Saltora is a community development block (CD block) that forms an administrative division in the Bankura Sadar subdivision of the Bankura district in the Indian state of West Bengal . Block Development officer Name - Mr.Manas Kumar Giri
110-565: Saltora is a village in Saltora CD block in Bankura Sadar subdivision of Bankura district in the state of West Bengal , India . Saltora is located at 23°31′59.9″N 86°55′59.9″E / 23.533306°N 86.933306°E / 23.533306; 86.933306 . The map alongside shows the Bankura Sadar subdivision of Bankura district. Physiographically, this area is part of
220-609: A Central Office, located at the Prussian Geodetic Institute, whose management was entrusted to Johann Jacob Baeyer. Baeyer's goal was a new determination of anomalies in the shape of the Earth using precise triangulations, combined with gravity measurements. This involved determining the geoid by means of gravimetric and leveling measurements, in order to deduce the exact knowledge of the terrestrial spheroid while taking into account local variations. To resolve this problem, it
330-905: A metre "too short" compared to a more general definition taken from the average of a large number of arcs. As early as 1861, Johann Jacob Baeyer sent a memorandum to the King of Prussia recommending international collaboration in Central Europe with the aim of determining the shape and dimensions of the Earth. At the time of its creation, the association had sixteen member countries: Austrian Empire , Kingdom of Belgium , Denmark , seven German states ( Grand Duchy of Baden , Kingdom of Bavaria , Kingdom of Hanover , Mecklenburg , Kingdom of Prussia , Kingdom of Saxony , Saxe-Coburg and Gotha ), Kingdom of Italy , Netherlands , Russian Empire (for Poland ), United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway , as well as Switzerland . The Central European Arc Measurement created
440-625: A new value for the flattening of the Earth, which he determinated as 1 / 299.15 . He also devised a new instrument for measuring gravitational acceleration which was first used in Switzerland by Emile Plantamour , Charles Sanders Peirce , and Isaac-Charles Élisée Cellérier (8.01.1818 – 2.10.1889), a Genevan mathematician soon independently discovered a mathematical formula to correct systematic errors of this device which had been noticed by Plantamour and Adolphe Hirsch . This allowed Friedrich Robert Helmert to determine
550-687: A part of the Survey of the Coast. He compared various units of length used in the United States at that time and measured coefficients of expansion to assess temperature effects on the measurements. In 1832, Carl Friedrich Gauss studied the Earth's magnetic field and proposed adding the second to the basic units of the metre and the kilogram in the form of the CGS system ( centimetre , gram , second). In 1836, he founded
660-542: A prototype metre bar, distribute national metric prototypes, and maintain comparisons between them and non-metric measurement standards. The organisation distributed such bars in 1889 at the first General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM: Conférence Générale des Poids et Mesures ), establishing the International Prototype Metre as the distance between two lines on a standard bar composed of an alloy of 90% platinum and 10% iridium , measured at
770-487: A remarkably accurate value of 1 / 298.3 for the flattening of the Earth when he proposed his ellipsoid of reference in 1901. This was also the result of the Metre Convention of 1875, when the metre was adopted as an international scientific unit of length for the convenience of continental European geodesists following the example of Ferdinand Rudolph Hassler . In 1790, one year before it
880-644: A series of international conferences was held to devise new metric standards. When a conflict broke out regarding the presence of impurities in the metre-alloy of 1874, a member of the Preparatory Committee since 1870 and Spanish representative at the Paris Conference in 1875, Carlos Ibáñez e Ibáñez de Ibero intervened with the French Academy of Sciences to rally France to the project to create an International Bureau of Weights and Measures equipped with
990-609: A standard metre made in Paris to the United States in October 1805. He designed a baseline apparatus which instead of bringing different bars in actual contact during measurements, used only one bar calibrated on the metre and optical contact. Thus the metre became the unit of length for geodesy in the United States. In 1830, Hassler became head of the Office of Weights and Measures, which became
1100-558: A standard of length. By 1925, interferometry was in regular use at the BIPM. However, the International Prototype Metre remained the standard until 1960, when the eleventh CGPM defined the metre in the new International System of Units (SI) as equal to 1 650 763 .73 wavelengths of the orange - red emission line in the electromagnetic spectrum of the krypton-86 atom in vacuum . To further reduce uncertainty,
1210-423: A standard would be independent of any changes in the dimensions of the earth, and should be adopted by those who expect their writings to be more permanent than that body. Charles Sanders Peirce 's work promoted the advent of American science at the forefront of global metrology. Alongside his intercomparisons of artifacts of the metre and contributions to gravimetry through improvement of reversible pendulum, Peirce
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#17328868706331320-662: Is 312.62 km and the population covered is 134,717. State Highway 8 running from Santaldih (in Purulia district) to Mejia (in Bankura district) passes through Saltora. Saltora Netaji Centenary College was established in 2001. Affiliated with the Bankura University , it offers honours courses in Bengali, Sanskrit, English, history, music, philosophy, political science and a general course in arts. Saltora Dr. Bidhan Chandra Vidyapith
1430-555: Is Govt Model School, Saltora, Located at vill Pabaya. It is a co-ed Eng medium School from class V-XII(WBBSE) See also – Education in India According to the 2011 census, in the Saltora CD block, among the 145 inhabited villages, 26 villages did not have a school, 35 villages had two or more primary schools, 33 villages had at least 1 primary and 1 middle school and 15 villages had at least 1 middle and 1 secondary school. There
1540-472: Is a B. Ed and D. Ed Composite College, it was established in 2005. It offers B. Ed and D. Ed course each with intake of 100. Saltora Rural Hospital, with 30 beds, is the major government medical facility in the Saltora CD block. There are primary health centres at Gogra (with 10 beds), Ituri (Tiluri) (with 10 beds) and Kashtora (with 6 beds). [REDACTED] Biharinath travel guide from Wikivoyage Saltora (community development block) From around
1650-434: Is a Bengali-medium coeducational institution established in 1962. It has facilities for teaching from class V to class XII. The school has 10 computers, a library with 2,000 books and a playground. Saltora Girls High School is a Bengali-medium girls only institution established in 1996. It has facilities for teaching from class V to class XII. The school has 15 computers and a library with 3,999 books. Saltora B. Ed. College
1760-708: Is also found in Latin ( metior, mensura ), French ( mètre, mesure ), English and other languages. The Greek word is derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *meh₁- 'to measure'. The motto ΜΕΤΡΩ ΧΡΩ ( metro chro ) in the seal of the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM), which was a saying of the Greek statesman and philosopher Pittacus of Mytilene and may be translated as "Use measure!", thus calls for both measurement and moderation. The use of
1870-525: Is an old temple at the foot of Biharinath hill. With the discovery of Paleolithic tools in the Biharinath area, the hill and the surrounding areas have come into focus of archaeologists. In 2014, Saltora CD Block had 1 rural hospital, 3 primary health centres and 1 private nursing home with total 61 beds and 6 doctors. It had 23 family welfare sub centres and 1 family welfare centre. 5,255 patients were treated indoor and 142,080 patients were treated outdoor in
1980-474: Is at Saltora. Gram panchayats of Saltora block/ panchayat samiti are: Bamuntore, Dhekia, Gogra, Kunuri, Pabra, Salma, Saltora and Tiluri. According to the 2011 Census of India Saltora CD Block had a total population of 135,980, all of which were rural. There were 69,732 (51%) males and 66,248 (49%) females. Population in the age range of 0 to 6 years was 17,431. Scheduled Castes numbered 46,497 (34.19%) and Scheduled Tribes numbered 25,696 (18.90%). In
2090-497: Is categorised as follows: domestic utilities, terracota and other decorative items and roofing tiles and other heavy pottery items. Around 3,200 families were involved in pottery making in the district in 2002. 190 families were involved in Saltora CD Block. In 2013-14, Saltora CD block had offices of 6 commercial banks and 1 gramin banks . The Bankura district is listed as a backward region and receives financial support from
2200-478: Is currently one limiting factor in laboratory realisations of the metre, and it is several orders of magnitude poorer than that of the second, based upon the caesium fountain atomic clock ( U = 5 × 10 ). Consequently, a realisation of the metre is usually delineated (not defined) today in labs as 1 579 800 .762 042 (33) wavelengths of helium–neon laser light in vacuum, the error stated being only that of frequency determination. This bracket notation expressing
2310-573: Is defined as an industry conducted by one or more members of the family within the household or village, and one that does not qualify for registration as a factory under the Factories Act . Other workers are persons engaged in some economic activity other than cultivators, agricultural labourers and household workers. It includes factory, mining, plantation, transport and office workers, those engaged in business and commerce, teachers, entertainment artistes and so on. There are 145 inhabited villages in
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#17328868706332420-747: Is located in the north-western part of the district. The Main Bankura Upland, of which Saltora CD block is a part, is characterised by undulating terrain with many hills and ridges. The area is having a gradual descent from the Chota Nagpur Plateau . There are coal mines in Saltora, Mejia and Barjora. The soil is laterite red and hard beds are covered with scrub jungle and sal wood. There are two are two moderately high hills – Biharinath (in Saltora CD block) and Susunia (in Chhatna CD block). While
2530-559: Is the base unit of length in the International System of Units (SI). Since 2019, the metre has been defined as the length of the path travelled by light in vacuum during a time interval of 1 / 299 792 458 of a second , where the second is defined by a hyperfine transition frequency of caesium . The metre was originally defined in 1791 by the French National Assembly as one ten-millionth of
2640-666: The 2001 census , Saltora community development bloc had a total population of 121,810 of which 62,357 were males and 59,453 were females. Decadal growth for the period 1991-2001 was 9.81% for Saltora, against 13.79% in Bankura growth in West Bengal was 17.84%. Large villages (with 4,000+ population) in Saltora CD Block are (2011 census figures in brackets): Shirpurna (4,080), Tiluri (5,174) and Pabra (4,179). Other villages in Saltora CD Block are (2011 census figures in brackets): Saltora (3,966), Salma (3,732), Bamantor (1,877), Dhekia (1,473), Kanuri (2,187) and Gogra (1,991). According to
2750-402: The 2011 Census of India , Saltora had a total population of 3,966 of which 2,037 (51%) were males and 1,929 (49%) were females. Population below 6 years was 400. The total number of literates in Saltora was 2,602 (79.27% of the population over 6 years). The headquarters of Saltora CD block are located at Saltora. Saltora police station has jurisdiction over Saltora CD block. The area covered
2860-528: The Backward Regions Grant Fund . The fund, created by the Government of India, is designed to redress regional imbalances in development. As of 2012, 272 districts across the country were listed under this scheme. The list includes 11 districts of West Bengal. In 2013-14, Saltora CD Block had 4 ferry services and 6 originating/ terminating bus routes. The nearest railway station is 15 km from
2970-565: The Bargi invasions laid waste their country. Bishnupur was ceded to the British with the rest of Burdwan chakla in 1760. In 1787, Bishnupur was united with Birbhum to form a separate administrative unit. In 1793 it was transferred to the Burdwan collectorate. In 1879, the district acquired its present shape with the thanas of Khatra and Raipur and the outpost of Simplapal being transferred from Manbhum, and
3080-617: The British Crown . Instead of the seconds pendulum method, the commission of the French Academy of Sciences – whose members included Borda , Lagrange , Laplace , Monge , and Condorcet – decided that the new measure should be equal to one ten-millionth of the distance from the North Pole to the Equator , determined through measurements along the meridian passing through Paris. Apart from
3190-579: The Committee Meter in the United States and served as standard of length in the United States Coast Survey until 1890. According to geodesists, these standards were secondary standards deduced from the Toise of Peru. In Europe, except Spain, surveyors continued to use measuring instruments calibrated on the Toise of Peru. Among these, the toise of Bessel and the apparatus of Borda were respectively
3300-628: The North Sea and the Baltic Sea in the north. In his mind, the cooperation of all the States of Central Europe could open the field to scientific research of the highest interest, research that each State, taken in isolation, was not able to undertake. Spain and Portugal joined the European Arc Measurement in 1866. French Empire hesitated for a long time before giving in to the demands of
3410-490: The luminiferous aether in 1905, just as Newton had questioned Descartes' Vortex theory in 1687 after Jean Richer 's pendulum experiment in Cayenne , French Guiana . Furthermore, special relativity changed conceptions of time and mass , while general relativity changed that of space . According to Newton, space was Euclidean , infinite and without boundaries and bodies gravitated around each other without changing
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3520-601: The radius of the Earth was the unit to which all celestial distances were to be referred. Indeed, Earth proved to be an oblate spheroid through geodetic surveys in Ecuador and Lapland and this new data called into question the value of Earth radius as Picard had calculated it. After the Anglo-French Survey , the French Academy of Sciences commissioned an expedition led by Jean Baptiste Joseph Delambre and Pierre Méchain , lasting from 1792 to 1798, which measured
3630-514: The 17th CGPM in 1983 replaced the definition of the metre with its current definition, thus fixing the length of the metre in terms of the second and the speed of light : This definition fixed the speed of light in vacuum at exactly 299 792 458 metres per second (≈ 300 000 km/s or ≈1.079 billion km/hour ). An intended by-product of the 17th CGPM's definition was that it enabled scientists to compare lasers accurately using frequency, resulting in wavelengths with one-fifth
3740-602: The 1860s, at the initiative of Carlos Ibáñez e Ibáñez de Ibero who would become the first president of both the International Geodetic Association and the International Committee for Weights and Measure , to remeasure the arc of meridian from Dunkirk to Formentera and to extend it from Shetland to the Sahara . This did not pave the way to a new definition of the metre because it was known that
3850-580: The 19th century by the modernist impetus of Muhammad Ali who founded in Sabtieh, Boulaq district, in Cairo an Observatory which he was keen to keep in harmony with the progress of this science still in progress. In 1858, a Technical Commission was set up to continue, by adopting the procedures instituted in Europe, the cadastre work inaugurated under Muhammad Ali. This Commission suggested to Viceroy Mohammed Sa'id Pasha
3960-531: The 2011 census Hindus numbered 114,904 (84.51%) in Saltora CD Block. Others were 17,293 (12.72%), Muslims 2,713 (2.00%) and Jains 794 (0.58%). Others numbered 3,201 and formed 2.35% of the population. Others include Addi Bassi, Marang Boro, Santal, Saranath, Sari Dharma, Sarna, Alchchi, Bidin, Sant, Saevdharm, Seran, Saran, Sarin, Kheria, and other religious communities. In 2001, Hindus were 99,022 (81.46%), others 18,441 (15.17%), Muslims 2422 (1.99%) and 1,589 (1.31%) Jains. Languages of Saltora CD block (2011) At
4070-475: The 2011 census the total number of literates in Saltora CD Block was 72,854 (61.45% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 44,846 (73.83% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 28,008 (48.45%) of the female population over 6 years). The gender disparity (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 25.38%. See also – List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate Primary Census Abstract Data In
4180-567: The 7th century AD till around the advent of British rule, for around a millennium, history of Bankura district is identical with the rise and fall of the Hindu Rajas of Bishnupur . The Bishnupur Rajas who were at the summit of their fortunes towards the end of the 17th century, started declining in the first half of the 18th century. First, the Maharaja of Burdwan seized the Fatehpur Mahal, and then
4290-689: The Association, which asked the French geodesists to take part in its work. It was only after the Franco-Prussian War , that Charles-Eugène Delaunay represented France at the Congress of Vienna in 1871. In 1874, Hervé Faye was appointed member of the Permanent Commission which was presided by Carlos Ibáñez e Ibáñez de Ibero. The International Geodetic Association gained global importance with
4400-539: The Bankura Uplands in the west gradually merging with the Bankura-Bishnupur Rarh Plains in the north-east. The western portions are characterised by undulating terrain with many hills and ridges. The area is having a gradual descent from the Chota Nagpur Plateau . The soil is laterite red and hard beds are covered with scrub jungle and sal wood. Gradually it gives way to just uneven rolling lands but
4510-981: The CD Block headquarters. The Raghunathpur-Saltora and Saltora-Bankura sections of State Highway 8 (West Bengal) running from Santaldih (in Purulia district) to Majhdia (in Nadia district) passes through this CD Block. Saltora has three colleges. - 1. Saltora Netaji Centenary College , 2. Saltora B.Ed.College , 3. D.El.Ed.College (Saltora Elementary Teacher Educational Programme Institute) In 2013-14, Saltora CD Block had 122 primary schools with 13,388 students, 16 middle schools with 1,692 students, 8 high schools with 6,460 students and 7 higher secondary schools with 5,111 students. Saltora CD Block had 1 general college with 1,532 students, 1 technical and professional institution with 100 students, 288 institutions for special and non-formal education with 7,097 students. Saltora CD Block had 8 mass literacy centres. The only Govt School in this block
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4620-474: The CD block. In 2013-14, persons engaged in agriculture in Saltora CD block could be classified as follows: bargadars 7.27%, patta (document) holders 17.35%, small farmers (possessing land between 1 and 2 hectares) 6.54%, marginal farmers (possessing land up to 1 hectare) 18.09% and agricultural labourers 50.76%. In 2003-04 net area sown in Saltora CD block was 17,235 hectares and the area in which more than one crop
4730-619: The Central European Arc Measurement (German: Mitteleuropaïsche Gradmessung ) on the initiative of Johann Jacob Baeyer in 1863, and by that of the International Meteorological Organisation whose president, the Swiss meteorologist and physicist, Heinrich von Wild would represent Russia at the International Committee for Weights and Measures (CIPM). In 1834, Hassler, measured at Fire Island
4840-721: The Equator . When the final result was known, a bar whose length was closest to the meridional definition of the metre was selected and placed in the National Archives on 22 June 1799 (4 messidor An VII in the Republican calendar) as a permanent record of the result. In 1816, Ferdinand Rudolph Hassler was appointed first Superintendent of the Survey of the Coast . Trained in geodesy in Switzerland, France and Germany , Hassler had brought
4950-424: The French Academy of Sciences a report drafted by Otto Wilhelm von Struve , Heinrich von Wild , and Moritz von Jacobi , whose theorem has long supported the assumption of an ellipsoid with three unequal axes for the figure of the Earth, inviting his French counterpart to undertake joint action to ensure the universal use of the metric system in all scientific work. In the 1870s and in light of modern precision,
5060-687: The German born, Swiss astronomer, Adolphe Hirsch conformed to the opinion of Italy and Spain to create, in spite of French reluctance, the International Bureau of Weights and Measures in France as a permanent institution at the disadventage of the Conservatoire national des Arts et Métiers . At that time, units of measurement were defined by primary standards , and unique artifacts made of different alloys with distinct coefficients of expansion were
5170-511: The Magnetischer Verein, the first international scientific association, in collaboration with Alexander von Humboldt and Wilhelm Edouard Weber . The coordination of the observation of geophysical phenomena such as the Earth's magnetic field, lightning and gravity in different points of the globe stimulated the creation of the first international scientific associations. The foundation of the Magnetischer Verein would be followed by that of
5280-531: The North Pole to the Equator was then extrapolated from the measurement of the Paris meridian arc between Dunkirk and Barcelona and was determined as 5 130 740 toises. As the metre had to be equal to one ten-millionth of this distance, it was defined as 0.513074 toise or 3 feet and 11.296 lines of the Toise of Peru, which had been constructed in 1735 for the French Geodesic Mission to
5390-639: The Saltora CD block, as per the District Census Handbook , Bankura, 2011. 100% villages have power supply. 100% villages have drinking water supply. 18 villages (12.41%) have post offices. 121 villages (83.45%) have telephones (including landlines, public call offices and mobile phones). 40 villages (27.59%) have pucca (paved) approach roads and 55 villages (37.93%) have transport communication (includes bus service, rail facility and navigable waterways). 7 villages (4.83%) have banks. There were 77 fertiliser depots, 15 seed stores and 55 fair price shops in
5500-718: The Spanish standard had been compared with Borda 's double-toise N° 1, which served as a comparison module for the measurement of all geodesic bases in France, and was also to be compared to the Ibáñez apparatus. In 1954, the connection of the southerly extension of the Struve Geodetic Arc with an arc running northwards from South Africa through Egypt would bring the course of a major meridian arc back to land where Eratosthenes had founded geodesy . Seventeen years after Bessel calculated his ellipsoid of reference , some of
5610-416: The Swiss physicist Charles-Edouard Guillaume , was granted the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1920. Guillaume's Nobel Prize marked the end of an era in which metrology was leaving the field of geodesy to become a technological application of physics . In 1921, the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to another Swiss scientist, Albert Einstein , who following Michelson–Morley experiment had questioned
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#17328868706335720-501: The Toise of Peru, one for Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve , a second for Heinrich Christian Schumacher in 1821 and a third for Friedrich Bessel in 1823. In 1831, Henri-Prudence Gambey also realized a copy of the Toise of Peru which was kept at Altona Observatory . In the second half of the 19th century, the creation of the International Geodetic Association would mark the adoption of new scientific methods. It then became possible to accurately measure parallel arcs, since
5830-581: The United States and the Philippines which use meter . Measuring devices (such as ammeter , speedometer ) are spelled "-meter" in all variants of English. The suffix "-meter" has the same Greek origin as the unit of length. The etymological roots of metre can be traced to the Greek verb μετρέω ( metreo ) ((I) measure, count or compare) and noun μέτρον ( metron ) (a measure), which were used for physical measurement, for poetic metre and by extension for moderation or avoiding extremism (as in "be measured in your response"). This range of uses
5940-416: The accession of Chile , Mexico and Japan in 1888; Argentina and United-States in 1889; and British Empire in 1898. The convention of the International Geodetic Association expired at the end of 1916. It was not renewed due to the First World War . However, the activities of the International Latitude Service were continued through an Association Géodesique réduite entre États neutres thanks to
6050-412: The creation of the Office of Standard Weights and Measures in 1830. In continental Europe , Napoleonic Wars fostered German nationalism which later led to unification of Germany in 1871. Meanwhile, most European countries had adopted the metre. In the 1870s, German Empire played a pivotal role in the unification of the metric system through the European Arc Measurement but its overwhelming influence
6160-470: The creation of the Office of Standard Weights and Measures as an office within the Coast Survey contributed to the introduction of the Metric Act of 1866 allowing the use of the metre in the United States, and preceded the choice of the metre as international scientific unit of length and the proposal by the European Arc Measurement (German: Europäische Gradmessung ) to establish a "European international bureau for weights and measures". In 1867 at
6270-406: The data available at the time, Ritter came to the conclusion that the problem was only resolved in an approximate manner, the data appearing too scant, and for some affected by vertical deflections , in particular the latitude of Montjuïc in the French meridian arc which determination had also been affected in a lesser proportion by systematic errors of the repeating circle . The definition of
6380-488: The determination of the distance from Earth to the Sun by Giovanni Domenico Cassini . They both also used a determination of the size of the Earth, then considered as a sphere, by Jean Picard through triangulation of Paris meridian . In 1671, Jean Picard also measured the length of a seconds pendulum at Paris Observatory and proposed this unit of measurement to be called the astronomical radius (French: Rayon Astronomique ). In 1675, Tito Livio Burattini suggested
6490-418: The difference in longitude between their ends could be determined thanks to the invention of the electrical telegraph . Furthermore, advances in metrology combined with those of gravimetry have led to a new era of geodesy . If precision metrology had needed the help of geodesy, the latter could not continue to prosper without the help of metrology. It was then necessary to define a single unit to express all
6600-451: The distance between a belfry in Dunkirk and Montjuïc castle in Barcelona at the longitude of the Paris Panthéon . When the length of the metre was defined as one ten-millionth of the distance from the North Pole to the Equator , the flattening of the Earth ellipsoid was assumed to be 1 / 334 . In 1841, Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel using the method of least squares calculated from several arc measurements
6710-399: The distance from the equator to the North Pole along a great circle , so the Earth's polar circumference is approximately 40 000 km . In 1799, the metre was redefined in terms of a prototype metre bar, the bar used was changed in 1889, and in 1960 the metre was redefined in terms of a certain number of wavelengths of a certain emission line of krypton-86 . The current definition
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#17328868706336820-411: The efforts of H.G. van de Sande Bakhuyzen and Raoul Gautier (1854–1931), respectively directors of Leiden Observatory and Geneva Observatory . After the French Revolution , Napoleonic Wars led to the adoption of the metre in Latin America following independence of Brazil and Hispanic America , while the American Revolution prompted the foundation of the Survey of the Coast in 1807 and
6930-484: The error is explained in the article on measurement uncertainty . Practical realisation of the metre is subject to uncertainties in characterising the medium, to various uncertainties of interferometry, and to uncertainties in measuring the frequency of the source. A commonly used medium is air, and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has set up an online calculator to convert wavelengths in vacuum to wavelengths in air. As described by NIST, in air,
7040-519: The first baseline of the Survey of the Coast, shortly before Louis Puissant declared to the French Academy of Sciences in 1836 that Jean Baptiste Joseph Delambre and Pierre Méchain had made errors in the meridian arc measurement , which had been used to determine the length of the metre. Errors in the method of calculating the length of the Paris meridian were taken into account by Bessel when he proposed his reference ellipsoid in 1841. Egyptian astronomy has ancient roots which were revived in
7150-404: The following CD Blocks of Bankura district: Bankura I, Chhatna, Saltora, Indpur, Ranibandh, Hirbandh, Khatra, Raipur and Sarenga. Although authentic figures are not available, a sample survey has been done. According to the sample survey, around 54.5% to 85.4% of the families on an average migrate from these blocks. Another study shows that around 23% of the people from the under-privileged blocks in
7260-655: The former rises to a height of 448 metres (1,470 ft), the latter attains a height of 440 metres (1,440 ft). Saltora CD block is bounded by Salanpur and Barabani CD blocks, in Paschim Bardhaman district, across the Damodar , on the north, Mejia and Gangajaghati CD blocks, on the east, Chhatna CD block, on the south and Santuri CD block, in Purulia district, on the west. Saltora CD block has an area of 312.62 km . It has 1 panchayat samity , 8 gram panchayats , 103 gram sansads (village councils), 157 mouzas and 145 inhabited villages. Saltora police station serves this block. Headquarters of this CD block
7370-437: The hospitals, health centres and subcentres of the CD Block. Saltora Rural Hospital, with 30 beds at Saltora , is the major government medical facility in the Saltora CD block. There are primary health centres at Gogra (with 10 beds), Ituri (Tiluri) (with 10 beds) and Kashtora (with 6 beds). [REDACTED] Biharinath travel guide from Wikivoyage Metre The metre (or meter in US spelling ; symbol: m )
7480-410: The idea of buying geodetic devices which were ordered in France. While Mahmud Ahmad Hamdi al-Falaki was in charge, in Egypt, of the direction of the work of the general map, the viceroy entrusted to Ismail Mustafa al-Falaki the study, in Europe, of the precision apparatus calibrated against the metre intended to measure the geodesic bases and already built by Jean Brunner in Paris. Ismail Mustafa had
7590-425: The largest number of persons in the non farm sector and hence is important in Bankura district. The handloom industry is well established in all the CD blocks of the district and includes the famous Baluchari saris. In 2004-05 Saltora CD block had 127 looms in operation. Bankura district is famous for the artistic excellence of its pottery products that include the famous Bankura horse . The range of pottery products
7700-400: The legal basis of units of length. A wrought iron ruler, the Toise of Peru, also called Toise de l'Académie , was the French primary standard of the toise, and the metre was officially defined by an artifact made of platinum kept in the National Archives. Besides the latter, another platinum and twelve iron standards of the metre were made by Étienne Lenoir in 1799. One of them became known as
7810-421: The length of a metre in the 1790s was founded upon Arc measurements in France and Peru with a definition that it was to be 1/40 millionth of the circumference of the earth measured through the poles. Such were the inaccuracies of that period that within a matter of just a few years more reliable measurements would have given a different value for the definition of this international standard. That does not invalidate
7920-592: The main references for geodesy in Prussia and in France . These measuring devices consisted of bimetallic rulers in platinum and brass or iron and zinc fixed together at one extremity to assess the variations in length produced by any change in temperature. The combination of two bars made of two different metals allowed to take thermal expansion into account without measuring the temperature. A French scientific instrument maker, Jean Nicolas Fortin , had made three direct copies of
8030-452: The meantime, the commission of the French Academy of Sciences calculated a provisional value from older surveys of 443.44 lignes. This value was set by legislation on 7 April 1795. In 1799, a commission including Johan Georg Tralles , Jean Henri van Swinden , Adrien-Marie Legendre and Jean-Baptiste Delambre calculated the distance from Dunkirk to Barcelona using the data of the triangulation between these two towns and determined
8140-536: The measurements of terrestrial arcs and all determinations of the gravitational acceleration by means of pendulum. In 1866, the most important concern was that the Toise of Peru, the standard of the toise constructed in 1735 for the French Geodesic Mission to the Equator , might be so much damaged that comparison with it would be worthless, while Bessel had questioned the accuracy of copies of this standard belonging to Altona and Koenigsberg Observatories, which he had compared to each other about 1840. This assertion
8250-680: The measuring devices designed by Borda and used for this survey also raised hopes for a more accurate determination of the length of this meridian arc. The task of surveying the Paris meridian arc took more than six years (1792–1798). The technical difficulties were not the only problems the surveyors had to face in the convulsed period of the aftermath of the French Revolution: Méchain and Delambre, and later Arago , were imprisoned several times during their surveys, and Méchain died in 1804 of yellow fever, which he contracted while trying to improve his original results in northern Spain. In
8360-462: The melting point of ice. The comparison of the new prototypes of the metre with each other involved the development of special measuring equipment and the definition of a reproducible temperature scale. The BIPM's thermometry work led to the discovery of special alloys of iron–nickel, in particular invar , whose practically negligible coefficient of expansion made it possible to develop simpler baseline measurement methods, and for which its director,
8470-405: The meridian arcs the German astronomer had used for his calculation had been enlarged. This was a very important circumstance because the influence of errors due to vertical deflections was minimized in proportion to the length of the meridian arcs: the longer the meridian arcs, the more precise the image of the Earth ellipsoid would be. After Struve Geodetic Arc measurement, it was resolved in
8580-479: The metre in any way but highlights the fact that continuing improvements in instrumentation made better measurements of the earth’s size possible. It was well known that by measuring the latitude of two stations in Barcelona , Méchain had found that the difference between these latitudes was greater than predicted by direct measurement of distance by triangulation and that he did not dare to admit this inaccuracy. This
8690-539: The metre in replacement of the toise of Bessel, the creation of an International Metre Commission, and the foundation of a World institute for the comparison of geodetic standards, the first step towards the creation of the International Bureau of Weights and Measures . Hassler's metrological and geodetic work also had a favourable response in Russia. In 1869, the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences sent to
8800-402: The number of wavelengths of laser light of one of the standard types that fit into the length, and converting the selected unit of wavelength to metres. Three major factors limit the accuracy attainable with laser interferometers for a length measurement: Of these, the last is peculiar to the interferometer itself. The conversion of a length in wavelengths to a length in metres is based upon
8910-455: The obvious consideration of safe access for French surveyors, the Paris meridian was also a sound choice for scientific reasons: a portion of the quadrant from Dunkirk to Barcelona (about 1000 km, or one-tenth of the total) could be surveyed with start- and end-points at sea level, and that portion was roughly in the middle of the quadrant, where the effects of the Earth's oblateness were expected not to have to be accounted for. Improvements in
9020-552: The portion of the distance from the North Pole to the Equator it represented. Pierre Méchain's and Jean-Baptiste Delambre's measurements were combined with the results of the Spanish-French geodetic mission and a value of 1 / 334 was found for the Earth's flattening. However, French astronomers knew from earlier estimates of the Earth's flattening that different meridian arcs could have different lengths and that their curvature could be irregular. The distance from
9130-401: The same length, confirming an hypothesis of Jean Le Rond d'Alembert . He also proposed an ellipsoid with three unequal axes. In 1860, Elie Ritter, a mathematician from Geneva , using Schubert's data computed that the Earth ellipsoid could rather be a spheroid of revolution accordingly to Adrien-Marie Legendre 's model. However, the following year, resuming his calculation on the basis of all
9240-454: The scientific means necessary to redefine the units of the metric system according to the progress of sciences. The Metre Convention ( Convention du Mètre ) of 1875 mandated the establishment of a permanent International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM: Bureau International des Poids et Mesures ) to be located in Sèvres , France. This new organisation was to construct and preserve
9350-630: The second General Conference of the International Association of Geodesy held in Berlin, the question of an international standard unit of length was discussed in order to combine the measurements made in different countries to determine the size and shape of the Earth. According to a preliminary proposal made in Neuchâtel the precedent year, the General Conference recommended the adoption of
9460-411: The size of the metre significantly – today Earth's polar circumference measures 40 007 .863 km , a change of about 200 parts per million from the original value of exactly 40 000 km , which also includes improvements in the accuracy of measuring the circumference. Metre is the standard spelling of the metric unit for length in nearly all English-speaking nations, the exceptions being
9570-457: The soil continues to be lateritic. There are coal mines in the northern part, along the Damodar River . It is a predominantly rural area with 89% of the population living in rural areas and only 11% living in the urban areas. Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map. According to
9680-433: The standard both for the unit of length and for the second. These two quantities could then be used to define the unit of mass. About the unit of length he wrote: In the present state of science the most universal standard of length which we could assume would be the wave length in vacuum of a particular kind of light, emitted by some widely diffused substance such as sodium, which has well-defined lines in its spectrum. Such
9790-525: The structure of space. Einstein's theory of gravity states, on the contrary, that the mass of a body has an effect on all other bodies while modifying the structure of space. A massive body induces a curvature of the space around it in which the path of light is inflected, as was demonstrated by the displacement of the position of a star observed near the Sun during an eclipse in 1919. In 1873, James Clerk Maxwell suggested that light emitted by an element be used as
9900-448: The study of variations in gravitational acceleration was a way to determine the figure of the Earth , whose crucial parameter was the flattening of the Earth ellipsoid . In the 18th century, in addition of its significance for cartography , geodesy grew in importance as a means of empirically demonstrating the theory of gravity , which Émilie du Châtelet promoted in France in combination with Leibniz's mathematical work and because
10010-451: The task to carry out the experiments necessary for determining the expansion coefficients of the two platinum and brass bars, and to compare the Egyptian standard with a known standard. The Spanish standard designed by Carlos Ibáñez e Ibáñez de Ibero and Frutos Saavedra Meneses was chosen for this purpose, as it had served as a model for the construction of the Egyptian standard. In addition,
10120-470: The term metro cattolico meaning universal measure for this unit of length, but then it was discovered that the length of a seconds pendulum varies from place to place. Christiaan Huygens found out the centrifugal force which explained variations of gravitational acceleration depending on latitude. He also mathematically formulated the link between the length of the simple pendulum and gravitational acceleration. According to Alexis Clairaut ,
10230-400: The thanas of Sonamukhi, Kotulpur and Indas being retransferred from Burdwan. However, it was known for sometime as West Burdwan and in 1881 came to be known as Bankura district. Saltora is located at 23°32′00″N 86°56′00″E / 23.5333°N 86.9333°E / 23.5333; 86.9333 . It has an average elevation of 153 metres (505 feet . Saltora CD block
10340-439: The theoretical definition of the metre had been inaccessible and misleading at the time of Delambre and Mechain arc measurement, as the geoid is a ball, which on the whole can be assimilated to an oblate spheroid , but which in detail differs from it so as to prohibit any generalization and any extrapolation from the measurement of a single meridian arc. In 1859, Friedrich von Schubert demonstrated that several meridians had not
10450-484: The time of the 2011 census, 81.23% of the population spoke Bengali , 16.47% Santali and 1.05% Hindi as their first language. Koda is another language spoken here. In Saltora CD block 34.82% families were living below poverty line in 2007. According to the Rural Household Survey in 2005, 28.87% of the total number of families were BPL families in the Bankura district. Migration has been observed in
10560-405: The total population, and non-workers numbered 81,645 and formed 60.04% of the population. Note: In the census records a person is considered a cultivator, if the person is engaged in cultivation/ supervision of land owned by self/government/institution. When a person who works on another person's land for wages in cash or kind or share, is regarded as an agricultural labourer. Household industry
10670-437: The uncertainties in characterising the medium are dominated by errors in measuring temperature and pressure. Errors in the theoretical formulas used are secondary. By implementing a refractive index correction such as this, an approximate realisation of the metre can be implemented in air, for example, using the formulation of the metre as 1 579 800 .762 042 (33) wavelengths of helium–neon laser light in vacuum, and converting
10780-570: The uncertainty involved in the direct comparison of wavelengths, because interferometer errors were eliminated. To further facilitate reproducibility from lab to lab, the 17th CGPM also made the iodine-stabilised helium–neon laser "a recommended radiation" for realising the metre. For the purpose of delineating the metre, the BIPM currently considers the HeNe laser wavelength, λ HeNe , to be 632.991 212 58 nm with an estimated relative standard uncertainty ( U ) of 2.1 × 10 . This uncertainty
10890-436: The wavelengths in vacuum to wavelengths in air. Air is only one possible medium to use in a realisation of the metre, and any partial vacuum can be used, or some inert atmosphere like helium gas, provided the appropriate corrections for refractive index are implemented. The metre is defined as the path length travelled by light in a given time, and practical laboratory length measurements in metres are determined by counting
11000-733: The western and southern Bankura migrate. Those migrating belong mostly to the SC or ST population. They migrate for periods varying from 15 days to 6/8 months. Most people migrate to meet their food deficit and go to Bardhaman and Hooghly districts but some go to Gujarat and Maharashtra as construction labour. Livelihood in Saltora CD block In the Saltora CD block in 2011, among the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 13,099 and formed 24.11%, agricultural labourers numbered 19,252 and formed 35.43%, household industry workers numbered 1,766 and formed 3.25% and other workers numbered 20,218 and formed 37.21%. Total workers numbered 54,335 and formed 39.96% of
11110-508: The word metre (for the French unit mètre ) in English began at least as early as 1797. Galileo discovered gravitational acceleration to explain the fall of bodies at the surface of the Earth. He also observed the regularity of the period of swing of the pendulum and that this period depended on the length of the pendulum. Kepler's laws of planetary motion served both to the discovery of Newton's law of universal gravitation and to
11220-521: Was adopted in 1983 and modified slightly in 2002 to clarify that the metre is a measure of proper length . From 1983 until 2019, the metre was formally defined as the length of the path travelled by light in vacuum in 1 / 299 792 458 of a second . After the 2019 revision of the SI , this definition was rephrased to include the definition of a second in terms of the caesium frequency Δ ν Cs . This series of amendments did not alter
11330-508: Was determined astronomically. Bayer proposed to remeasure ten arcs of meridians and a larger number of arcs of parallels, to compare the curvature of the meridian arcs on the two slopes of the Alps , in order to determine the influence of this mountain range on vertical deflection . Baeyer also planned to determine the curvature of the seas, the Mediterranean Sea and Adriatic Sea in the south,
11440-477: Was grown was 809 hectares. In 2013-14, the total area irrigated in Saltora CD block was 3,300 hectares, out of which 2,400 hectares by tank water, 560 hectares by river lift irrigation, 90 hectares by open dug wells and 250 hectares by other methods. In 2013-14, Saltora CD block produced 3,771 tonnes of Aman paddy , the main winter crop, from 2,006 hectares and 25 tonnes of wheat from 10 hectares It also produced pulses and mustard. The handloom industry engages
11550-486: Was later explained by clearance in the central axis of the repeating circle causing wear and consequently the zenith measurements contained significant systematic errors. Polar motion predicted by Leonhard Euler and later discovered by Seth Carlo Chandler also had an impact on accuracy of latitudes' determinations. Among all these sources of error, it was mainly an unfavourable vertical deflection that gave an inaccurate determination of Barcelona's latitude and
11660-714: Was mitigated by that of neutral states. While the German astronomer Wilhelm Julius Foerster , director of the Berlin Observatory and director of the German Weights and Measures Service boycotted the Permanent Committee of the International Metre Commission, along with the Russian and Austrian representatives, in order to promote the foundation of a permanent International Bureau of Weights and Measures ,
11770-467: Was necessary to carefully study considerable areas of land in all directions. Baeyer developed a plan to coordinate geodetic surveys in the space between the parallels of Palermo and Freetown Christiana ( Denmark ) and the meridians of Bonn and Trunz (German name for Milejewo in Poland ). This territory was covered by a triangle network and included more than thirty observatories or stations whose position
11880-452: Was particularly worrying, because when the primary Imperial yard standard had partially been destroyed in 1834, a new standard of reference was constructed using copies of the "Standard Yard, 1760", instead of the pendulum's length as provided for in the Weights and Measures Act of 1824, because the pendulum method proved unreliable. Nevertheless Ferdinand Rudolph Hassler 's use of the metre and
11990-467: Was the first to tie experimentally the metre to the wave length of a spectral line. According to him the standard length might be compared with that of a wave of light identified by a line in the solar spectrum . Albert Michelson soon took up the idea and improved it. In 1893, the standard metre was first measured with an interferometer by Albert A. Michelson , the inventor of the device and an advocate of using some particular wavelength of light as
12100-441: Was ultimately decided that the metre would be based on the Earth quadrant (a quarter of the Earth's circumference through its poles), Talleyrand proposed that the metre be the length of the seconds pendulum at a latitude of 45°. This option, with one-third of this length defining the foot , was also considered by Thomas Jefferson and others for redefining the yard in the United States shortly after gaining independence from
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