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28-527: The MRE is a city region , which means that it is primarily a cooperation of municipalities (it also means that the MRE mandatorily carries out certain tasks for the municipalities, in the form of a joint administration). Final control over the MRE lies with the Regional Council (Dutch: Regioraad ), which consists of representatives of the participating municipalities (either mayors or aldermen ). The Council sets

56-457: A Metropole. The first Metropole in France, Nice-Cote-d'Azur was created in 2011. In 2014 the government of Jean-Marc Ayrault passed a bill that moved away from the voluntary nature and made it mandatory for all Metropolitan areas of over 600,000 inhabitants to become Metropoles as of January 1, 2015. The first 3 mandatory Metropoles are; Metropoles take over certain determined responsibilities from

84-548: A meeting. The Daily Management runs three separate services of the MRE: The Environmental Service is the largest of the MRE bodies. In the area of administration, the MRE has three types of responsibilities: The City and Regional Transportation in North Brabant is not entirely the legidomain of the province of North Brabant . Being a city region, MRE is the concession granter for public transportation in

112-599: A result of the May 2010 general election, the Conservative–Liberal Democrat coalition government did agree to the creation of the Greater Manchester Combined Authority in 2011, with all other proposals and the regional development agencies being subsumed into the local enterprise partnerships . Since January 2010 municipalities, departments and cities can combine into a larger body known as

140-514: A wider range of activities. For example, a person might shop in a nearby town, work in an intermediate city, and use an airport in a large city, thus belonging to the catchment areas of several urban centers. The City–Regions System Toolbox (CREST) allows to check out any country's distribution in population access to cities of different sizes based on travel time. In the United Kingdom, the city regional agenda began to be seen as an alternative to

168-454: Is a regional public body of several Dutch municipalities in an urban area which statutory tasks are assigned under Chapter XI of the "Wet gemeenschappelijke regelingen". Five major city regions have been identified in Afghanistan based on functional relationships. These center around Kabul and the four regional hub cities of Herat, Kandahar, Mazari-i-Sharif and Jalalabad. It is estimated that

196-703: Is a statutory one to provide services using the resources provided to them by the ITAs. There are currently six passenger transport executives in England , covering areas which correspond - though are not limited - to metropolitan counties . When a combined authority is created the integrated transport area and integrated transport authority are replaced with the combined area and combined authority. This happened in Greater Manchester on 1 April 2011 and happened in three other integrated transport areas from 1 April 2014: to become

224-631: Is the case in London (see London Buses ). The Passenger Transport Executive Group (PTEG) was a federated body based in Leeds to bring together and promote the interests of the six PTEs in England, plus associate members Strathclyde Partnership for Transport; Transport for London ; Nottingham City Council; and Bristol and the West of England. PTEG's main tasks were facilitating the exchange of knowledge and good practice within

252-544: Is used to reflect daily commuting patterns within a 1-hour limit and less frequent activities up to a 3-hour limit. This publicly available dataset shows that 3.2 billion people have physical access to multiple tiers within an hour, and 4.7 billion within three hours. It also distinguishes between primary and secondary city-regions; in secondary ones, catchment areas of urban centers overlap with those of larger centers. This approach highlights how people rely on multiple urban centers for different needs, with larger centers offering

280-636: The OECD published a number of studies on city regions, including an assessment profile of the Newcastle-Gateshead city region and a review of numerous city regions across the world. In July 2007, HM Treasury published its Review of sub-national economic development and regeneration , which stated that the government would allow those city regions that wished to work together to form a statutory framework for city regional activity, including powers over transport, skills, planning and economic development. Under

308-557: The Urban Transport Group (Passenger Transport Executive Group (PTEG) until 2016), in which Transport for London and Strathclyde Partnership for Transport also participate. The first PTEs and Passenger Transport Authorities (PTAs) were established in the late 1960s by the Transport Act 1968 as transport authorities serving large conurbations , by the then transport minister Barbara Castle . Prior to this, public transport

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336-656: The regional assemblies in England that were favoured as a partial answer to the West Lothian question but rejected in a referendum by voters in North East England in November 2004. The concept of city regions and their development features heavily in The Northern Way , a collaborative development plan between the three northernmost English regional development agencies . An embryonic city regional framework exists in

364-758: The PTE network, and raising awareness nationally about the key transport challenges which face the city regions, and the public transport solutions which PTEs are implementing. PTEG's strategy and policy was determined by the Directors General of the PTEs, who met every quarter. It administered a number of specialist task groups which bring together professionals from across the pteg network to focus on specific policy areas and to share expertise and good practice. The PTEG Support Unit, based in Leeds , co-ordinated PTEG's activities and acted as

392-478: The PTEs. They are responsible for funding the PTEs, and making the policies which the PTEs carry out on their behalf. PTEs secure services on behalf of the ITA but it is the ITA that pays for them. In the six metropolitan counties, councillors are appointed to the ITAs or the transport committees of combined authorities by the metropolitan boroughs , or in the case of Strathclyde by the twelve unitary authority councils in

420-523: The State, other sub-national bodies or quasi-public bodies. Once devolved to the Metropole these responsibilities are the sole responsibility of the Metropole. In addition to assuming responsibility for certain policy Metropoles also take over responsibility for tax collection. Metropolitan cities of Italy , previously Provinces of Italy , including Metropolitan City of Rome A plusregio (also called stadsregio)

448-403: The area. The ITAs are not "precepting authorities", so they have to negotiate a "levy" every year that is applied to council tax collected by the local authorities in the areas that they serve. The executive usually requests a budget and the council representatives on the ITAs negotiate from this position. It is worth bearing in mind that PTEs do not, strictly speaking, own anything - their role

476-545: The five city regions comprise approximately one third of the total Afghan population. Passenger Transport Executive In the United Kingdom , passenger transport executives ( PTEs ) are local government bodies which are responsible for public transport within large urban areas. They are accountable to combined authorities , which were created between 2011 and 2016 and took the role of integrated transport authorities (ITAs). The PTEs have joined together to form

504-883: The form of the Passenger Transport Executive and the Core Cities Group . The October 2006 Local Government White Paper did not contain firm proposals for city-region-wide authorities however. The New Local Government Network proposed the creation of city regions as part of on-going reform efforts, while a report released by the IPPR 's Centre for Cities proposed the creation of four large city-regions based on Birmingham , Leeds , Liverpool and Greater Manchester . The strong economy of Edinburgh and its hinterland ( Forth Valley , Fife , West Lothian , Midlothian and East Lothian ) means it has been named as one of Europe 's fasting growing city-regions. Also in 2006,

532-465: The general parameters and long-term guidelines within which the MRE operates. The Council also provides overview of the Daily Management, which is responsible for the daily running of the MRE. The MRE is involved with many areas of administration that are cross-border concerns for the member municipalities. In order to facilitate this, the responsible aldermen for these areas meet six times a year in

560-527: The government's Transport Innovation Fund, city regions can band together to pilot forms of road pricing, such as the Greater Manchester congestion charge considered by councils in Greater Manchester (but later rejected by referendum). In the April 2009 Budget, the government announced that Greater Manchester and Leeds would be the first two city regions with formal powers. While this was later discontinued as

588-711: The importance of these functional relationships in understanding urban areas and their surrounding regions, often providing more insightful perspectives than the arbitrary boundaries assigned to administrative bodies. Using Geographic information system (GIS) technology, city-regions have been mapped globally, revealing significant interconnectedness among urban centers and their surrounding areas. The Nature Cities article “Worldwide Delineation of Multi-Tier City–Regions” classified over 30,000 urban centers into four tiers—town, small, intermediate, and large city—based on population size and mapped their catchment areas based on travel time rather than administrative boundaries. Travel time

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616-427: The larger Liverpool City Region, as well as Sheffield City Region, and West Yorkshire combined areas. In South Yorkshire, West Yorkshire and West Midlands, the PTE has been absorbed into the combined authority, and is no longer a separate legal entity; in these areas the combined authority itself is the executive. In recent years the PTEs and ITAs have campaigned to be given more powers to regulate local bus services, as

644-469: The mid 1990s. The PTE's were also stripped of their powers to regulate the fares and timetables of private bus operators. A number of changes to PTE/As were made under the Local Transport Act 2008 . The main changes made were: The integrated transport authorities (ITAs) from 2008 onwards are the bodies which administer the executives; they are made up of councillors representing the areas served by

672-615: The newly established metropolitan counties of South Yorkshire and West Yorkshire . The 1974 reorganisation also abolished the PTAs, and their role was taken over by the Metropolitan county councils (MCCs). However, when the MCCs were abolished in 1986, the PTAs were re-created. Local government re-organisation in Scotland in 1975 created the region of Strathclyde , and the existing Greater Glasgow PTE

700-586: The southeast of the province. The current concession holder is Hermes . The MRE also commissioned the creation of the Phileas , a guided bus which runs on the rapid transit lines to Meerhoven , Eindhoven Airport and Veldhoven . City region City region is a term used by urbanists , economists and urban planners to refer to how one or more core cities are linked to a hinterland by functional ties, such as economic, housing-market, commuting, marketing or retail catchment factors. This concept emphasizes

728-686: Was named after, and made to cover the new region. PTAs were recreated by the Local Government Act 1985 when the metropolitan county councils were abolished. The Local Government etc. (Scotland) Act 1994 had the same effect in the Strathclyde Region. Until the mid-1980s the PTEs operated bus services in their areas, but bus deregulation by the Transport Act 1985 forced them to separate their bus operations into new arms lengths companies. These were called PTC's which were all sold off by

756-435: Was re-organised in 1974 by the Local Government Act 1972 . The re-organisation created the six metropolitan counties , and the existing four English PTEs were named after, and made to match the borders of the new counties (for example West Midlands PTE was expanded to take on Coventry and Tyneside PTE expanded to include Sunderland becoming Tyne and Wear PTE in the process). In addition to this, two new PTEs were created for

784-412: Was run by individual local authorities and private companies, with little co-ordination. The PTEs took over municipal bus operations from individual councils, and became responsible for managing local rail networks. The 1968 Act created five PTE/As. These were: Initially they covered slightly different areas from the ones covered by integrated transport authorities today. Local government in England

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