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99-466: Natin99 is the sixth studio album by the Philippine alternative rock band Eraserheads , released on May 18, 1999 by BMG Records (Pilipinas), Inc. The album was recorded in a nonlinear approach, with the members recording their individual parts separately and mixing them together in the studio. It also had significant writing contributions from members other than chief songwriter Ely Buendia , who wrote

198-718: A hologram of Francis M. The concert was later released as a live album to streaming services in March 2024. The band embarked on a world tour in 2023 and 2024, playing venues in the United States, Canada, Singapore, and Dubai. Some of the concerts in 2024 featured guest musicians like Medwin Marfil of True Faith , Perf de Castro , the former guitarist of Rivermaya and Triaxis, and Jay Contreras of Kamikazee . They are set to perform in Australia and New Zealand in 2025. In November 2022,

297-476: A session drummer for Sunday School), bassist Buddy Zabala , and guitarist Marcus Adoro ; the three were part of another college band named Curfew. Ely posted an audition notice for a new band on a university message board, of which only Raimund, Buddy, and Marcus showed up. The new band called themselves Eraserheads after the David Lynch film Eraserhead (1977). The band played at campus events, usually as

396-399: A 500 kHz frequency separation even when closer frequency spacing is technically permitted. The ITU publishes Protection Ratio graphs, which give the minimum spacing between frequencies based on their relative strengths. Only broadcast stations with large enough geographic separations between their coverage areas can operate on the same or close frequencies. Frequency modulation or FM

495-609: A commercial success, earning triple platinum after a month with 120,000 copies sold. It was followed by a companion storybook released the following year. The band started touring outside the Philippines in 1997, first performing at BMG Records' Sentosa Pop Festival in Singapore in March. They made their American debut in May, playing several venues in California . In September, they received

594-562: A cryptic text message to his band members that “it’s graduation time”, referring to him being a year ahead of them at UP. Buendia later recalled in a podcast interview in 2021: “We had a very, very good working relationship. It’s just that I don’t like it when people say that it was the wrong way to go, ‘yung dynamics within the band.” The remaining three members later debuted with new vocalist, Kris Gorra-Dancel of Fatal Posporos, at Hard Rock Manila in April. Naming themselves “EHeads”, they released

693-498: A cult following. One song, " Pare Ko ", became popular for its explicit lyrics. The band soon landed an out-of-town gig opening for Introvoys in Cebu . Meanwhile, Buendia worked as an copywriter for BMG and wrote songs with the band at night. Their material later caught the attention of BMG A&R director Vic Valenciano, who commented that they were technically very raw but that there was something promising in them. In 1992, BMG signed

792-402: A fax program. The original subcarrier frequency used at KE2XCC was 27.5 kHz. The IF bandwidth was ±5 kHz, as the only goal at the time was to relay AM radio-quality audio. This transmission system used 75 μs audio pre-emphasis like the main monaural audio and subsequently the multiplexed stereo audio. In the late 1950s, several systems to add stereo to FM radio were considered by

891-466: A hidden filler track from Adoro titled “United Natins (Immigration Interrogation Doughpdog Mix)”, featuring sound effects of water drips and droning narration from different speakers. Adoro had interviewed some foreigners in Baguio and recorded them talking in their native language, instructing them to add the word “natin”. The band also recorded the song “Aliw” which was not included in the album. The title

990-509: A live performance at a rebranding launch event of PLDT and its subsidiary Smart Communications . They also appeared in a promotional campaign by Smart. A musical adaptation of the band’s discography titled Ang Huling El Bimbo premiered in July 2018 at Resorts World Manila . Buendia approved of the musical: “I love the way they stitched all those songs together into one solid musical," he said. Buendia's record label Offshore Music reissued

1089-567: A meeting with his heart surgeon. In July 2007, the band were listed as performers with Teeth , Rivermaya , and Parokya ni Edgar for a live show at the Saguijo Bar in Makati. However, Buendia and Adoro did not show up as they had separate engagements. In July 2008, the band confirmed they would reunite for a concert at the CCP Open Grounds on August 30. Initially sponsored by Philip Morris ,

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1188-682: A music video directed by Auraeus Solito premiered in February 1996. After the release of Cutterpillow , the band went on a nationwide tour to promote the album. In January 1996, the band opened for Sonic Youth , Foo Fighters and Beastie Boys for MTV Asia 's Alternative Nation tour in Manila. Later in December, they released their fourth studio album Fruitcake , a Christmas concept album with all songs written in English. Like their previous albums, it became

1287-557: A program feed for AM transmitters of AM/FM stations. SCA subcarriers are typically 67 kHz and 92 kHz. Initially the users of SCA services were private analog audio channels which could be used internally or leased, for example Muzak -type services. There were experiments with quadraphonic sound. If a station does not broadcast in stereo, everything from 23 kHz on up can be used for other services. The guard band around 19 kHz (±4 kHz) must still be maintained, so as not to trigger stereo decoders on receivers. If there

1386-703: A promotional EP titled Please Transpose in August which featured the single “U Make Me”, of which a music video was directed by Marie Jamora . Adoro left the band in November, and the rest of the band recruited Ebe Dancel of Sugarfree and Diego Mapa of Monsterbot and renamed the band Cambio , ending the Eraserheads. The band received the Hall of Fame award at the NU Rock Awards X in November 2003. Buendia, who also performed at

1485-546: A result, the album featured both the original and censored versions, with the latter titled “Walang Hiyang Pare Ko” (later excluded from the album’s 25th anniversary remaster). The band performed at the 43rd Miss Universe pageant held at the Philippine International Convention Center in Pasay City in May 1994. Later in November, they held their first major concert titled "Eraserheads Jamboree" at

1584-780: A sample of what the album sounds like." The band launched Natin99 on TV through the ABS-CBN variety show ASAP in May. A week later, they performed the entire album at the Family Fun Kingdom amusement park in Pasig . They embarked on a US tour in March 2000. In 2008, BMG reissued Eraserheads's back catalogue, including Natin99 . Adapted from the liner notes. Eraserheads Production Design Eraserheads The band released their debut album, Ultraelectromagneticpop! , in 1993, to critical acclaim and strong sales. Followed by Circus (1994) and Cutterpillow (1995),

1683-517: A series of reunion concerts in the Philippines and have since made sporadic touring and promotional appearances in the country and overseas. The members of Eraserheads met while attending University of the Philippines Diliman in Quezon City in 1989. Vocalist Ely Buendia previously had two college bands, Bluidie Tryste and Sunday School, and was a year above drummer Raimund Marasigan (also

1782-417: A stereo/mono switch to allow listening in mono when reception conditions are less than ideal, and most car radios are arranged to reduce the separation as the signal-to-noise ratio worsens, eventually going to mono while still indicating a stereo signal is received. As with monaural transmission, it is normal practice to apply pre-emphasis to the left and right channels before encoding and to apply de-emphasis at

1881-634: A wide range of instruments and guitar effects, with Buendia writing cryptic lyrics in songs such as “ Kaliwete ”, “ Spoliarium ”, and “ Para sa Masa ”. In February 1998, the band represented the Philippines at the Asia Live Dream '98 for NHK in Tokyo, Japan . They later toured the US to promote Sticker Happy under the Happy Box production outfit. In August, the band released the compilation album Aloha Milkyway for

1980-408: Is a form of modulation which conveys information by varying the frequency of a carrier wave ; the older amplitude modulation or AM varies the amplitude of the carrier, with its frequency remaining constant. With FM, frequency deviation from the assigned carrier frequency at any instant is directly proportional to the amplitude of the (audio) input signal, determining the instantaneous frequency of

2079-553: Is a pun on the year 1999 and the Tagalog word “natin” (ours), which was coined by Adoro and a private joke among the band. The cover art of Natin99 was designed by Cynthia Bauzon and shows four digital waveforms representing the band members. A nine-minute sampler was released to select FM radio stations in the Philippines with teasers of nine songs from the album. "It’s a BMG thing," Marasigan explained. "1999…nine minutes, nine everything, nine hours, nine o’clock…So lots of people can get

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2178-525: Is added. VHF radio waves usually do not travel far beyond the visual horizon , so reception distances for FM stations are typically limited to 30–40 miles (50–60 km). They can also be blocked by hills and to a lesser extent by buildings. Individuals with more-sensitive receivers or specialized antenna systems, or who are located in areas with more favorable topography, may be able to receive useful FM broadcast signals at considerably greater distances. The knife edge effect can permit reception where there

2277-401: Is as follows: The normal stereo signal can be considered as switching between left and right channels at 38 kHz, appropriately band-limited. The quadraphonic signal can be considered as cycling through LF, LR, RF, RR, at 76 kHz. Early efforts to transmit discrete four-channel quadraphonic music required the use of two FM stations; one transmitting the front audio channels, the other

2376-422: Is authorized for "hybrid" mode operation, wherein both the conventional analog FM carrier and digital sideband subcarriers are transmitted. The output power of an FM broadcasting transmitter is one of the parameters that governs how far a transmission will cover. The other important parameters are the height of the transmitting antenna and the antenna gain . Transmitter powers should be carefully chosen so that

2475-506: Is claimed that no difference can be heard with most newer receivers. At present, the FCC rules do not allow this mode of stereo operation. In 1969, Louis Dorren invented the Quadraplex system of single station, discrete, compatible four-channel FM broadcasting. There are two additional subcarriers in the Quadraplex system, supplementing the single one used in standard stereo FM. The baseband layout

2574-503: Is defined by the time constant of a simple RC filter circuit. In most of the world a 50  μs time constant is used. In the Americas and South Korea , 75 μs is used. This applies to both mono and stereo transmissions. For stereo, pre-emphasis is applied to the left and right channels before multiplexing . The use of pre-emphasis becomes a problem because many forms of contemporary music contain more high-frequency energy than

2673-581: Is designed to be capable of use alongside ARI despite using identical subcarrier frequencies. In the United States and Canada , digital radio services are deployed within the FM band rather than using Eureka 147 or the Japanese standard ISDB . This in-band on-channel approach, as do all digital radio techniques, makes use of advanced compressed audio . The proprietary iBiquity system, branded as HD Radio ,

2772-429: Is limited to 30 Hz to 15 kHz to protect a 19 kHz pilot signal. The (L−R) signal, which is also limited to 15 kHz, is amplitude modulated onto a 38 kHz double-sideband suppressed-carrier (DSB-SC) signal, thus occupying 23 kHz to 53 kHz. A 19 kHz ± 2 Hz pilot tone , at exactly half the 38 kHz sub-carrier frequency and with a precise phase relationship to it, as defined by

2871-480: Is mainly the preserve of talk radio, news, sports, religious programming, ethnic (minority language) broadcasting and some types of minority interest music. This shift has transformed AM into the "alternative band" that FM once was. (Some AM stations have begun to simulcast on, or switch to, FM signals to attract younger listeners and aid reception problems in buildings, during thunderstorms, and near high-voltage wires. Some of these stations now emphasize their presence on

2970-671: Is no direct line of sight between broadcaster and receiver. The reception can vary considerably depending on the position. One example is the Učka mountain range, which makes constant reception of Italian signals from Veneto and Marche possible in a good portion of Rijeka , Croatia, despite the distance being over 200 km (125 miles). Other radio propagation effects such as tropospheric ducting and Sporadic E can occasionally allow distant stations to be intermittently received over very large distances (hundreds of miles), but cannot be relied on for commercial broadcast purposes. Good reception across

3069-487: Is only suitable for text. A few proprietary systems are used for private communications. A variant of RDS is the North American RBDS or "smart radio" system. In Germany the analog ARI system was used prior to RDS to alert motorists that traffic announcements were broadcast (without disturbing other listeners). Plans to use ARI for other European countries led to the development of RDS as a more powerful system. RDS

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3168-508: Is related to the transmitter 's RF power, the antenna gain , and antenna height . Interference from other stations is also a factor in some places. In the U.S, the FCC publishes curves that aid in calculation of this maximum distance as a function of signal strength at the receiving location. Computer modelling is more commonly used for this around the world. Many FM stations, especially those located in severe multipath areas, use extra audio compression /processing to keep essential sound above

3267-626: Is stereo, there will typically be a guard band between the upper limit of the DSBSC stereo signal (53 kHz) and the lower limit of any other subcarrier. Digital data services are also available. A 57 kHz subcarrier ( phase locked to the third harmonic of the stereo pilot tone) is used to carry a low-bandwidth digital Radio Data System signal, providing extra features such as station name, alternative frequency (AF), traffic data for satellite navigation systems and radio text (RT). This narrowband signal runs at only 1,187.5 bits per second , thus

3366-402: Is the sum of twice the maximum deviation and twice the maximum modulating frequency. For a transmission that includes RDS this would be 2 × 75 kHz + 2 × 60 kHz  = 270 kHz . This is also known as the necessary bandwidth . Random noise has a triangular spectral distribution in an FM system, with the effect that noise occurs predominantly at the higher audio frequencies within

3465-436: Is used worldwide to transmit high-fidelity sound over broadcast radio . FM broadcasting offers higher fidelity—more accurate reproduction of the original program sound—than other broadcasting techniques, such as AM broadcasting . It is also less susceptible to common forms of interference , having less static and popping sounds than are often heard on AM. Therefore, FM is used for most broadcasts of music and general audio (in

3564-612: The Bonifacio Global City Open Grounds in Taguig . The band went ahead with the reunion concert as planned, with Jazz Nicolas of Itchyworms joining in as session musician. However, it was cut short due to Buendia being rushed to Makati Medical Center after experiencing chest pains. The remaining band members went to Saguijo and played what would have been the second set of the concert, with Ebe Dancel on vocals. Buendia later recovered after an angioplasty . The concert

3663-817: The FCC . Included were systems from 14 proponents including Crosby, Halstead, Electrical and Musical Industries, Ltd ( EMI ), Zenith, and General Electric. The individual systems were evaluated for their strengths and weaknesses during field tests in Uniontown, Pennsylvania , using KDKA-FM in Pittsburgh as the originating station. The Crosby system was rejected by the FCC because it was incompatible with existing subsidiary communications authorization (SCA) services which used various subcarrier frequencies including 41 and 67 kHz. Many revenue-starved FM stations used SCAs for "storecasting" and other non-broadcast purposes. The Halstead system

3762-580: The Light Programme , Third Programme and Home Service . These three networks used the sub-band 88.0–94.6 MHz. The sub-band 94.6–97.6 MHz was later used for BBC and local commercial services. However, only when commercial broadcasting was introduced to the UK in 1973 did the use of FM pick up in Britain. With the gradual clearance of other users (notably Public Services such as police, fire and ambulance) and

3861-636: The MTV Asia 's Viewer's Choice Award for the "Ang Huling El Bimbo" video at the MTV Video Music Awards at Radio City Music Hall in New York City , making them the first Philippine artist to receive such a distinction. The band released their fifth studio album Sticker Happy in the same month. It also became a commercial success, selling 120,000 copies. The album saw the band experimenting with techno and experimental rock genres, incorporating

3960-440: The baseband . This can be offset, to a limited extent, by boosting the high frequencies before transmission and reducing them by a corresponding amount in the receiver. Reducing the high audio frequencies in the receiver also reduces the high-frequency noise. These processes of boosting and then reducing certain frequencies are known as pre-emphasis and de-emphasis , respectively. The amount of pre-emphasis and de-emphasis used

4059-399: The drum and bass instrumental “Sinturong Pagkaligtasan” which segues into “Dahan Dahan”, a power pop song with distorted, melodic guitar solos. Both tracks were written by Marasigan, who also performed in “May Sumasayaw” and “Kilala” which have hardcore elements. Bassist Buddy Zabala wrote “Kahit Ano”, which features nonsensical Japanese lyrics. Buendia does not appear in the album until

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4158-549: The 85th floor of the Empire State Building in New York City . These FM multiplex transmissions started in November 1934 and consisted of the main channel audio program and three subcarriers : a fax program, a synchronizing signal for the fax program and a telegraph order channel. These original FM multiplex subcarriers were amplitude modulated. Two musical programs, consisting of both the Red and Blue Network program feeds of

4257-607: The Americas , the Philippines , and the Caribbean , only odd multiples are used. Some other countries follow this plan because of the import of vehicles, principally from the United States, with radios that can only tune to these frequencies. In some parts of Europe , Greenland , and Africa , only even multiples are used. In the United Kingdom , both odd and even are used. In Italy , multiples of 50 kHz are used. In most countries

4356-638: The FCC announced the reassignment of the FM band to 90 channels from 88–106 MHz (which was soon expanded to 100 channels from 88–108 MHz). This shift, which the AM-broadcaster RCA had pushed for, made all the Armstrong-era FM receivers useless and delayed the expansion of FM. In 1961 WEFM (in the Chicago area) and WGFM (in Schenectady, New York ) were reported as the first stereo stations. By

4455-481: The FCC that the system was compatible with existing two-channel stereo transmission and reception and that it did not interfere with adjacent stations. There were several variations on this system submitted by GE, Zenith, RCA, and Denon for testing and consideration during the National Quadraphonic Radio Committee field trials for the FCC. The original Dorren Quadraplex System outperformed all

4554-511: The FM band.) The medium wave band (known as the AM band because most stations using it employ amplitude modulation) was overcrowded in western Europe, leading to interference problems and, as a result, many MW frequencies are suitable only for speech broadcasting. Belgium , the Netherlands , Denmark and particularly Germany were among the first countries to adopt FM on a widespread scale. Among

4653-969: The FM radio band from 87.5-108.0 MHz to 76.1-108.0 MHz to enable the migration of AM radio stations in Brazilian capitals and large cities. FM broadcasting began in the late 1930s, when it was initiated by a handful of early pioneer experimental stations, including W1XOJ/W43B/WGTR (shut down in 1953) and W1XTG/ WSRS , both transmitting from Paxton, Massachusetts (now listed as Worcester, Massachusetts ); W1XSL/W1XPW/W65H/WDRC-FM/WFMQ/WHCN , Meriden, Connecticut; and W2XMN , KE2XCC , and WFMN , Alpine, New Jersey (owned by Edwin Armstrong himself, closed down upon Armstrong's death in 1954). Also of note were General Electric stations W2XDA Schenectady and W2XOY New Scotland, New York—two experimental FM transmitters on 48.5 MHz—which signed on in 1939. The two began regular programming, as W2XOY, on November 20, 1940. Over

4752-399: The FM transmitter. The terms composite , multiplex and even MPX are used interchangeably to describe this signal. The instantaneous deviation of the transmitter carrier frequency due to the stereo audio and pilot tone (at 10% modulation) is where A and B are the pre-emphasized left and right audio signals and f p {\displaystyle f_{p}} =19 kHz is

4851-677: The Folk Arts Theater (now the Tanghalang Francisco Balagtas ) in Malate, Manila . They also released their second album Circus in the same month. It also became a commercial success, eventually turning quintuple platinum. Some of its tracks became classic hits for the band, such as "Kailan", " Minsan ", " Magasin ", " Alapaap " and " With a Smile ". "Alapaap" became controversial for its suggestive lyrics, which Senator Tito Sotto interpreted as promoting drug use. The band denied

4950-579: The NBC Radio Network, were simultaneously transmitted using the same system of subcarrier modulation as part of a studio-to-transmitter link system. In April 1935, the AM subcarriers were replaced by FM subcarriers, with much improved results. The first FM subcarrier transmissions emanating from Major Armstrong's experimental station KE2XCC at Alpine, New Jersey occurred in 1948. These transmissions consisted of two-channel audio programs, binaural audio programs and

5049-631: The Southeast Asian market, featuring five new songs including "Julie Tearjerky" and "Tamagotchi Baby" as well as select English language tracks from their previous albums. They later toured in Singapore in September and in Australia in April 1999 to promote the record. The band released their sixth studio album, Natin99 , in May 1999. Recorded in a nonlinear approach, the album featured significant contributions from members other than Buendia, who wrote

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5148-410: The album through Francis M.’s re-recording of “Superproxy” titled “Superproxy 2K6”. In February 2007, the essay anthology book, Tikman ng Langit: An Anthology on the Eraserheads , was launched at Makati with acoustic performances from Cambio and Adoro’s band Markus Highway, marking the first time members of the Eraserheads performed together since their break-up. Buendia was not able to attend due to

5247-403: The album’s second single, is a “’60s-style simple and sincere” song. Guitarist Marcus Adoro wrote “South Superhighway”, which features “aggressive techno, jungle and effect-laden guitars”. “68 Dr. Sixto Antonio Avenue” derives its melody from John Lennon ’s song “ Mother ” and refers to Buendia’s childhood home. The final track “Game, Tama Na!” features comedic wordplay. The album also features

5346-609: The allegation, stating that it was a misinterpretation and that the song was the band's "ode to freedom", not drug abuse. In July 1995, the band starred as themselves opposite Joey de Leon in the comedy film Run Barbi Run , also contributing to its theme song. Later in December, the band launched their third studio album Cutterpillow through a free open-air concert. It became their fastest-selling record, earning double platinum after one week with 80,000 copies. The album featured classic hits such as "Overdrive", "Huwag Mo Nang Itanong", "Torpedo" and " Ang Huling El Bimbo ", of which

5445-491: The audio spectrum). FM radio stations use the very high frequency range of radio frequencies . Throughout the world, the FM broadcast band falls within the VHF part of the radio spectrum . Usually 87.5 to 108.0 MHz is used, or some portion of it, with few exceptions: The frequency of an FM broadcast station (more strictly its assigned nominal center frequency) is usually a multiple of 100 kHz. In most of South Korea ,

5544-627: The awards show with his band the Mongols , accepted the award. In May 2004, Adoro (as Surfernando) jammed with Zabala and Marasigan at the Millennia Club in UP. In 2005, the first Eraserheads tribute album Ultraelectromagneticjam!: The Music of the Eraserheads was released. “I don’t have a problem with that,” Buendia reacted to the release. “I just feel it’s not yet the right time to do such tribute because I’m still doing something worthwhile.” He appears in

5643-511: The background noise for listeners, often at the expense of overall perceived sound quality. In such instances, however, this technique is often surprisingly effective in increasing the station's useful range. The first radio station to broadcast in FM in Brazil was Rádio Imprensa, which began broadcasting in Rio de Janeiro in 1955, on the 102.1 MHz frequency, founded by businesswoman Anna Khoury. Due to

5742-554: The band announced a third reunion concert in the Philippines. Titled “Huling El Bimbo”, the reunion concert was held at the SMDC Festival Grounds in Parañaque City on December 22, 2022, with an estimated 75,000 people in attendance. The band played the album Cutterpillow in its entirety for the first set, saving “Ang Huling El Bimbo” for the last set while also performing with guest performers such as Gary Valenciano and

5841-580: The band into a three-year record deal. Eraserheads recorded their debut album, Ultraelectromagneticpop! , in early 1993, with some of the tracks rerecorded from Pop-U! First released by BMG in July, the album became a commercial success, selling 300,000 copies by the end of the year. “Pare Ko” became controversial for its explicit lyrics, with the Philippine Association of the Record Industry (PARI) unsuccessfully attempting to censor it. As

5940-760: The band ushered in a second wave of Philippine rock bands in the 1990s. They also received MTV Asia ’s Viewers Choice Award at the 1997 MTV Video Music Awards in New York City , the only Philippine artist to have received the award before the conception of the MTV Asia Awards . After releasing the Christmas concept album Fruitcake (1996), Eraserheads experimented with electronic and art rock styles for their next albums Sticker Happy (1997), Natin99 (1999), and Carbon Stereoxide (2001). The band broke up in 2002, and all principal former members have enjoyed success as solo artists. They later reunited in 2008 for

6039-623: The band were honored as Artists of the Year by Esquire Philippines. They also returned to UP to receive the Gawad Oblation award in August 2024. Additionally, they headlined the UAAP Season 87 opening ceremony on September 7, 2024. FM broadcasting FM broadcasting is a method of radio broadcasting that uses frequency modulation ( FM ) of the radio broadcast carrier wave. Invented in 1933 by American engineer Edwin Armstrong , wide-band FM

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6138-539: The band's first two albums, Ultraelectromagneticpop! and Circus , which were remastered by Bernie Grundman . They were later released on vinyl, as well as Cutterpillow in 2024. Meanwhile, Marasigan, Zabala, and Adoro formed the band Ultracombo in 2019. Adoro left the band shortly after. In 2020, Noisemakers released a third Eraserheads tribute album, Pop Machine the Album , featuring covers by Lola Amour , Oh, Flamingo! , and Reese Lansangan . On September 2022,

6237-529: The company later backed out after facing criminal charges by the Philippine Department of Health (DOH) for violating the Tobacco Regulation Act of 2003 prohibiting tobacco companies from sponsoring artistic events; they had also promised a free but invitation-only show for adults and smokers. The concert was later sponsored by Radiohead Productions with tickets being sold and the venue moved to

6336-431: The country is one of the main advantages over DAB/+ radio . This is still less than the range of AM radio waves, which because of their lower frequencies can travel as ground waves or reflect off the ionosphere , so AM radio stations can be received at hundreds (sometimes thousands) of miles. This is a property of the carrier wave's typical frequency (and power), not its mode of modulation. The range of FM transmission

6435-516: The crowd started to leave. They later met Jett Pangan of The Dawn at a sorority event, who advised them to audition. On January 26, 1991, the band recorded a nine-song demo tape at Marasigan's garage in Candelaria, Quezon . The demos were said to be influenced by The Cure as well as ska and reggae genres. The band shopped the demo tape around record labels, clubs, and radio stations only to be met with rejection; one record label commented that

6534-492: The demos were “not pop enough”. Marasigan gave a copy of the demo tape to his humanities professor Robin Rivera, who helped them re-record and mix better versions of the demos. The new demo tape was named Pop-U! as an irreverent response to those who turned them down. Pop-U! earned the band a spot at Club Dredd , where they initially had little success playing covers. They decided to write their own material which soon earned them

6633-439: The extension of the FM band to 108.0 MHz between 1980 and 1995, FM expanded rapidly throughout the British Isles and effectively took over from LW and MW as the delivery platform of choice for fixed and portable domestic and vehicle-based receivers. In addition, Ofcom (previously the Radio Authority) in the UK issues on demand Restricted Service Licences on FM and also on AM (MW) for short-term local-coverage broadcasting which

6732-420: The formula below, is also generated. The pilot is transmitted at 8–10% of overall modulation level and used by the receiver to identify a stereo transmission and to regenerate the 38 kHz sub-carrier with the correct phase. The composite stereo multiplex signal contains the Main Channel (L+R), the pilot tone, and the (L−R) difference signal. This composite signal, along with any other sub-carriers, modulates

6831-437: The fourth track “Maselang Bahaghari”, described as Beatles meets electronica . Zabala co-wrote “Tama Ka” with his partner Earnest Mangulabnan. The seven-minute “Peace It Together” serves as the album's centerpiece for its nonlinear recording approach. Zabala wrote “Salamin”, a “radio-friendly” new wave dance song. Buendia wrote “Pop Machine” as a commentary on game shows and celebrity gossip. “Huwag Kang Matakot”, released as

6930-482: The frequency of the pilot tone. Slight variations in the peak deviation may occur in the presence of other subcarriers or because of local regulations. Another way to look at the resulting signal is that it alternates between left and right at 38 kHz, with the phase determined by the 19 kHz pilot signal. Most stereo encoders use this switching technique to generate the 38 kHz subcarrier, but practical encoder designs need to incorporate circuitry to deal with

7029-444: The high import costs of FM radio receivers, transmissions were carried out in circuit closed to businesses and stores, which played ambient music offered by radio. Until 1976, Rádio Imprensa was the only station operating in FM in Brazil. From the second half of the 1970s onwards, FM radio stations began to become popular in Brazil, causing AM radio to gradually lose popularity. In 2021, the Brazilian Ministry of Communications expanded

7128-517: The late 1960s, FM had been adopted for broadcast of stereo "A.O.R.—' Album Oriented Rock ' Format", but it was not until 1978 that listenership to FM stations exceeded that of AM stations in North America. In most of the 70s FM was seen as highbrow radio associated with educational programming and classical music, which changed during the 1980s and 1990s when Top 40 music stations and later even country music stations largely abandoned AM for FM. Today AM

7227-496: The late 1970s, Dolby FM was similar to Dolby B but used a modified 25 μs pre-emphasis time constant and a frequency selective companding arrangement to reduce noise. The pre-emphasis change compensates for the excess treble response that otherwise would make listening difficult for those without Dolby decoders. A similar system named High Com FM was tested in Germany between July 1979 and December 1981 by IRT . It

7326-462: The left (L) and right (R) channels are algebraically encoded into sum (L+R) and difference (L−R) signals. A mono receiver will use just the L+R signal so the listener will hear both channels through the single loudspeaker. A stereo receiver will add the difference signal to the sum signal to recover the left channel, and subtract the difference signal from the sum to recover the right channel. The (L+R) signal

7425-476: The maximum permitted carrier deviation is invariably ±75 kHz, although a little higher is permitted in the United States when SCA systems are used. For a monophonic broadcast, again the most common permitted maximum deviation is ±75 kHz. However, some countries specify a lower value for monophonic broadcasts, such as ±50 kHz. The bandwidth of an FM transmission is given by the Carson bandwidth rule which

7524-427: The maximum permitted frequency error of the unmodulated carrier is specified, which typically should be within 2 kHz of the assigned frequency. There are other unusual and obsolete FM broadcasting standards in some countries, with non-standard spacings of 1, 10, 30, 74, 500, and 300 kHz. To minimise inter-channel interference, stations operating from the same or nearby transmitter sites tend to keep to at least

7623-469: The musical styles which prevailed at the birth of FM broadcasting. Pre-emphasizing these high-frequency sounds would cause excessive deviation of the FM carrier . Modulation control (limiter) devices are used to prevent this. Systems more modern than FM broadcasting tend to use either programme-dependent variable pre-emphasis; e.g., dbx in the BTSC TV sound system, or none at all. Pre-emphasis and de-emphasis

7722-536: The next few years this station operated under the call signs W57A, W87A and WGFM, and moved to 99.5 MHz when the FM band was relocated to the 88–108 MHz portion of the radio spectrum. General Electric sold the station in the 1980s. Today this station is WRVE . Other pioneers included W2XQR/W59NY/WQXQ/WQXR-FM , New York; W47NV/WSM-FM Nashville, Tennessee (signed off in 1951); W1XER/W39B/WMNE , with studios in Boston and later Portland, Maine, but whose transmitter

7821-565: The others and was chosen as the national standard for Quadraphonic FM broadcasting in the United States. The first commercial FM station to broadcast quadraphonic program content was WIQB (now called WWWW-FM ) in Ann Arbor / Saline, Michigan under the guidance of Chief Engineer Brian Jeffrey Brown. Various attempts to add analog noise reduction to FM broadcasting were carried out in the 1970s and 1980s: A commercially unsuccessful noise reduction system used with FM radio in some countries during

7920-606: The previous day and was slated to be a guest performer. The concert was later aired on GMA Network as a TV special in April. In February 2009, the band received the MYX Magna Award , which was accepted by Marasigan. The band embarked on a North American reunion tour in 2012, playing venues in California, Jersey City , and Toronto . They also performed at Dubai in two separate occasions, as well as Singapore in 2013 and London in April 2014. In 2012, Star Music released

8019-629: The promotional singles "Maselang Bahaghari" and "Huwag Kang Matakot". In November, the band performed at Dubai, United Arab Emirates with rapper Francis M. In January 2000, the band performed with APO Hiking Society at Nescafé 's Open Up Party at Bonifacio Global City . They later toured the US between May and June 2000, playing venues in New York, Chicago , and California. The band released their seventh and final studio album Carbon Stereoxide in March 2001. Buendia left Eraserheads in March 2002. In an interview, Adoro revealed that Buendia sent

8118-457: The promotional singles “Maselang Bahaghari” and “Huwag Kang Matakot”. The band previously released their fifth studio album Sticker Happy (1997). They toured the country as well as the United States to promote the album. In 1998, they released the compilation album Aloha Milkyway for the Southeast Asian market. They toured in Singapore in September 1998 and Australia in April 1999 to promote

8217-500: The rear channels. A breakthrough came in 1970 when KIOI ( K-101 ) in San Francisco successfully transmitted true quadraphonic sound from a single FM station using the Quadraplex system under Special Temporary Authority from the FCC . Following this experiment, a long-term test period was proposed that would permit one FM station in each of the top 25 U.S. radio markets to transmit in Quadraplex. The test results hopefully would prove to

8316-551: The reasons for this were: Public service broadcasters in Ireland and Australia were far slower at adopting FM radio than those in either North America or continental Europe . Hans Idzerda operated a broadcasting station, PCGG , at The Hague from 1919 to 1924, which employed narrow-band FM transmissions. In the United Kingdom the BBC conducted tests during the 1940s, then began FM broadcasting in 1955, with three national networks:

8415-478: The receiver after decoding. In the U.S. around 2010, using single-sideband modulation for the stereo subcarrier was proposed. It was theorized to be more spectrum-efficient and to produce a 4 dB s/n improvement at the receiver, and it was claimed that multipath distortion would be reduced as well. A handful of radio stations around the country broadcast stereo in this way, under FCC experimental authority. It may not be compatible with very old receivers, but it

8514-437: The record. Buendia reflected on the time period: "I was on the brink of a nervous breakdown. I was wracked by anxiety and insecurity. I was coping with a big inferiority complex. I realized too late that I really didn't like my role as chief songwriter of the group; muntik ko nang hindi nakayanan ang pressures (I was almost unable to withstand the pressure)." He continued that recording Natin99 served as therapy for him, as he

8613-570: The required area is covered without causing interference to other stations further away. Practical transmitter powers range from a few milliwatts to 80 kW. As transmitter powers increase above a few kilowatts, the operating costs become high and only viable for large stations. The efficiency of larger transmitters is now better than 70% (AC power in to RF power out) for FM-only transmission. This compares to 50% before high efficiency switch-mode power supplies and LDMOS amplifiers were used. Efficiency drops dramatically if any digital HD Radio service

8712-464: The second Eraserheads tribute album as a soundtrack to the Star Cinema film The Reunion , titled The Reunion: An Eraserheads Tribute Album . On September 2014, the band released two new songs, “ Sabado ” and “ 1995 ”, as part of the September issue of Esquire magazine. They also held a surprise performance at the magazine issue’s launch party in Makati. On June 2016, the band reunited for

8811-462: The switching harmonics. Converting the multiplex signal back into left and right audio signals is performed by a decoder, built into stereo receivers. Again, the decoder can use a switching technique to recover the left and right channels. In addition, for a given RF level at the receiver, the signal-to-noise ratio and multipath distortion for the stereo signal will be worse than for the mono receiver. For this reason many stereo FM receivers include

8910-462: The transmitted signal. Because transmitted FM signals use significantly more bandwidth than AM signals, this form of modulation is commonly used with the higher ( VHF or UHF ) frequencies used by TV , the FM broadcast band , and land mobile radio systems . The maximum frequency deviation of the carrier is usually specified and regulated by the licensing authorities in each country. For a stereo broadcast,

9009-452: Was able to rely on his bandmates. "That's why I'm glad that in the new album, they have more active participation especially in songwriting," he said. However, Buendia admitted in a Philippine Daily Inquirer interview in 2001 that he felt burnt out making Natin99 . “ Hindi ko na alam ang direksyon (I didn't know our direction anymore),” he said. “ Na cut-off ako sa roots namin, at na-realize ko na mas gusto ko ang stripped-down sound namin (I

9108-616: Was atop the highest mountain in the northeast United States, Mount Washington , New Hampshire (shut down in 1948); and W9XAO/W55M/WTMJ-FM Milwaukee, Wisconsin (went off air in 1950). A commercial FM broadcasting band was formally established in the United States as of January 1, 1941, with the first fifteen construction permits announced on October 31, 1940. These stations primarily simulcast their AM sister stations, in addition to broadcasting lush orchestral music for stores and offices, classical music to an upmarket listenership in urban areas, and educational programming. On June 27, 1945

9207-518: Was based on the Telefunken High ;Com broadband compander system, but was never introduced commercially in FM broadcasting. Yet another system was the CX -based noise reduction system FMX implemented in some radio broadcasting stations in the United States in the 1980s. FM broadcasting has included subsidiary communications authorization (SCA) services capability since its inception, as it

9306-491: Was cut off from our roots and I realized that I liked our stripped-down sound more).” The band worked on Natin99 from September 1998 to early 1999 with their longtime producer Robin Rivera. The album was recorded in a nonlinear approach, with the band recording their parts at home and mixing them together with additional instrumentation in the studio. "It's like cut-and-paste. You could 'manipulate' certain elements to put it all together,” drummer Raimund Marasigan said. This

9405-502: Was later released as a live album in November, with an accompanying concert film also released in theaters. In January 2009, the band announced a second reunion concert to be produced by MTV Philippines . Called The Final Set, the sold-out concert was held at the SM Mall of Asia concert grounds in Pasay City on March 7, with an estimated 100,000 people in attendance. The band also paid tribute to Francis M., who had died of leukemia

9504-457: Was rejected due to lack of high frequency stereo separation and reduction in the main channel signal-to-noise ratio. The GE and Zenith systems, so similar that they were considered theoretically identical, were formally approved by the FCC in April 1961 as the standard stereo FM broadcasting method in the United States and later adopted by most other countries. It is important that stereo broadcasts be compatible with mono receivers. For this reason,

9603-565: Was seen as another service which licensees could use to create additional income. Use of SCAs was particularly popular in the US, but much less so elsewhere. Uses for such subcarriers include radio reading services for the blind , which became common and remain so, private data transmission services (for example sending stock market information to stockbrokers or stolen credit card number denial lists to stores, ) subscription commercial-free background music services for shops, paging ("beeper") services, alternative-language programming, and providing

9702-473: Was showcased in "Peace It Together", the first song written for the album. All songs in Natin99 were recorded in Tagalog except for a few lines in “Peace It Together” and “Game, Tama Na!”, a conscious effort by the band after their previous albums Fruitcake (1996) and Sticker Happy featured many English songs. “It was a personal challenge to write an all-Filipino album,” Marasigan said. The album starts with

9801-446: Was used in the earliest days of FM broadcasting. According to a BBC report from 1946, 100 μs was originally considered in the US, but 75 μs subsequently adopted. Long before FM stereo transmission was considered, FM multiplexing of other types of audio-level information was experimented with. Edwin Armstrong, who invented FM, was the first to experiment with multiplexing, at his experimental 41 MHz station W2XDG located on

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