was unhappy with the consolidation of power under Prachanda. At one point, Prachanda expelled Bhattarai from the party, though he was later reinstated. They later reconciled at least some of their differences. On 22 November 2005, Prachanda and the Seven Party Alliance released

2867-563: The supporters of Raj Rajeshwari Devi and his brother Bakhtawar Singh Basnyat , was then given the post of Chief ( Mul ) Kaji. During Bakhtawar's tenure as the Mul Kaji , on 28 October 1801, the Treaty of Commerce and Alliance was signed between Nepal and East India Company. Queen Rajrajeshwari was restored as regent of Nepal on 17 December 1802. On subsequent February, Damodar Pande was appointed by Queen Rajrajeshwari as Mulkaji (Chief Kaji) as

2928-666: The young king by keeping his unpredictable father in Banaras and to play off against each other the schemes of the retired king's wives. By 1804 this policy had failed. The former king engineered his return and took over as mukhtiyar. The character of government in the Kingdom of Nepal was driven from consultative state organ of the previous Gorkha hill principality , known as Bharadar. These Bharadars were drawn from high caste and politically influential families. For instance Thar Ghar in previous Gorkha hill principality . The nobility of Gorkha

2989-550: Was a classmate of Upendra Devkota . He went to high school at Amrit Science College . After that under the Colombo plan scholarship, he studied Bachelor of Architecture in 1977 from Chandigarh . "He had been an outstanding student", says Lieut-Col Bakshi (retd), Principal of the college. It was during this time he became the founding President of All India Nepalese Student's Association. This organization ended up becoming his first step towards building his academic interests outside

3050-427: Was appointed as Mulkaji in 1801–1803 and after that Damodar Pandey became Mulkaji till February 1803 – March 1804. In 1804, the position of Mukhtiyar was created by Rana Bahadur Shah which carried executive powers of nation. Mukhtiyar is formed from two words: Mukhya and Akhtiyar . Mukhya means Chief, and Akhtiyar means Authority. Altogether it means the "executive head of the state". Mukhtiyar held

3111-486: Was called by different names at different times of Nepalese history . At the time of the Shah dynasty , either Chautariya, Kaji, or Mulkajis (Chief Kajis) served the function of prime ministers Abhiman Singh Basnyat was first Mulkaji appointed by Bahadur Shah at 1785–1794 after that his nephew Kirtiman Singh Basnyat was appointed as Mulkaji from 1794 – 1801 September after that his younger brother Bakhtawar Singh Basnyat

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3172-422: Was executed on 13 March 1804; similarly some members of his faction were tortured and executed without any due trial, while many others managed to escape to India. Rana Bahadur also punished those who did not help him while in exile. Among them was Prithvi Pal Sen , the king of Palpa, who was tricked into imprisonment, while his kingdom forcefully annexed. Subarnaprabha and her supporters were released and given

3233-470: Was forced to flee to the British-controlled city of Varanasi in May 1800. As soon as they received the news, Rana Bahadur and his group proceeded towards Kathmandu. Some troops were sent by Kathmandu Durbar to check their progress, but the troops changed their allegiance when they came face to face with the ex-King. Damodar Pande and his men were arrested at Thankot where they were waiting to greet

3294-637: Was mainly based from Chhetri families and they had a strong presence in civil administration affairs. All of the prime ministers of Nepal between 1768 and 1950 were Chhetris with the exception of Ranga Nath Poudyal , being a Brahmin . Bharadars formed a consultative body in the kingdom for the most important functions of the state as counsellors, ministers and Diplomats. There was no single successful coalition government as court politics were driven from large factional rivalries, consecutive conspiracies and ostracization of opponent Bharadar families through assassination rather than legal expulsion. Another reason

3355-411: Was ordered to be executed. Tribhuvan Khawas decided to reveal everyone that was involved in the dialogue with the British. Among those implicated was Sher Bahadur Shah. On the night of 25 April 1806, Rana Bahadur held a meeting at Tribhuvan Khawas's house with rest of the courtiers, during which he taunted and threatened to execute Sher Bahadur. At around 10 pm, Sher Bahadur in desperation drew

3416-558: Was set up together with the Communist Party of Nepal (Masal) , the Nepal Communist League and the Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist–Leninist–Maoist) . A general strike was called for April 6. Violent incidents began to occur on the evening ahead of the strike. The Joint People's Agitation Committee had called for a 30-minute lights out in the capital, and violent erupted outside Bir Hospital when activists tried to enforce

3477-438: Was the minority of the reigning King between 1777 and 1847 that led to establishment of anarchial rule. The government was stated to have controlled by regents, Mukhtiyars and alliance of political faction with strong fundamental support. At the end of the 18th century, the central politics was regularly dominated by two notable political factions; Thapas and Pandes . Per historians and contemporary writer Francis Hamilton ,

3538-439: Was the most influential Kaji. Kirtiman had succeeded Abhiman Singh Basnyat as Chief Kaji while Prince Bahadur Shah was succeeded as Chief ( Mul ) Chautariya by Prince Ranodyot Shah, then heir apparent of King Rana Bahadur Shah. Kajis had held the administrative and executive powers of the nation after the fall of Chief Chautariya Prince Bahadur Shah in 1794. Later, Kirtiman Singh was secretly assassinated on 28 September 1801, by

3599-532: Was the position of Mukhtiyar which was established after King Rana Bahadur Shah returned to Nepal from Varanasi . However, historians believe that Kaji Damodar Pande was the first person to hold power as a prime minister as the modern system of administration originated in Nepal with the emergence of Damodar Pande . Damodar Pande was the most influential Kaji since the fall of regent Chautariya Bahadur Shah of Nepal from central power in April 1794 by his newly active nephew, King Rana Bahadur Shah . During

3660-512: Was under house arrest in Patan Durbar, were swiftly rounded up and killed in Bhandarkhal. Bhimsen managed to kill everyone who did not agree with him or anyone who could potentially become a problem for him in the future. In this massacre that lasted for about two weeks, a total of ninety-three people (16 women and 77 men) died. Almost one and half months before the massacre, upon Bhimsen's insistence, Rana Bahadur, then 31 years old, had married

3721-755: Was until recently the Coordinator of the Naya Shakti . As of 2019, he was the Chairman of the Federal Council of the newly formed Samajbadi Party, Nepal , a party formed by the merger of the Naya Shakti Party, Nepal and the Federal Socialist Forum, Nepal . Later Samajbadi Party, Nepal merged with Rastriya Janata Party Nepal to form People's Socialist Party, Nepal . On 4 February 1996, Bhattarai gave

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