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84-462: The Saljuq-nama is vague concerning the history of the sultans prior to Toghrul III , as noted by Claude Cahen , that Nishapuri had "...relatively poor sources at his disposal for the Seljuqs before his own lifetime..." Yet it is a short, restrained history using different sources than those used by Arabic writers of that time. Its textual history is complicated; as a preface in rhyme, it first appears as

168-505: A coalition of Rajput chiefs, which forced him to change his route for further incursions into India. Afterwards, Muhammad pressed upon the Ghanzavids, whose domain was considerably truncated, though they were still controlling parts of Punjab and Pakistan down to the valley of Kabul which were of strategic importance in the pathway to northern India. Thus by the turn of next decade, Muhammad conquered Sindh , Peshawar , Sialkot and annexed

252-555: A decisive victory against Sayf, who was shortly captured and crucified at Pul-i Yak Taq. Baha al-Din Sam I , another brother of Sayf, set out to avenge the death of his two brothers, but died of natural causes before he could reach Ghazni. Ala al-Din Husayn (1149–61), one of the youngest of Sayf's brothers and newly crowned Ghurid king, also set out to avenge the death of his two brothers. He managed to defeat Bahram-Shah, and then had Ghazni sacked;

336-613: A fictive genealogy which connected the Ghurids with the Iranian past. They traced the Ghurid family back to the mythical Arab tyrant Zahhak , mentioned in the medieval Persian epic Shahnameh ("The Book of Kings"), whose family had reportedly settled in Ghur after the Iranian hero Fereydun had ended Zahhak's thousand-year tyranny. Additionally, nothing is known of the pre-Islamic religious beliefs of

420-522: A futile gesture. Toghrul invaded Azerbaijan and sacked the towns of Ushnu, Khoy, Urmiya and Salmas. Qizil Arslan reconciled with his nephews and defeated and captured Toghrul when he again invaded Azerbaijan in 1190. Qizli Arslan imprisoned Toghrul and his son Malik Shah in Kuhran fortress near Tabriz. Qizil Arslan, encouraged by the Caliph, soon declared himself Sultan, married Innach Khatun, his brother's widow, and

504-580: A heavy ransom to the Seljuqs and was allowed to reclaim his principality in Ghor. However, Sanjar was soon captured and imprisoned by the Ghuzz nomads in 1153, which allowed the Ghurids to expand their polity again. Meanwhile, a rival of Ala al-Din named Husayn ibn Nasir al-Din Muhammad al-Madini had seized Firozkoh , but was murdered at the right moment when Ala al-Din returned to reclaim his ancestral domain. Ala al-Din spent

588-689: A large part of the enemy soldiers after his victory. Qutlug-Inach and Amiran Omar then attacked Abu Bakr in Azerbaijan and was beaten, Aimiran Umar sought refuge with his father in law Shirvanshah Akhsitan I ( c. 1160–1196), while Qutlug-Inach moved to Rey. Toghrul occupied Hamadan, secured the treasury and came to rule over Isphahan and Jibal, but did not attempt to negotiate an agreement with Abu Bakr , against Qutlug Innach. Qutlugh Innach now appealed to Khwarazmshah Ala ad-Din Tekish for aid, and Tekish invaded and captured Rey in 1192, forcing Qutlug Innach to flee

672-544: A lost cause. The Sultan was wounded in the eye by an arrow and fell from his horse, Qutlug Innach personally beheaded the 25 year old Sultan despite his plea to spare his life. Shah Ala ad-Din Tekish sent Toghrul's head to the Caliph Al-Nasir who displayed it at the Nubi Gate in front of his palace, while his body was hanged at Rey. The Empire that had been founded by his namesake and ancestor Tughril ended with his death,

756-781: A thousand temples" were destroyed. It is generally thought that the Buddhist city of Sarnath was also ravaged at that time. In 1196, Qutb ud-Din Aibak vanquished Sulakshanapala, the ruler of the Kachchhapaghata dynasty of Gwalior , capturing Gwalior fort . Also in 1196, Qutb ud-Din Aibak vanquished a coalition of the Rajputs of Ajmer and the Chaulukyas under king Bhima II at Mount Abu , thereafter sacking Anhilwara . In 1202–1203 CE, Qutbu l-Din Aibak, now Ghurid governor of Delhi , invaded

840-517: A vast army and build bridge across the Oxus to launch a full-scale invasion of  Transoxiana  to avenge his defeat. However, he was forced to move towards Punjab to crush a Khokhar rebellion whom he defeated and massacred in large number. On his way back, Muhammad of Ghor was assassinated near the Indus on March 15, 1206. After the death of Muhammad Ghori in 1206, a confused struggle then ensued among

924-670: Is attributed to this Herat school of metalwork at the time of Ghurid rule, during the 1180–1200 period. One of them, now in the Georgian National Museum , is marked with a poem in Persian which specifically records its manufacture in Herat in 1181–1182, and permits the attribution and dating of this group of ewers to 1180–1200 in Herat, at the time of Ghurid rule. My ewer is the most beautiful ewer of all time. Who in this world has anything like this today? Everyone who has seen it has said it

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1008-571: Is divided. While some hold him as a noble, virtuous warrior, possessing the spirit of his great ancestors, struggling against impossible odds, others had painted him as "rash, wilful, proud and bloodthirsty". His arbitrary behavior led the desertion of his allies and imprisonment in 1190, and his disregard of subordinate Amir Nur ad-Din Qara and his fellow Amirs, who wanted the Sultan to either make peace or wait for reinforcement, led to his death. One of his wives

1092-575: Is made in Herat . Who else could product anything like it (in the world)? Although the seven stars the Planets of the celestial sphere lift their heads high, May they look favorably upon him who produces such a ewer Mercy be on him who makes such a ewer. May he be given silver and gold for making it. May good fortune come to him and caress him in friendship. May affliction be removed and given to his enemies The practice of inlaying "required relatively few tools" and

1176-450: Is very beautiful. No one has seen its equal, for it is unparalleled Look at the ewer from which spirit is born. It is the water of life that flows from it. Any stream that comes from it into the hand. Creates a new pleasure every moment Look at the ewer that is praised by everyone. It would be worthy of service to an honored person like you Every eye that sees it opens wide. And says that nothing could be better than this This water vessel

1260-558: The Carmathians , and also took Uch by 1176. In 1178, he turned south and again marched through the Gomal Pass , marching by the way of Multan and Uch to enter into the present-day Gujarat via Thar desert , where his armies got exhausted in their long march from Ghazna and were routed in the Battle of Kasahrada fought near Mount Abu at Kasahrada in the southern Aravalli Hills by

1344-596: The Chandela kingdom in the Ganges Valley . The Ghurids toppled local dynasties and destroyed Hindu temples during their advance across northern India, in place constructing mosques on the same sites. The revenue and booty gained after sacking the Hindu temples fuelled the efforts of Muhammad to finance his imperial aspirations in the west. Around 1203, Bakhtiyar Khalji , another Turkic general of Muhammad of Ghor, swept down

1428-657: The Gangetic Plain , while in the west under Ghiyath al-Din, engaging in a protracted duel with the Shahs of Khwarazm , the Ghurids, reached as far as Gorgan (present-day Iran ) on the shoreline of the Caspian Sea , albeit for a short time. Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad died in 1203 of illness caused due to rheumatic disorders and soon after the Ghurids suffered a crushing defeat against the Khwrezmians aided by timely reinforcements from

1512-664: The Ghurid Empire , the Khwarazmian dynasty and the Qara Khitai after the defeat of Seljuk Sultan Ahmed Sanjar in the Battle of Qatwan in 1141 and the Oghuz rebellion in 1153. After the murder of Sultan Suleiman-Shah in 1161, Eldiguz marched on Hamadan with an army of 20,000 cavalry and installed the 28 year old Arslan Shah II ( c. 1161–1176) as the Seljuk Sultan of Iraq with

1596-635: The Kingdom of Georgia when needed. He also fought other Atabegs between 1161–1175, and brought Iranian Azerbaijan , Arran , Jibal , Hamadan , Gilan , Mazandaran , Isfahan and Rey under his control. His vassals included feudal lords of Shriven, Ahlat , and Arzan-ar-Rum Arslan Shah lived in Hamadan, he was looked after by his younger half-brothers, and fathered Toghril, in 1168. Arslan Shah II did send aid to Seljuk Prince Arslan Shah b. Toghrul of Kirman to battle his brother Bahram Shah in 1174, which resulted in

1680-669: The Qara Khitai , for the lordship of Khorasan . Seljuk power in Khorasan had collapsed since the defeat of Ahmad Sanjar against the Ghuzz Turks in 1153, which left the region at the hands of the Turkmen. In 1181, Sultan Shah , a pretendent to the Khwarezmian throne, managed to take control of Khorasan, until 1192 when he was defeated near Merv by the Ghurids, who captured his territories. The Ghurids then took control of all Khorasan following

1764-650: The Qara Khitais in the Battle of Andkhud in 1204. Muhammad was assassinated soon after in March 1206 which ended the Ghurid influence in Khurasan . The dynasty became extinguished all together within a decade when Shah Muhammad II uprooted the Ghurids in 1215. Their conquests in the Indian Subcontinent nevertheless survived for several centuries under the evolving Delhi Sultanate established by Qutb ud-Din Aibak . In

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1848-523: The Qara-Khitai , who dispatched a large contingent led by Yelü Zhilugu . In the ensuing Battle of Andkhud (1204), fought near the river Oxus, the Ghurid troops were completely routed by the combined forces of the Qara-Khitai and the Khwarizmians . The defeat at Andkhud was a watershed for the Ghurids who lost their control over most of the Khurasan . Notwithstanding, Muhammad within a year or so raised

1932-523: The Saljuq-nama is believed to exist today. However, A.H. Morton is producing a text based on MS. Persian 22b which is an anonymous history of the Seljuqs dedicated to Sultan Toghrul III. Morton contends that this is a copy of Nishapuri's original work. This about a non-fiction book on Middle Eastern history article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Toghrul III of Seljuq Toghrul III ( Persian : طغرل سوم ) (died 1194)

2016-481: The Samanids and Ghaznavids, the Ghurids were great patrons of Persian literature , poetry , and culture , and promoted these in their courts as their own. Modern-day authors refer to them as the " Persianized Ghurids". Wink describes the tongue of the Ghurids as a "distinct Persian dialect". There is nothing to confirm the recent conclusion that the inhabitants of Ghor were originally Pashto-speaking , and claims of

2100-510: The 19th century some European scholars, such as Mountstuart Elphinstone , favoured the idea that the Ghurid dynasty was related to today's Pashtun people but this is generally rejected by modern scholarship. Most scholars state that the dynasty was of Tajik origin. Later, due to intermarrying, the Ghurid princes were distinguished by their significant blending of Tajik, Persian , Turkic , and native Afghan ethnicities. Encyclopædia Iranica states: "Nor do we know anything about

2184-587: The 19th century. There was a strong Turkic presence among the Ghurids, since Turk slave-soldiers formed the vanguard of the Ghurid armies. There was intense amalgamation between these various ethnic groups: "a notable admixture of Tajik, Persian, Turkish and indigenous Afghan ethnicities therefore characterized the Shansabanis". At least until the end of the 13th century when they ruled the Mamluk Sultanate in India,

2268-703: The Amirs who rallied to him, the domain Jibal was comparatively poor, and the Atabegs of Fars and Yazd, nominally loyal to the throne, never came to his aid. The Sultan faced tough odds as he literally was surrounded by enemies and the Atabegs were not willing to support a strong Sultan, having installed and deposed figurehead Sultans at will since the death of Ghiyath ad-Din Mas'ud . The young Sultan needed exceptional military and diplomatic skills to meet this impossible challenge, but opinion on him

2352-706: The Atabeg of Yazd, Langar ibn Wardanruz, or the Salghurid ruler of Fars, Degle ibn Zangi, both were nominally loyal to the Seljuks but no initiatives were taken to unite against their common enemy. Toghrul felt threatened with the presence of a hostile force in Rey, which was a strategic town commanding communication with Jibal and Azerbaijan was unacceptable to the Sultan. The Sultan marched towards Rey with his available forces in March 1193, defeated and killed Tamghach, captured Rey and drove out

2436-464: The Eldiguzids, and he raised an army with the help of discounted Amirs and marched towards Azerbaijan to confront his half-brother, but at Zinjan, he died suddenly at the age of 43, maybe a victim of poisoning, and the seven year old Toghrul III was installed as Sultan at Hamadan , Jahan Pahlvan then defeated the attempt of Muhammad, the elder brother of Arslan Shah, to dethrone his nephew. Toghrul III

2520-559: The Ghaznavids in the second half of the twelfth century. This dynasty was not of Turkish , nor even Afghan , but of eastern Persian or Tājīk origin, speaking a distinct Persian dialect of its own, like the rest of the inhabitants of the remote and isolated mountain region of Ghūr and its capital of Fīrūzkūh (in what is now central Afghanistan). When the Ghurids started to distinguish themselves through their conquests, courtiers and genealogists (such as Fakhr-i Mudabbir and al-Juzjani ) forged

2604-565: The Ghaznavids when Muhammad of Ghor seized Lahore and expelled the Ghaznavids from their last stronghold. The Ghurids initially ruled as vassals of the Ghaznavids and later of the Seljuks . However, during the early twelfth century the long-standing rivalry between the Seljuks and Ghaznavids created a power vacuum in eastern Afghanistan and Panjab which the Ghurids took advantage of and began their territorial expansion. Ala al-Din Husayn ended

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2688-453: The Ghurid empire reached its greatest territorial extent, holding encompassed territory from eastern Iran through easternmost India . While Ghiyath al-Din was occupied with the Ghurid expansion in the west, his junior partner in the dyarchy , Muhammad of Ghor and his lieutenants were active east of the Indus Valley as far as Bengal and eventually succeeded in conquering wide swaths of

2772-466: The Ghurid subordination to the Ghaznavids, ruthlessly sacking their capital, although he was soon defeated by the Seljuks after he stopped paying tribute to them. The Seljuk imperial power, however, was itself swept away in eastern Iran with the contemporaneous advent of the Khwarazmian Empire . During the dyarchy of Ala al-Din Husayn nephews - Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad and Muhammad of Ghor ,

2856-520: The Ghurids took control of Herat from the Seljuks, and the city became one of their main power bases and centers of cultural development, together with Firozkoh and Ghazni. They also took control of the areas of Nīmrūz and Sīstān , and extended their suzerainty as far as the Seljuks of Kerman . Afterwards, Muhammad assisted his brother Ghiyath in his contest with the Khwarezmian Empire , who were at times supported by their "pagan" suzerains

2940-461: The Ghurids. The Ghurids' native language was apparently different from their court language, Persian. Abu'l-Fadl Bayhaqi , the famous historian of the Ghaznavid era, wrote on page 117 in his book Tarikh-i Bayhaqi : "Sultan Mas'ud I of Ghazni left for Ghoristan and sent his learned companion with two people from Ghor as interpreters between this person and the people of that region." However, like

3024-631: The Ghūrids' empire was short-lived, Muhammad of Ghor's conquests strengthened the foundations of Muslim rule in India. The Ghurids positioned themselves as defenders of Sunnism . They had good relations with the Abbasids in Baghdad , who urged them to repel the advances of the Kwarizmians into western Persia. Their conquests in India were also presented as a battle between the armies of Islam ( lashkar-i Islam ) and

3108-527: The Harīrūd Valley by Sultan Ahmed Sanjar after his forces defected to the Seljuqs. During the battle, 6000 nomads from Ala al-Din's forces went over to the Seljuk army. Despite relatively smaller size of both armies, the defection of nomads at critical point of the battle eventually decided the issue in favour of the Seljuks. Ala al-Din Husayn remained a prisoner for two years, until he was released in return for

3192-509: The Indians learned Persian because of the influence of the "Ghurids and Turks." The notion of Persian kingship served as the basis for the imperial formation, political and cultural unity of the Ghurids. Out of the Ghurid state grew the Delhi Sultanate which established the Persian language as the official court language of the region – a status it retained until the late Mughal era in

3276-546: The Islamic world, inlaid metalworking , consisting of patterned silver inlays in a brass background, was first developed in the region of Khurasan in the 12th century, by silversmiths facing a shortage of silver. By the mid-12th century, Herat in particular had already gained a reputation for its high-quality inlaid metalwork, with works such as the Bobrinski Bucket (dated inscription of 1163). A series of remarkable ewers

3360-649: The Khrarizmian forces from the province. Toghrul III next married Innach Khatun, mother of Qutlug Innach and Amirin Umar, as part of the peace agreement on her request, however, she was executed after the discovery of a plot to poison the Sultan. The Sultan returned to Hamadan, Qutlug Innach fled to Zanjan, from where he sent messages to Shah Tekish, and Caliph Al-Nasir also asked the Shah to move against Toghrul. Toghrul again moved east in 1194 and defeated Qutlug Innach in battle despite

3444-505: The Rajput forces in the Second Battle of Tarain , and executed Prithviraja shortly afterwards. Govindaraja IV , son of Prithviraj Chauhan, submitted to the Ghurids the region of Ajmer , which became a vassal state. In 1193, Delhi was conquered by Muhammad of Ghor's general Qutbu l-Din Aibak . The newly conquered territories were then put under the governorship of Qutb ud-Din Aibak, who

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3528-537: The Seljuk Sultanate of Kirman being split in two, with Bahran Shah retaining one-third of the territory, and Arslan Shah b. Toghrul received the remainder. After death of Eldiguz in 1175, his son Nusrat al-Din Muhammad Pahlavan continued the same policy towards his half-brother Sultan Arslan Shah II, and he shifted his capital from Nakhchivan to Hamadan in western Iran. Arslan Shah resented domination of

3612-408: The Shah's son, who would be under the suzerainty of Toghrul. The Sultan discussed the proposal with his commanders, who wished to make peace, or at least wait for the reinforcements coming from Zanjan and Isfahan to bolster the army before engaging the enemy. Toghrul may have also received messages from Qutlug hinting that he may defect with his following when Toghrul arrived, which may have influenced

3696-465: The Sultan's decision. The Sultan disregarded his followers’ advice and marched to Rey. When the Khwarazmian army reached Rey on March 19, 1194, the Sultan marched past the city walls and engaged the enemy, and charged the center of the enemy vanguard. Only sixty of his personal guard followed him, the rest of his army stood off as their commanders did not believe they could win and did not wish to die for

3780-461: The Turks in the Ghurid realm maintained their ethnical characteristics, continuing to use Turkish as their main language, rather than Persian, and persisting in their rude and bellicose ways as "men of the sword", in opposition to the Persian "men of the pen". An important metalwork school was located in Herat during the Ghurid period, following the conquest of the Seljuk city by the Ghurids in 1175. In

3864-528: The advent of the Mughal Empire in 1526. Ghiyath died on 13 March 1203 due to gout and was succeeded by Muhammad of Ghor as the sole ruler of the vast Ghurid Empire. Soon after, Alauddin Khwarazm Shah besieged and captured some of the strongholds of the Ghurids around Merv , although Muhammad drove him back and further besieged their capital Gurgānj . Alauddin then appealed to his nominal suzerain

3948-444: The aid of his loyal brother Muhammad of Ghor (later known as "Shihabuddin Ghuri"), killed a rival Ghurid chief named Abu'l Abbas. Ghiyath then defeated his uncle Fakhr al-Din Masud who claimed the Ghurid throne and had allied with the Seljuq governor of Herat and Balkh. In 1173, Muhammad of Ghor after multiple attempts reconquered the city of Ghazni from the Ghuzz Turks , who had deposed the Ghaznavids from there earlier. In 1175,

4032-456: The armies of the unbelievers ( lashkar-i kuffar ), and gave them great prestige in the Islamic world as defenders of the orthodoxy. The Ghurids were great patrons of Persian culture and literature and lay the basis for a Persianized state in the Indian subcontinent . However, most of the literature produced during the Ghurid era has been lost. They also transferred Persian architecture to India. According to Amir Khusrau (died 1325),

4116-432: The city burned for seven days and seven nights. He also sacked the Ghaznavid fortresses and palaces of Bost . These actions earned him the title of Jahānsūz , meaning " the world burner" . The Ghaznavids retook the city with Seljuq help, but later lost it to Oghuz Turks . In 1152, Ala al-Din Husayn refused to pay tribute to the Seljuks and instead marched an army from Firozkoh but was defeated and captured at Nab in

4200-423: The city. Sultan Toghrul opened negotiations with Shah Tekish, and eventually agreed to become a vassal of Khwarizm , marriage of his daughter The Shah's son Yunus Khan, and in return Shah Tekish kept Rey, garrisoned his newly acquired territory, collected taxes, then installed Tamghach as the governor, and returned home to quell the rebellion of his brother Sultan Shah. Toghrul now had the chance to negotiate with

4284-411: The conquered Indian lands. After the assassination of Muhammad in March 1206, his territories fragmented into smaller Sultanates led by his former Mamluk generals. Tajuddin Elduz became the ruler of Ghazni , Nasir-ud-Din Qabacha became Sultan of Multan , Bahauddin Tughril became Sultan of Bayana and Qutb al-Din Aibak became Sultan of Delhi . Bakhtiyar Khilji became Sultan of Bengal , but

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4368-429: The death of his successor Tekish in 1200, capturing Nishapur in 1200, and reaching as far as Besṭām in the ancient region of Qūmes. After the death of his brother Ghiyath on 13 March 1203, Muhammad became the successor of his empire and ruled until his assassination in 1206 near Jhelum by Ismāʿīlīs whom he persecuted during his lifetime. On the eve of the Ghurid invasion of the subcontinent, northern India

4452-449: The desertion of his allies. Qizil Arslan had declared Sanjar b. Suleiman-Shah as the Seljuk Sultan of Iraq, and reinforced by troops sent by the Caliph now invaded Hamadan, Toghrul, unable to resist the invasion, first retreated to Isphahan, then to Urmia. He was joined by an army led by his brother in law Hasan Kipchiq, and Toghrul also tried to get help from the Ayyubids and the Caliph, even sent his infant son as hostage to Baghdad in

4536-412: The enemy center after his right wing was battered, but this was a Pyrrhic victory, as Toghrul's army suffered grievous losses in the battle. The Sultan next tried to reform his administration and coordinate strategy with available resources, but his rash behavior regarding a dispute over the command of the army, led to the execution of Kamal Ai-Aba, Saifuddin Rus and several of the Sultan's opponents, and

4620-444: The ethnic stock of the Ḡūrīs in general and the Šansabānīs in particular; we can only assume that they were eastern Iranian Tajiks". Bosworth further points out that the actual name of the Ghurid family, Āl-e Šansab (Persianized: Šansabānī ), is the Arabic pronunciation of the originally Middle Persian name Wišnasp . Historian André Wink explains in The New Cambridge History of Islam : The Shansabānī dynasty superseded

4704-410: The existence of " Pashto poetry ", such as Pata Khazana , from the Ghurid period are unsubstantiated. A certain Ghurid prince named Amir Banji was the ruler of Ghor and ancestor of the medieval Ghurid rulers. His rule was legitimized by the Abbasid caliph Harun al-Rashid . Before the mid-12th century, the Ghurids had been bound to the Ghaznavids and Seljuks for about 150 years. Beginning in

4788-414: The historical part of a compendium known as Rahat al-sudur . A later version appears in the 14th century compendium of histories known as Jami al-tawarikh , which was compiled by Rashid al-Din Fadl Allah, vizier of the Ilkhanids of Iran. In 1953, Ismail Afshar claimed he had found a copy of the Saljuq-nama . A.H. Morton believes this copy to be a work by Abu al-Qasim Kashani . Accordingly, no copy of

4872-423: The iqtas for themselves, ruled their lands independently with nominal allegiance to the Sultan, fought and allied with each other to install and depose Seljuk princes to the throne, and increased their lands at the expense of the imperial domain. Syria was lost to the Zangids , Palestine and much of Lebanon to the Crusaders, other Seljuk families controlled Anatolia , Kerman , the eastern lands were taken over by

4956-428: The last Ghaznavid principality in Punjab , with their capital in Lahore , in 1186 through stratagem after three incursions. In 1191, the Ghurids seized Bathinda and marched towards Delhi , but were defeated in the First Battle of Tarain by the Rajput confederacy led by the Ajmer-Chahamana king Prithviraja III . Nevertheless, Muhammad returned a year later with an army of Turkish mounted archers and routed

5040-692: The last Seljuk Sultan of Kirman, who had been driven from Kirman by Oghuz rebels driven out from Khurasan in 1186. The rebel army consisted of the forces of the Amirs of Zenjan and Maragha, the retainers of both Kamal Ai-Aba, head of the Mamluks, and of Saif al-Din Rus, husband of Innach Khatun, while Toghrul himself received significant support from Turkmens , and their combined army forced Qizil Arslan to leave Hamadan after some clashes. Toghrul undertook two diplomatic ventures in 1187, he journeyed to Mazandaran to request aid from Bavandid Husam al-Daula Ardashir, and received troops from him, and Toghrul also sent messages to Caliph Al-Nasir , asking him to restore

5124-528: The lower Gangetic Plain and into Bengal . In Bihar, he is said to have destroyed Buddhist centers of learning such as Nalanda University , greatly contributing to the decline of pre-Islamic Indic scholarship. In Bengal, he sacked the ancient city of Nudiya in central Bengal, and established an Islamic government in the former Sena capital of Lakhnauti in 1205. Muhammad placed his faithful Turkic generals, rather than his own Ghurid brethens, in position of authority over local tributary kings, throughout

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5208-507: The mid-12th century, Ghor expressed its independence from the Ghaznavid Empire. The early Ghurids followed Paganism before being converted to Islam by Abu Ali ibn Muhammad . In 1149 the Ghaznavid ruler Bahram-Shah of Ghazna poisoned a local Ghurid leader, Qutb al-Din Muhammad, who had taken refuge in the city of Ghazni after having a quarrel with his brother Sayf al-Din Suri . In revenge, Sayf marched towards Ghazni and defeated Bahram-Shah. However, one year later, Bahram returned and scored

5292-691: The order of Terken Khatun , mother of Shah Ala ad-Din Muhammad II in 1220 to prevent their falling in the hands of the Mongols. One of his daughters married Yunus Khan, son of Ala al-Din Tekish , Shah of Khwarazmian Empire . Another daughter, Shams Malika Khatun, was first married to Ozbeg , youngest son of Muhammad Jahan Pahlavan and future Atabeg of Azerbaijan. After she had been divorced from him, she married Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu in 1225, and her former husband died of grief. Ghurid dynasty The Ghurid dynasty (also spelled Ghorids ; Persian : دودمان غوریان , romanized :  Dudmân-e Ğurīyân ; self-designation: شنسبانی , Šansabānī )

5376-402: The palace of the Seljuk Sultan in Baghdad for him, but the Caliph razed the palace and then sent aid to Qizil Arslan, who agreed to become the Caliph's vassal. The Caliph sent an army numbering 15,000 under his vizier Jalal al-Din 'Ubaidallah b. Yunus, which attacked Hamadan in 1188 without waiting for Qizil Arslan's army to arrive, he was defeated and captured, Toghrul secured victory by charging

5460-446: The period from 1175 to 1205, just before his death in 1206. His capital was in Ghazni , while his elder brother Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad with whom Muhammad ruled in a diarchy , governed the western part of the empire from his capital at Fīrōzkōh . In 1175, Muhammad crossed the Indus River , approaching it through the Gomal Pass instead of Khyber Pass , in order to outflank the Ghaznavids in Panjab . Muhammad captured Multan from

5544-408: The power of Eldiguz. The Great Seljuk Empire, founded by Tughril and significantly expanded by Alp Arslan , stretched from Anatolia and Syria in the west to the Ghaznavid Empire in the east, from the Black and Caspian Sea and the Syr Darya in the north and Persian Gulf in the south. The empire had fragmented when Arslan Shah II assumed the throne in 1161. He nominally reigned over

5628-431: The presence of 7,000 Khwarazmian troops aiding Qutlug Innach. Qutlug Innach and other survivors moved east and joined up with the main Khwarizmian army led by Shah Tekish at Semnan. Sultan Toghrul marched towards Rey, and on his way he received a letter from the Senior Hajib to the Khwarizm Shah Tekish, Shihab ad-Din Mas‘ud, advising the Sultan to march south to Sawa , return Rey to Khwarizm and allow Rey to be governed by

5712-478: The remaining Ghūrid leaders and the Khwarezmians . The Khwarezmians under Ala al-Din Muhammad captured Herat and Ghor in 1206, and finally Ghazni in 1215, completing the takeover of the western part of the Ghūrid empire. The Ghurid capital was transferred to Delhi , recognizing Khwarazmian rule on north and central Afghanistan . The Ghurids continued their rule on much of the Indian subcontinent , Sisitan region of Iran and south of Afghanistan . Though

5796-441: The rest of his reign expanding the domains of his kingdom; he managed to conquer Garchistan, Tukharistan , Zamindawar , Bust, Bamiyan and other parts of Khurasan. Ala al-Din died in 1161, and was succeeded by his son Sayf al-Din Muhammad , who died two years later in a battle against the Oghuz Turks of Balkh . During the reign of Ala ad-Din, the Ghurids firmly established themselves at Firuzkuh and made it their capital, at

5880-411: The same time, the minor branches of the family who were the offshoot of concubinage with Turkish slave girls whom chronicler Juzjani called "Kanizak-i-turki" established themselves in Bamiyan and elsewhere. Sayf al-Din Muhammad was succeeded by his cousin Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad , who was the son of Baha al-Din Sam I, and proved himself to be a capable king. Right after Ghiyath's ascension, he, with

5964-406: The support of other Atabegs, and Eldiguzid took the title "Atabeg Al Azam (Supreme Atabeg)" and supervised the new Sultan, who now married Khatun-i-Kirmani, the widow of Sultan Muhammad II and daughter of Muhammad b. Arslan Shah I , the Seljuk Sultan of Kerman. The Sultan was a figurehead, Eldiguz commanded the army, controlled the treasury and awarded the iqta's as he saw fit along with fighting

6048-559: The suzerainty of Muhammad Jahan Pahlavan . Problems cropped up after Jahan Pahlavan died in 1186, as he had appointed his four sons as governors, Abu Bakr ruled Azerbaijan and Arran, Ozbeg was appointed to rule Hamadan, sons of the daughter of Ïnanch Sonqur , Qutlugh Inanch Muhammad and Amir Amiran Umar ruled Rey, Isphahan and parts of Western Persia under the supervision of their uncle Qizil Arslan. They had sworn to obey Qizil Arslan and never to rebel against Toghrul III. When Jahan Pahlvan died, Qizil Arslan assumed his position, which

6132-556: The territories in Azerbaijan, Iraq and western Persia and was dependent on the loyalty of independent Amirs like Eldiguz to enforce his authority. Atabegs like the Eldiguzids (Atabegs of Azerbaijan), Salghurids (Atabegs of Fars), Hazaraspids (Atabegs of Luristan), Atabegs of Yazd , Zengids , (Atabegs of Mosul) and Ahmadilis (Atabegs of Maragha), who were initially tutors of young Seljuk princes in their assigned iqtas, and exercised power on their behalf, ultimately took over control of

6216-549: The titles and domains of Seljuk Sultan of Iraq and Great Seljuk Sultan went extinct, and his domain became part of the Khwarazmian Empire . Toghrul was seven years old when he came to the throne, and being disgruntled with the harsh treatment of Qizil Arslan, availed the first opportunity at the age of 19 to break the Eldiguzid shackles and become the first Seljuk ruler after Sultan Muhammad II ibn Mahmud who tried to assert direct rule over his domain. His resources were limited to

6300-536: The widow of Toghril II, and his sons Nusrat al-Din Muhammad Pahlavan and Qizil Arslan Uthman were thus half-brothers of Arslan Shah, but despite close ties with the Royal Seljuk house, Eldiguz had remain aloof of the royal politics, concentrating on repelling the Georgians and consolidating his power. In 1160, Sultan Suleiman-Shah named Arslan Shah his heir and gave him governorship of Arran and Azerbaijan, fearful of

6384-564: Was a Persianate dynasty of eastern Iranian Tajik origin, which ruled from the 8th-century in the region of Ghor , and became an Empire from 1175 to 1215. The Ghurids were centered in the hills of the Ghor region in the present-day central Afghanistan , where they initially started out as local chiefs. They gradually converted to Sunni Islam after the conquest of Ghor by the Ghaznavid ruler Mahmud of Ghazni in 1011. The Ghurids eventually overran

6468-413: Was contested by his brother's widow, Innach Khatun, who wanted her son Qutlugh Inanch Muhammad to succeed his father, as she was afraid the childless Qizil Arslan would nominate his favorite Abu Bakr as his heir, Toghrul III, who resented the harsh treatment he received from Qizil Arslan, joined the rebels. This conflict possibly prevented Toghrul III and Qizil Arslan from aiding Muhammad b. Bahram Shah,

6552-580: Was now Viceroy in Delhi. In 1194, Muhammad returned to India and crossed the Yamuna River with an army of 50,000 horses and at the Battle of Chandawar defeated the forces of the Gahadavala king Jayachandra , who was killed in action. After the battle, Muhammad continued his advance to the east, with his general Qutb ud-Din Aibak in the vanguard. The city of Benares (Kashi) was taken and razed, and "idols in

6636-585: Was poisoned by her in September, 1191. His nephews began to rule independently, and one of the Mamluks of Jahan Pahalvan, Mahmud Anas Oglu, freed Toghrul III from his prison in May 1192. Toghrul eluded the pursuers sent by Abu Bakr and quickly assembled an army from his supporters and Turkmens, then marched east and defeated the army of Qutlugh Inanch Muhammad and Amir Amiran Umar near Qazvin on June 22, 1192, and won over

6720-799: Was ruled by many independent Rajput kings, often fighting with each other, such as the Chahamana ruler Prithviraja III in Delhi and Ajmer , the Chaulukya ruler Mularaja II in Gujarat , the Gahadavala ruler Jayachandra in Kanauj , further in the east of Ganges Plain there were other independent Hindu powers such as the Sena 's under Lakshmana in Bengal etc. Northern India and Bengal were conquered by Muhammad of Ghor during

6804-724: Was seven years old when he began his reign, he was well treated by Jahan Pahlvan, who remained the effective ruler of the empire, with his brother Muzzafar Al-Din Qizil Arslan Uthman as his chief subordinate in Tabriz , who was also Atabeg of Nusrat al-Din Abu Bakr , one of the sons of Jahan Pahlvan. Jahan Pahlvan managed to stop the invasion of Saladin , who had advanced as far as Lake Van, but turned back when news arrived that Seyfettin Beytemür ( c. 1185–1193), ruler of Akhlat had accepted

6888-574: Was soon assassinated and succeeded by several Khalji rulers , until Bengal was incorporated into the Delhi Sultanate in 1227. Between 1206 and 1228 the various Turkic rulers and their successors rivaled for preeminence until the Sultan of Delhi Iltutmish prevailed, marking the advent of the Mamluk dynasty . This was the first dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate , which in total had five dynasties and would rule most of India for more than three centuries until

6972-513: Was the last sultan of the Great Seljuk Empire and the last Seljuk Sultan of Iraq . His great uncle Sultan Ghiyath ad-Din Mas'ud ( c. 1134–1152) had appointed Shams ad-Din Eldiguz ( c. 1135/36–1175) as atabeg of his nephew Arslan-Shah, the son of his brother Toghrul II , and transferred Arran to his nephew's possession as iqta in 1136. Eldiguz eventually married Mu’mina Khatun ,

7056-599: Was the sister of Izz al-Din Hasan Qipchaq, one of the powerful amirs of the time. They married in 1188–9. Another wife was Inanj Khatun. She was the daughter of Amir Ïnanch Sonqur , the governor of Ray . She was the widow of Qizil Arslan and before that of Muhammad Jahan Pahlavan . She died in September–October 1192. Toghrul and at least two sons and two daughters. Malik Berqyaruq and his brother Alp Arslan were taken as hostages to Gurganj , and they were executed on

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