100-737: The Samoggia is a river in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy . The source of the river is in the province of Modena near Zocca . The river flows northeast into the Metropolitan City of Bologna and flows near Bazzano , Crespellano , Piumazzo , Anzola dell'Emilia and San Giovanni in Persiceto before entering the Reno east of Decima. The Samoggia has a tributary called the Lavino that flows into it near San Giovanni in Persiceto. This article on
200-643: A Slow Food Presidium. Ligurian pasta includes trenette and trofie , and the fresh pasta pockets called pansòuti . The two main men's football clubs are Genoa C.F.C. and U.C. Sampdoria , which have played for decades in Serie A . They share the Stadio Luigi Ferraris , and face each other in the Derby della Lanterna . The third most successful club is Spezia Calcio , which debuted in Serie A in 2020. Pro Recco
300-466: A -29.2% loss in holdings for the region. The total utilised agricultural area (UAA) was 1,114,590 hectares (2,754,200 acres) in 2000 and 1,064,210 hectares (2,629,700 acres) in 2014 for a loss of 4.5%, indicating a downturn of smaller farm ownership. During this same timeframe there was a 14.5% decrease in the farm labor workforce. The Regional Government ( Giunta Regionale ) is presided by the President of
400-601: A location in Emilia–Romagna is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article related to a river in Italy is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Emilia-Romagna Emilia-Romagna ( UK : / ɪ ˌ m iː l i ə r oʊ ˈ m ɑː n j ə / , US : / eɪ ˌ -/ , both also / ɛ ˌ -/ , Italian: [eˈmiːlja roˈmaɲɲa] ; Emilian : Emégglia-Rumâgna or Emîlia-Rumâgna ; Romagnol : Emélia-Rumâgna )
500-475: A major industry during the booming 1950s and 1960s, phased out after the late 1980s crisis, as Italy moved away from the heavy industry to pursue more technologically advanced and less polluting production. So the Ligurian industry has turned towards a widely diversified range of high-quality and high-tech products (food, shipbuilding, electrical engineering and electronics, petrochemicals, aerospace etc.). Nonetheless,
600-545: A native of Bologna, shot numerous movies in the region, including the 1976 horror-thriller The House with Laughing Windows . Marco Bellocchio , a native of Bobbio, near Piacenza, directed many award-winning movies, such as his 2009 biopic Vincere . Liliana Cavani, a native of Carpi, near Modena, became internationally known after the success of her 1974 feature film The Night Porter . In addition, actor and filmmaker Vittorio De Sica shot in Ferrara his 1970 movie The Garden of
700-684: A non-profit private association of small Italian towns of strong historical and artistic interest, that was founded on the initiative of the Tourism Council of the National Association of Italian Municipalities. The unemployment rate stood at 5.1% in 2022 and was lower than the national average of 8.1%. The region of Emilia-Romagna has a very good system of transport, with 574 km of motorways, 1,053 km of railways and airports in Bologna, Forlì, Parma and Rimini. The main motorway crosses
800-399: A pleasant stay even in the dead of winter. Rainfall can be abundant at times, as mountains very close to the coast create an orographic effect. Genoa and La Spezia can see up to 2,000 mm (80 in) of rain in a year; other areas instead show the normal Mediterranean rainfall of 500 to 800 mm (20 to 30 in) annually. As of 2023, according to the report on land consumption of
900-509: A trade volume of 58.6 million tonnes is the first port of Italy, the second in terms of twenty-foot equivalent units after the port of transshipment of Gioia Tauro , with a trade volume of 1.86 million TEUs. The main destinations for the cargo-passenger traffic are Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica, Barcelona and Canary Islands. The Gross domestic product (GDP) of the region was 49.9 billion euros in 2018, accounting for 2.8% of Italy's economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power
1000-416: A very well balanced economy that comprises Italy's biggest agricultural sector as well as a long-standing tradition in automobile, motor and mechanics manufacturing and a strong banking and insurance industry. In spite of the depth and variety of industrial activities in the region, agriculture has not been eclipsed. Emilia-Romagna is among the leading regions in the country, with farming contributing 5.8% of
1100-519: Is a chemical industrial park [ it ] in Ferrara , where different companies manufacturing polyethylene , polypropylene , synthetic rubber and nitrogenous fertilizers . Other industrial park is Mirandola Biomedical District . In Parma there is pharmaceutical manufacturing from Chiesi Farmaceutici . Sport and fitness articles is manufacturing by Technogym in Cesena . The ceramic sector
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#17328905050821200-469: Is a major staple of Mediterranean cuisine , the Ligurian variety being no exception, as the sea has been part of the region's culture since its beginning. Ciuppin soup is made from fish leftovers and stale bread, flavoured with white wine, onion, and garlic. Vegetables, especially beans, are important in Ligurian cooking. Mesciua soup is made from beans, olive oil and farro (old kinds of wheat including emmer ). The Badalucco, conio and pigna beans are
1300-464: Is also densely populated due to the booming seaside tourism in recent decades. In the peripheral areas of the Apennine Mountains and the agricultural plains around Ferrara and Piacenza, the population is less dense. The region has nine cities with populations exceeding one hundred thousand: Bologna, Parma, Modena, Reggio Emilia, Ravenna, Rimini, Ferrara, Forlì and Piacenza. These cities rank among
1400-463: Is an administrative region of northern Italy , comprising the historical regions of Emilia and Romagna . Its capital is Bologna . It has an area of 22,446 km (8,666 sq mi), and a population of 4.4 million. Emilia-Romagna is one of the wealthiest and most developed regions in Europe, with the third highest gross domestic product per capita in Italy. It is also a cultural center, being
1500-618: Is concentrated in Faenza and Sassuolo . Footwear industry is well developed and located in 2 industrial districts San Mauro Pascoli and between Fusignano and Bagnacavallo . Tourism is increasingly important, especially along the Adriatic coastline and the cities of art. The most popular location for seaside tourism is Rimini . Emilia-Romagna has many small and picturesque villages, 16 of them have been selected by I Borghi più belli d'Italia (English: The most beautiful Villages of Italy ),
1600-537: Is considered a swing region, where no one of the two political blocs is dominant, with the two eastern provinces leaning left, and the two western provinces right. Liguria is one of 20 regions (administrative divisions) of Italy. Liguria is divided into four provinces: [REDACTED] Liguria is the original source of pesto , one of the most popular sauces in Italian cuisine, made with fresh basil , pine kernels , olive oil , garlic and Parmesan cheese . Seafood
1700-731: Is crossed by the Alps and the Apennines mountain range and is roughly coextensive with the former territory of the Republic of Genoa . Liguria is bordered by France ( Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur ) to the west, Piedmont to the north, and Emilia-Romagna and Tuscany to the east. It rests on the Ligurian Sea , and has a population of 1,557,533. The region is part of the Alps–Mediterranean Euroregion . The name Liguria predates Latin and
1800-658: Is crossed east to west by the Ligurian Alps and the Ligurian Apennines that form an interrupted chain, but discontinuous in its morphology, with stretches where the Alpine/Apennine ridge is extremely compact and high aligning very high mountain groups (north to Ventimiglia, a series of massifs which became French after the Second World War, rises up to altitudes of 2700–3000 m) while in other stretches (for example in
1900-569: Is included in the wider group of western Romance languages (including French , Occitan and Catalan ). They are considered minority languages, structurally separated from Italian by the Ethnologue and by the Red Book of Endangered Languages of UNESCO . Emilia-Romagna today is considered one of the richest European regions and the third wealthiest Italian region by gross domestic product (GDP) per capita. These results have been achieved by developing
2000-442: Is known for its egg and filled pasta made with soft wheat flour. Bologna is notable for pasta dishes like tortellini , lasagne , gramigna and tagliatelle made by sfoglini out of sfoglia . These are found also in many other parts of the region in different declinations. The Romagna subregion is known as well for pasta dishes like garganelli , strozzapreti , sfoglia lorda and tortelli alla lastra . In
2100-627: Is now covered (apart from the Mesóla forest in Province of Ferrara ) with fruit orchards and fields of wheat and sugar beet , the Pubescent oak - European hop-hornbeam belt on the lower slopes up to 800–900 m, the European beech - Silver fir belt between 800–900 m and 1,700 m and the final mountain heath belt above 1,700–1,800 m. Emilia-Romagna has two Italian National Parks,
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#17328905050822200-529: Is now inside the medieval old town. The ancient Ligurian city was known as Stalia (Σταλìα), referred to in this way by Artemidorus Ephesius and Pomponius Mela ; this toponym is possibly preserved in the name of Staglieno, some 3 km (2 mi) from the coast. Stalia had an alliance with Rome through a foedus aequum (equal pact) in the course of the Second Punic War (218-201 BC). The Carthaginians accordingly destroyed it in 209 BC. The town
2300-572: Is of obscure origin. The Latin adjectives Ligusticum (as in Mare Ligusticum ) and Liguscus reveal the original root of the name, ligusc- : in the Latin name -sc- was shortened to -s-, and later turned into the -r- of Liguria , according to rhotacism . Compare Ancient Greek : λίγυς , romanized : Lígus , lit. 'a Ligurian, a person from Liguria' whence Ligustikḗ λιγυστική transl. the name of
2400-624: Is particularly concentrated in Parma , Modena and Bologna . Very important is production of Parma ham , Parmesan and Grana Padano cheeses, Modena balsamic vinegar , and Mortadella sausages. It is not restricted to these famous products, but also include production of sausages, other cheese, dairy products, coffee, sugar, fruit and vegetable conserves and stuffed pasta . Automotive industry produces sports cars ( Ferrari , Lamborghini , Maserati , Pagani ), trucks ( Astra ), buses ( Menarinibus ) and motorcycles ( Ducati , Bimota ). Machine building
2500-455: Is produced in Reggio Emilia, Parma, Modena and Bologna and is much used in cooking, while Grana Padano variety is produced in the rest of the region. Liguria Liguria ( / l ɪ ˈ ɡ j ʊər i ə / ; Italian: [liˈɡuːrja] ; Ligurian : Ligûria , Ligurian: [liˈɡyːɾja] ) is a region of north-western Italy ; its capital is Genoa . Its territory
2600-585: Is vested in both the government and the Regional Council. The Regional Government is presided by the Governor, who is elected for a five-year term, and is composed of the President and the Ministers, who are currently 11, including a vice president. The Regional Council of is composed of 40 members and it is elected for a five-year term, but, if the President suffers a vote of no confidence, resigns or dies, under
2700-529: Is well-developed and represented with fork-lifts ( OM Still , FMTH Fantuzzi), skid-steer loader ( CNH Industrial ), tractors ( Argo , Goldoni , Arbos ), motors ( VM Motori , Lombardini ), vehicle gas-fuel equipment ( Landi Renzo ), undercarriages ( ThyssenKrupp Berco ), ceramic machine ( SACMI ), packaging machine ( Coesia [ it ] , SACMI , IMA ), pumps ( Interpump ), wood-working machine tools (SCM Group), home appliance ( Smeg , Saeco ), automatic data capture equipment ( Datalogic ) etc. There
2800-455: The Apennines is marked by areas of flysch , badland erosion ( calanques ) and caves . The mountains stretch for more than 300 km (186.41 mi) from the north to the south-east, with only three peaks above 2,000 m – Monte Cimone (2,165 m), Monte Cusna (2,121 m) and Alpe di Succiso (2,017 m). The plain was formed by the gradual retreat of the sea from the Po basin and by
2900-619: The Congress of Vienna (1815) decided that Liguria should be annexed to the Kingdom of Sardinia . The Genoese uprising against the House of Savoy in 1821, which was put down with great bloodshed, aroused the population's national sentiments. Some of the most prestigious figures of Risorgimento were born in Liguria ( Giuseppe Mazzini , Mameli , Nino Bixio ). Italian patriot and general Giuseppe Garibaldi , who
3000-582: The East Indies by sailing westward received the support of the Spanish crown, which saw in it an opportunity to gain the upper hand over rival powers in the contest for the lucrative spice trade with Asia . During his first voyage in 1492, instead of reaching Japan as he had intended, Columbus landed in the Bahamas archipelago , at a locale he named San Salvador . Over the course of three more voyages, Columbus visited
3100-572: The Emilia subregion, except Piacenza which is heavily influenced by the cuisines of Lombardia where rice is more common, rice is eaten to a lesser extent. Polenta , a maize-based dish, is common both in Emilia and Romagna. The celebrated balsamic vinegar is made only in the Emilian cities of Modena and Reggio Emilia , following legally binding traditional procedures. Parmigiano Reggiano (Parmesan Cheese)
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3200-601: The Foreste Casentinesi National Park and the Appennino Tosco-Emiliano National Park . Emilia-Romagna has been a highly populated area since ancient times. Inhabitants over the centuries have radically altered the landscape , building cities, reclaiming wetlands, and establishing large agricultural areas. All these transformations in past centuries changed the aspect of the region, converting large natural areas to cultivation, up until
3300-707: The Greater and Lesser Antilles , as well as the Caribbean coast of Venezuela and Central America, claiming them for the Spanish Empire . The value of trade routes through Genoa to the Near East declined during the Age of Discovery , when Portuguese explorers discovered routes to Asia around the Cape of Good Hope . The international crises of the seventeenth century, which ended for Genoa with
3400-594: The Popes of Rome , the Farnese of Parma and Piacenza, and the Duchy of Modena and Reggio , jostled for power and influence. The House of Este gained a notable profile for its political and military might and its patronage of the arts: it left behind a vast heritage of splendid Renaissance palaces, precious paintings and literary masterpieces, such as the works of Ludovico Ariosto , Torquato Tasso and Matteo Maria Boiardo . Following
3500-604: The Rhone to the Arno (so we are told by Polybius ), pushing their presence as far as the Spanish Mediterranean coast to the west and the Tiber to the south-east, colonizing the coasts of major islands such as Corsica , Sardinia and Sicily . Numerous ceramic artefacts remain of them. The Genoa area has been inhabited since the fifth or fourth millennium BC. In ancient times this area
3600-512: The Second World War , Liguria experienced heavy bombings, hunger and two years of occupation by the German troops, against whom a liberation struggle was led—among the most effective in Italy. When Allied troops eventually entered Genoa, they were welcomed by Italian partisans who, in a successful insurrection, had freed the city and accepted the surrender of the local German command. For this feat,
3700-724: The Tyrrhenian Sea and was present in the nerve centres of power during the last phase of the Byzantine empire, having colonies up to Black Sea and Crimean . After the introduction of the title of doge for life (1339) and the election of Simone Boccanegra , Genoa resumed its struggles against the Marquisate of Finale and the Counts of Laigueglia and it conquered again the territories of Finale , Oneglia and Porto Maurizio . In spite of its military and commercial successes, Genoa fell prey to
3800-700: The United Kingdom and Brazil . As of 2008 , the Italian National Institute of Statistics ( ISTAT ) estimated that 365,687 foreign-born immigrants lived in Emilia-Romagna, equal to 8.5% of the total regional population. Apart from standard Italian , Emilian and Romagnolo , two closely related languages that are part of the Emiliano-Romagnolo language family , are the local languages of Emilia-Romagna. They are Romance languages spoken in
3900-418: The simul stabunt vel simul cadent clause (introduced in 1999), also the council will be dissolved and there will be a fresh election. In the last regional election, which took place on 31 May 2015, Giovanni Toti ( Forza Italia ) defeated Raffaella Paita ( Democratic Party ), after 10 years of regional left-wing government by Claudio Burlando ( Democratic Party ). At both national and local level, Liguria
4000-530: The 1684 bombardment by Louis XIV 's fleet, restored French influence over the republic. Consequently, the Ligurian territory was crossed by the Piedmontese and Austrian armies when these two states came into conflict with France. Austria occupied Genoa in 1746, but the Habsburg troops were driven away by a popular insurrection. Napoleon's first Italian campaign marked the end of the oligarchic Genoese state, which
4100-636: The 1960s. The trend then changed, and agricultural lands began giving way to residential and industrial areas. The increase of urban-industrial areas continued at very high rates until the end of the 2010s. In the same period, hilly and mountainous areas saw an increase in the registration of semi-natural areas, because of the abandonment of agricultural lands. Land use changes can have strong effects on ecological functions. Human interactions such as agriculture, forestation and deforestation affect soil function , e.g. food and other biomass production, storing, filtering and transformation, habitat and gene pool. In
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4200-559: The 4th and the 10th centuries, Liguria was dominated by the Byzantines , the Lombards of King Rothari (about 641) and the Franks (about 774). It was also invaded by Saracen and Norman raiders. In the 10th century, once the danger of pirates decreased, the Ligurian territory was divided into three marches: Obertenga (east), Arduinica (west) and Aleramica (centre). In the 11th and 12th centuries,
4300-453: The 50 most populous in Italy. The regional capital, Bologna, has about 400,000 inhabitants and lies at the heart of a metropolitan area of about one million residents. Between 1876 and 1976, about 1.2 million people emigrated from Emilia-Romagna to other countries. As of 2008 , there were 119,369 people from this region living outside Italy, particularly in Argentina , Switzerland , France ,
4400-683: The 6th to 8th centuries, the region of Romagna was under Byzantine rule and Ravenna was the capital of the Exarchate of Italy within the Eastern Roman Empire. In the 8th century, this region became a province of the Papal States when Pepin, the father of Charlemagne, donated the land to the Pope in 754. During the 10th century, northern Italy became part of the Holy Roman Empire under the control of
4500-673: The Balzi Rossi cave in Ventimiglia. At the Arene Candide there is evidence of Neolithic and epigravettian strata dating between 20,000 and 18,700 years ago, while in the caves along the Pennavaira stream, in the valley of the same name in the Ingauno area, human remains have been found dating back as far as 7,000 BC. Copper begins to be mined from the middle of the 4th millennium BC in Liguria with
4600-504: The Basques), and Gascon . Since these are all coastal regions, the shared formant may relate to a shared descent from pre-Indo-European, maritime peoples, and/or the hypothetical Tyrsenian and Vasconic language families respectively. This argument is weakened, however, by the fact that the name Etruscan is a relatively late exonym and the relevant endonym, used of the Etruscans themselves,
4700-421: The Emilia-Romagna plain, which represents half of the region and where three quarters of the population of the region live, the agricultural land area has been reduced by 157 km while urban and industrial areas have increased to over 130 km between 2003 and 2008. The impact of land use and particularly of the urbanisation of the Emilia-Romagna plain during this period has had some strong consequences in
4800-445: The Finzi-Continis . Other actors from Emilia-Romagna include Gino Cervi , who played Peppone in the Don Camillo 1950s–1960s movie series; Rossano Brazzi , who acted in numerous English-language films, including the 1954 drama film The Barefoot Contessa ; and the 1980s comedy duo Gigi e Andrea . Emilia-Romagna is considered one of the richest regions of Italy with regard to its gastronomic and wine-making tradition. The region
4900-508: The Germanic leader Otto I. The Holy Roman emperors had varying degrees of control over northern Italy until the close of the Middle Ages. In the 12th century, the papacy extended its political influence and city states began to form in opposition to the Holy Roman emperors. The northern cities, supported by the Pope, formed the Lombard League and reduced the influence of the ruling Hohenstaufen dynasty over their lands. Division between imperial partisans and their opponents created factions called
5000-408: The Guelphs and the Ghibelines which would divide the cities for centuries. For the next few centuries both Emilia and Romagna were ruled by papal legates or representatives of the Pope. The University of Bologna —the oldest university in the world, established in AD 1088—and its bustling towns kept trade and intellectual life alive. Local nobility like the Este of Ferrara, the Malatesta of Rimini,
5100-404: The Higher Institute for Environmental Protection and Research, Marche and Liguria hold the Italian record for coastal overbuilding. Evidence of human presence in Liguria dates back to prehistoric times. Near the port of Nice, in Terra Amata, traces of the oldest huts built by nomadic hunters, around 300,000 years ago, have been found. The stratigraphy showed different settlement periods, with
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#17328905050825200-425: The Italian "Red Quadrilateral" or sometimes " Red Belt " called with Tuscany , Umbria and Marche . This is probably due to the strength of the anti-fascist resistance around the time of World War II as well as a strong tradition of anti-clericalism dating from the 19th century, when part of the region belonged to the Papal States . The strength of the anti-fascist resistance is one of the main factors, along with
5300-406: The Libiola and Monte Loreto mines dated to 3700 BC . These are the oldest copper mines in the western Mediterranean basin. From the 2nd millennium B.C. ( Neolithic ), there are records of the presence of Ligurians over a vast territory, corresponding to most of northern Italy. It is commonly thought that the ancient Ligurians settled on the Mediterranean coastline, divided in several tribes, from
5400-409: The Region ( Presidente della Regione ), who is elected for a five-year term. The Regional Government is composed of the President and the Ministers ( Assessori ), of which there are currently twelve including the Vice President and the Under-Secretary for the President's office. Apart from the province of Piacenza , Emilia-Romagna was historically a stronghold of the Italian Communist Party , forming
5500-433: The Roman period. During the first Punic War , the ancient Ligurians were divided, some of them siding with Carthage , others, including the inhabitants of Stalia (later Genoa ), with Rome. Under Augustus , Liguria was designated a region of Italy ( Regio IX Liguria ) stretching from the coast to the banks of the Po River . The great Roman roads (Aurelia and Julia Augusta on the coast, Postumia and Aemilia Scauri towards
5600-431: The best place to see in Europe. The name Emilia-Romagna is a legacy of Ancient Rome . Emilia derives from the via Aemilia , the Roman road connecting Piacenza to Rimini , completed in 187 BC, and named after the consul Marcus Aemilius Lepidus . Romagna derives from Romània , the name of the Eastern Roman Empire applied to Ravenna by the Lombards when the western Empire had ceased to exist and Ravenna
5700-426: The border regions relatively easy. The main motorway is located along the coastline, connecting the main ports of Nice (in France), Savona, Genoa and La Spezia. The number of passenger cars per 1000 inhabitants (524 in 2001) is below the national average (584). In average, about 17 million tonnes of cargo are shipped from the main ports of the region and about 57 million tonnes enter the region. The Port of Genoa , with
5800-478: The census in 1971, most markedly in the cities of Genoa, Savona and La Spezia. The age pyramid now looks more like a 'mushroom' resting on a fragile base. The negative trend has been partially interrupted only in the last decade when, after a successful economic recovery, the region has attracted consistent fluxes of immigrants. As of 2008 , the Italian national institute of statistics, ISTAT, estimated that 90,881 foreign-born immigrants live in Liguria, equal to 5.7% of
5900-515: The city was awarded the gold medal for military valour. The population density of Liguria is much higher than the national average (300 inhabitants per km , or 770 per mi ), being only less than Campania 's, Lombardy 's and Lazio 's. In the Metropolitan City of Genoa , it reaches almost 500 inhabitants per km , whereas in the provinces of Imperia and Savona it is less than 200 inhabitants per km . The Spanish traveller Pedro Tafur , noting it from sea in 1436, remarked "To one who does not know it,
6000-456: The coast is generally not very jagged and is often high. At the mouths of the biggest watercourses are small beaches, but there are no deep bays and natural harbours except at Genoa and La Spezia . The hills lying immediately beyond the coast together with the sea account for a mild climate year-round. Average winter temperatures are 7 to 10 °C (45 to 50 °F) and summer temperatures are 23 to 24 °C (73 to 75 °F), which make for
6100-445: The detritus deposited by the rivers. Almost entirely marshland in ancient times, its history is characterised by the hard work of its people to reclaim and reshape the land in order to achieve a better standard of living. The geology varies, with lagoons and saline areas in the north and many thermal springs throughout the rest of the region as a result of groundwater rising towards the surface at different periods of history. All
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#17328905050826200-496: The economic and ecological assessment of the region. The loss of arable land is equivalent to a permanent loss of the capacity to feed 440,000 persons per year from resources grown within the region. The increased water runoff due to soil sealing requires adaptation measures for river and irrigation canals such as the building of retention basins , at a total cost estimated in the order of billions of euros. In 2000 there were 103,700 farm holdings and in 2010 there were 73,470, or
6300-434: The effectiveness of trade-unionism, that led to the dominance of the PCI in the region. Emilia-Romagna has since World War II been a left-wing stronghold, nowadays led by the Democratic Party , since its creation in 2007. Emilia-Romagna is divided into nine provinces. Apart from the creation of the Metropolitan City of Bologna , plans to reduce the number of provinces from nine to four have been dropped. ISTAT estimates
6400-419: The first crusade, carrying knights and troops to the Middle-East for a fee) and the 15th century, the Republic of Genoa experienced an extraordinary political and commercial success (mainly spice trades with the Orient). It was one of the most powerful maritime republics in the Mediterranean from the 12th to the 14th century: after the decisive victory in the Battle of Meloria (1284) , it acquired control over
6500-405: The first local product, the cultivation of fruit trees has developed (especially peaches, but also apricots, plums, apples and pears). Cattle and pig breeding are also highly developed. Farm cooperatives have been working along these lines in recent years. With their long tradition in the region there are now about 8,100 cooperatives, generally in the agricultural sector and mainly located in
6600-548: The gross regional product. The agricultural sector has aimed for increased competitiveness by means of structural reorganisation and high-quality products, and this has led to the success of marketed brands. Cereals , potatoes , maize , tomatoes and onions are the most important products, along with fruit and grapes for the production of wine (of which the best known are Emilia's Lambrusco , Bologna's Pignoletto [ it ] , Romagna's Sangiovese and white Albana ). Alongside cereals, which for centuries remained
6700-442: The hinterland of Savona and Genoa) the mountain barrier is not very high and deeply crossed by short valleys and passes that do not reach 500 m above sea level ( Bochetta di Altare , Passo dei Giovi, Crocetta d'Orero). The winding arched extension goes from Ventimiglia to La Spezia . Of this, 3,524.08 km (1,360.65 sq mi) are mountainous (65% of the total) and 891.95 km (344.38 sq mi) are hills (35% of
6800-410: The home of the University of Bologna , the oldest university in the world. Some of its cities, such as Modena , Parma , Ferrara , and Ravenna , are UNESCO heritage sites. It is a center for food and automobile production (such as Ferrari , Lamborghini , and Maserati ). It has coastal resorts such as Cervia , Cesenatico , and Rimini . In 2018, the Lonely Planet guide named Emilia-Romagna as
6900-430: The inland) helped strengthen territorial unity and increase communication and trade. Important towns developed on the coast, of which evidence is left in the ruins of Albenga , Ventimiglia and Luni . In 180 B.C., the Romans, in order to dispose of Ligurian rebels in their seeking of the conquest of Gaul , they deported 47,000 Liguri Apuani , confining them to the Samnite area between Avellino and Benevento . Between
7000-411: The internal factions which put pressure on its political structure. Due to the vulnerable situation, the rule of the republic went to the hands of the Visconti family of Milan . After their expulsion by the popular forces under Boccanegra's lead, the republic remained in Genoese hands until 1396, when the internal instability led the doge Antoniotto Adorno to surrender the title of Seignior of Genoa to
7100-524: The king of France. The French were driven away in 1409 and Liguria went back under Milanese control in 1421, thus remaining until 1435. The alternation of French and Milanese dominions over Liguria went on until the first half of the 16th century. The French influence ceased in 1528, when Andrea Doria allied with the powerful king of Spain and imposed an aristocratic government, which gave the republic relative stability for about 250 years. Genoese explorer Christopher Columbus 's speculative proposal to reach
7200-456: The marches were split into fees, and then with the strengthening of the bishops' power, the feudal structure began to partially weaken. The main Ligurian towns, especially on the coast, became city-states, over which Genoa soon extended its rule. Inland, however, fiefs belonging to noble families survived for a very long time. Between the 11th century (when the Genoese ships played a major role in
7300-426: The place Liguria . The name derives from the ancient Ligures people, although the territory of this people was much larger than the current administrative region; it included all of North-west Italy south to the Po river , and south-eastern France . Some scholars see a possible connection with Old European languages , as the formant -sc- (-sk-) is also present in names like Etruscan , Euskadi (the endonym of
7400-509: The population of Emilia-Romagna was 4,459,577 on 1 January 2019. The population density, which was equal to 200 inhabitants per km in 2019, is close to the national average. The population of this region is traditionally evenly distributed, with no dominant metropolis but rather a line of medium-sized cities along the Via Emilia , where two thirds of the population and the majority of the industrial production are concentrated. The coast of Romagna
7500-580: The provinces of Bologna (2,160) and Forlì-Cesena (1,300). The regional economy is more geared to export markets than other regions in the country: the main exports are from mechanical engineering (53%), the extraction of non-metallic minerals (13%) and the clothing industry (10%). Industry in the region presents a varied and complex picture and is located along the Via Emilia. The food industry (e.g. Barilla , Parmalat , Granarolo , Zanetti , Grandi Salumifici Italiani, Cremonini, Fini, Conserve Italia )
7600-442: The referendum of 2006, seven municipalities of Montefeltro were detached from the Province of Pesaro and Urbino ( Marche ) to join that of Rimini on 15 August 2009. The municipalities are Casteldelci , Maiolo , Novafeltria , Pennabilli , San Leo , Sant'Agata Feltria and Talamello . On 20 and 29 May 2012 two powerful earthquakes struck the central area of the region, killing 27 people and causing substantial damages to
7700-431: The region from north-west (Piacenza) to the south-east (Adriatic coast), connecting the main cities of Parma, Reggio Emilia, Modena, Bologna, and from here further to Ravenna, Rimini and the Adriatic coast. Emilia-Romagna has given birth to a number of important filmmakers and actors and was the main setting for numerous important movies. Bernardo Bertolucci was a native from Parma and his 1976 masterpiece, 1900 ,
7800-455: The region is the summit of Monte Saccarello (2,201 m; 7,221 ft). Liguria is the third smallest Italian region after Aosta Valley and Molise , but is also one of the most densely populated, with a population density of 287 inhabitants/km , much higher than the national average, and is fourth place after Campania , Lombardy and Lazio . However, there is much difference between inland mountain areas and coastal areas. The region
7900-435: The region still maintains a flourishing shipbuilding sector (yacht construction and maintenance, cruise liner building, military shipyards). In the services sector, the gross value-added per worker in Liguria is 4% above the national average. This is due to the increasing diffusion of modern technologies, particularly in commerce and tourism. A good motorways network (376 km (234 mi) in 2000) makes communications with
8000-410: The region's artistic heritage as well as to numerous manufacturing facilities. The 5.8 magnitude earthquake left 14,000 people temporarily homeless. The region of Emilia-Romagna consists of nine provinces and covers an area of 22,446 km (8,666 sq mi), ranking sixth in Italy. Nearly half of the region (48%) consists of plains while 27% is hilly and 25% mountainous. The region's section of
8100-694: The region, in Northern Marche and other nearby areas such as parts of Massa-Carrara , Mantua , Pavia and Rovigo provinces and in San Marino . The Sillaro river ( Emilian : Séllar in Emilian), near the town of Castel San Pietro Terme , is the border between Emilia and Romagna. They belong to the Northern Italian group within Romance languages (like Piedmontese , Lombard , Ligurian and Venetian ), which
8200-468: The remains of oval huts with a central hearth, chipped pebbles, scrapers and captured animals such as wild boar, turtles, Merk's rhinoceros, southern elephants, aurochs and various birds. Traces of Neanderthal Man have been found near Loano. In the caves of Toirano, signs of frequentation dating back to the end of the Upper Palaeolithic are visible. Remains reminiscent of Cro-Magnon Man have appeared in
8300-502: The rise of Napoleon , the region of Emilia came under French control. After the Congress of Vienna in 1815, there was a growing movement for Italian national unity and independence. In 1848, a revolution in Vienna initiated uprisings against Austrian rule. The following decades saw uprisings in several regions and, in 1861, the Kingdom of Italy was established. During this Italian Unification ,
8400-608: The rivers rise locally in the Apennines except for the Po, which has its source in the Alps in Piedmont . The northern border of Emilia-Romagna follows the path of the river for 263 km ( 163 + 1 ⁄ 2 mi). The region has temperate broadleaved and mixed forests and the vegetation may be divided into belts: the Common oak - European hornbeam belt ( Padan plain and adriatic coast) which
8500-487: The so-called Biennio Rosso , a period of left-wing agitations that paved the way for Benito Mussolini 's coup d'état in 1922 and the birth of the Fascist regime in Italy. Mussolini, a native of Emilia-Romagna, sponsored the rise of many hierarchs coming from his same region, such as Italo Balbo , Dino Grandi and Edmondo Rossoni . Towards the end of the Second World War , Emilia-Romagna was occupied by Germany and has been
8600-551: The territories of Emilia and Romagna would be incorporated into the new nation. In the 16th century, most of what would become Emilia-Romagna had been seized by the Papal States, but the territories of Parma, Piacenza, and Modena remained independent until Emilia-Romagna became part of the Italian kingdom between 1859 and 1861. After the First world war, Emilia-Romagna was at the centre of
8700-533: The theatre of numerous Nazi war crimes , such as the Marzabotto massacre in which 770 innocent civilians were brutally executed by German troops. During the Cold war era , Bologna, traditionally a left-wing city, was particularly hit by political street violence and terrorism ; in 1980 a far-right terrorist group detonated a bomb at the city's main railway station, killing 85 people and wounding more than 200. After
8800-473: The total regional population. Ligurian agriculture has increased its specialisation pattern in high-quality products (flowers, wine , olive oil ) and has thus managed to maintain the gross value-added per worker at a level much higher than the national average (the difference was about 42% in 1999). The value of flower production represents over 75% of the agriculture sector turnover, followed by animal farming (11.2%) and vegetable growing (6.4%). Steel, once
8900-488: The total). Liguria's natural reserves cover 12% of the entire region, or 600 km (230 sq mi) of land. They are made up of one national reserve, six large parks, two smaller parks and three nature reserves. The continental shelf is very narrow and so steep it descends almost immediately to considerable depths along its 350-kilometre (220 mi) coastline. Except for the Portovenere and Portofino promontories,
9000-434: The whole coast from Savona to Genoa looks like one continuous city, so well inhabited is it, and so thickly studded with houses," and today over 80% of the regional population still lives permanently near to the coast, where all the four major cities above 50,000 are located: Genoa (pop. 610,000), La Spezia (pop. 95,000), Savona (pop. 62,000) and Sanremo (pop. 56,000). The population of Liguria has been declining since
9100-488: Was 32,000 euros or 106% of the EU27 average in the same year. The unemployment rate stood at 8.3% in 2020 and was slightly lower than the national average. Liguria has many small and picturesque villages, 27 of them have been selected by I Borghi più belli d'Italia (English: The most beautiful Villages of Italy ), a non-profit private association of small Italian towns of strong historical and artistic interest, that
9200-500: Was Rasenna or Raśna . (In Greek this mutated into Tursēnoi and Tyrrēnoi ; in Latin it became Etruria and Tuscia , whence the name of the modern Tuscany or Toscana .) The narrow strip of land is bordered by the sea , the Alps and the Apennine Mountains . Some mountains rise above 2,000 m (6,600 ft); the watershed line runs at an average altitude of about 1,000 m (3,300 ft). The highest point of
9300-556: Was an outpost of the east (540–751) . Before the Romans took control of present-day Emilia-Romagna, it had been part of the Etruscan world and subsequently that of the Gauls . During the first thousand years of Christianity, trade flourished, as did culture and religion, thanks to the region's numerous monasteries . The history of Emilia-Romagna dates back to Roman times when the region of Emilia
9400-603: Was born in the neighbouring Nice (then part of the Sardinian state ), started his Expedition of the Thousand on the evening of 5 May 1860 from a rock in Quarto, a quarter of Genoa. In late 19th and early 20th century, the region's economic growth was remarkable: steel mills and ship yards flourished along the coast from Imperia to La Spezia , while the port of Genoa became the main commercial hub of industrializing Northern Italy. During
9500-464: Was founded on the initiative of the Tourism Council of the National Association of Italian Municipalities. The politics of Liguria takes place in a framework of a presidential representative democracy , whereby the President of Regional Government is the head of government , and of a pluriform multi-party system . Executive power is exercised by the Regional Government. Legislative power
9600-632: Was inhabited by Ligures (ancient people after whom Liguria is named). According to excavations carried out in the city between 1898 and 1910, the Ligure population that lived in Genoa maintained trade relations with the Etruscans and the Greeks , since several objects from these populations were found. In the 5th century BC the first town, or oppidum , was founded at the top of the hill today called Castello (Castle), which
9700-603: Was partially set in Emilia-Romagna. Federico Fellini , a native of Rimini, shot many movies in the region, among them Amarcord . Pier Paolo Pasolini , a native from Bologna, in addition to being a film director, was a poet, writer, and intellectual, who also distinguished himself as an actor, journalist, novelist, playwright, and political figure. Michelangelo Antonioni , a native of Ferrara, shot his 1964 movie Red Desert in Ravenna. Florestano Vancini , also from Ferrara, shot there his 1960 film Long Night in 1943 . Pupi Avati ,
9800-560: Was rebuilt and, after the Carthaginian Wars ended in 146 BC, it received municipal rights. The original castrum then expanded towards the current areas of Santa Maria di Castello and the San Lorenzo promontory. Trade goods included skins, timber, and honey. Goods were moved to and from Genoa's hinterland, including major cities like Tortona and Piacenza . An amphitheater was also found there among other archaeological remains from
9900-624: Was ruled by imperial judges linked to the nearby regions of either Liguria or Tuscany . After the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century, the Lombards, a Germanic tribe, founded the kingdom of Lombardy in northern and central Italy. This kingdom, which included the region known as Emilia, flourished until the Lombard dynasty was overthrown by the Frankish king Charlemagne in 774. From
10000-592: Was transformed into the Ligurian Republic , modelled on the French Republic . After the union of Oneglia and Loano (1801), Liguria was annexed to the French Empire (1805) and divided by Napoleon into three departments: Montenotte (department) , with capital Savona , Gênes , with capital Genoa and the department of the Apennines , with the capital Chiavari . After a short period of independence in 1814,
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