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141-456: The New Cathedral was built between 1513 and 1733 preserving the Old Cathedral . At first they thought to demolish it, although the criterion was imposed to keep it open to the faithful while the construction of the new one was carried out. When the works were finished in the 18th century, they reconsidered the idea of destroying it and for that reason it is conserved at the present time. However,

282-415: A certain moment on (perhaps at the beginning of the 17th century), to celebrate the feast, the doctoral student had to offer a bull to his fellow students, which, previously bullfighting and stewing, was used for the celebratory meal (which meant that obtaining a doctorate was only within the reach of people with the means to do so). If the student did not pass the exam, he left through another door, known as

423-528: A concave traverse. The interior was equally revolutionary; the main space of the church was oval, beneath an oval dome. Painted ceilings, crowded with angels and saints and trompe-l'œil architectural effects, were an important feature of the Italian High Baroque. Major works included The Entry of Saint Ignatius into Paradise by Andrea Pozzo (1685–1695) in the Sant'Ignazio Church, Rome , and The Triumph of

564-561: A country that still builds in Gothic. The vivid colors, with pink standing out among them, make the paintings very recognizable. The influence of Italian painting, in particular the Sienese and Florentine school , mixed with the typical details of Flemish painting , come together in a masterful way to offer a magnificent pictorial cycle. The Last Judgment is represented in the apse shell, where Jesus Christ appears walking threateningly to separate

705-705: A deliberate confusion between the real architecture and the decoration. The architecture is transformed into a theatre of light, colour and movement. In Poland, the Italian-inspired Polish Baroque lasted from the early 17th to the mid-18th century and emphasised richness of detail and colour. The first Baroque building in present-day Poland and probably one of the most recognizable is the Saints Peter and Paul Church, Kraków , designed by Giovanni Battista Trevano . Sigismund's Column in Warsaw , erected in 1644,

846-422: A disciple of Fernando Gallego, works that can be dated around 1500. Next to them are a triptych and four panels by a mediocre follower of Dello Delli . The Chapel of Santa Catalina, also known as Capilla del Canto, was founded by Bishop Vidal in the 12th century. It was later enlarged and refurbished in the 15th century to house the chapter library. It is the largest chapel in the cloister. Throughout its history

987-508: A distinct, more flamboyant and asymmetric style which emerged from the Baroque, then replaced it in Central Europe in the first half of the 18th century, until it was replaced in turn by classicism. The princes of the multitude of states in that region also chose Baroque or Rococo for their palaces and residences, and often used Italian-trained architects to construct them. A notable example

1128-656: A giant ellipse balance the oversize dome and give the Church and square a unity and the feeling of a giant theatre. Another major innovator of the Italian High Baroque was Francesco Borromini , whose major work was the Church of San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane or Saint Charles of the Four Fountains (1634–1646). The sense of movement is given not by the decoration, but by the walls themselves, which undulate and by concave and convex elements, including an oval tower and balcony inserted into

1269-464: A narrow street and without enough width to get good pictures. It was declared a national monument by royal decree in 1887 and in 1999 Protective Environment. The cathedral is, together with Cathedral of Segovia , one of the last two cathedrals of Gothic style to be built in Spain. The new cathedral was built, continuing with the late Gothic of its origins, between the 16th and 18th centuries, although at

1410-446: A narrowing floor and a miniature statue in the garden beyond to create the illusion that a passageway was thirty meters long, when it was actually only seven meters long. A statue at the end of the passage appears to be life-size, though it is only sixty centimeters high. Borromini designed the illusion with the assistance of a mathematician. The first building in Rome to have a Baroque façade

1551-490: A native of Talavera de la Reina , professor and rector of the university, the Mozarabic Rite has been maintained since the 16th century. The tomb of the founder and that of his wife are in the center of the chapel. It was founded by Bishop Bishop Lucero in 1334, whose tomb is in the center, and is decorated with a small altarpiece that includes paintings depicting scenes of the death and passion of Christ and an image of

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1692-593: A period called Royal Absolutism, which allowed the Portuguese Baroque to flourish. Baroque architecture in Portugal enjoys a special situation and different timeline from the rest of Europe. It is conditioned by several political, artistic, and economic factors, that originate several phases, and different kinds of outside influences, resulting in a unique blend, often misunderstood by those looking for Italian art, find instead specific forms and character which give it

1833-469: A pilgrimage church located near the town of Bad Staffelstein near Bamberg, in Bavaria, southern Germany. The Basilica was designed by Balthasar Neumann and was constructed between 1743 and 1772, its plan a series of interlocking circles around a central oval with the altar placed in the exact centre of the church. The interior of this church illustrates the summit of Rococo decoration. Another notable example of

1974-456: A proliferation of forms, and a richness of colours and dramatic effects. Among the most influential monuments of the Early Baroque were the façade of St. Peter's Basilica (1606–1619), and the new nave and loggia which connected the façade to Michelangelo's dome in the earlier church. The new design created a dramatic contrast between the soaring dome and the disproportionately wide façade, and

2115-529: A rounded surface, which carried images or text in gilded letters, and were placed as interior decoration or above the doorways of buildings, delivering messages to those below. They showed a wide variety of invention, and were found in all types of buildings, from cathedrals and palaces to small chapels. Baroque architects sometimes used forced perspective to create illusions. For the Palazzo Spada in Rome, Francesco Borromini used columns of diminishing size,

2256-537: A sense of awe. The style began at the start of the 17th century in Rome, then spread rapidly to the rest of Italy, France, Spain, and Portugal, then to Austria, southern Germany, and Poland. By the 1730s, it had evolved into an even more flamboyant style, called rocaille or Rococo , which appeared in France and Central Europe until the mid to late 18th century. In the territories of the Spanish and Portuguese Empires including

2397-510: A sense of mystery. The Santiago de Compostela Cathedral was modernized with a series of Baroque additions beginning at the end of the 17th century, starting with a highly ornate bell tower (1680), then flanked by two even taller and more ornate towers, called the Obradorio , added between 1738 and 1750 by Fernando de Casas Novoa . Another landmark of the Spanish Baroque is the chapel tower of

2538-433: A thin column that helps to unload the weight. The vaults have all kinds of combinations of ribs, cambered and terceletes , which make them very attractive for their variety and complexity of work. The New Cathedral has a plan with three naves and two more chapels-horns, which were finished in 1520 by Juan Gil de Hontañón the ones on the left and Juan de Álava the ones on the right. In 1538 Rodrigo Gil de Hontañón became

2679-718: A time, the Baroque ceiling paintings were carefully created so the viewer on the floor of the church would see the entire ceiling in correct perspective, as if the figures were real. The interiors of Baroque churches became more and more ornate in the High Baroque, and focused around the altar, usually placed under the dome. The most celebrated baroque decorative works of the High Baroque are the Chair of Saint Peter (1647–1653) and St. Peter's Baldachin (1623–1634), both by Gian Lorenzo Bernini , in St. Peter's Basilica in Rome. The Baldequin of St. Peter

2820-465: A uniquely Portuguese variety. Another key factor is the existence of the Jesuitical architecture, also called "plain style" (Estilo Chão or Estilo Plano) which like the name evokes, is plainer and appears somewhat austere. The buildings are single-room basilicas, deep main chapel, lateral chapels (with small doors for communication), without interior and exterior decoration, simple portal and windows. It

2961-739: Is a Western style of architecture , music , dance , painting , sculpture , poetry, and other arts that flourished from the early 17th century until the 1750s. It followed Renaissance art and Mannerism and preceded the Rococo (in the past often referred to as "late Baroque") and Neoclassical styles. It was encouraged by the Catholic Church as a means to counter the simplicity and austerity of Protestant architecture, art, and music, though Lutheran Baroque art developed in parts of Europe as well. The Baroque style used contrast, movement, exuberant detail, deep color, grandeur, and surprise to achieve

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3102-552: Is a beautiful Renaissance fresco with the Annunciation. To the right, the tomb of Archdeacon Roque de Vergas . The altarpiece is dedicated to the two co-patrons of Spain, work of Antonio González Ramiro in 1628 with sculptures by Antonio de Paz . The chapel also contains the tombs of two of the most influential bishops of the city in recent times: Tomás de Cámara y Castro , who died in 1904, and Francisco Frutos Valiente , who died in 1933. Founded by Bishop Antonio Corrionero ,

3243-427: Is a practical building, allowing it to be built throughout the empire with minor adjustments, and prepared to be decorated later or when economic resources are available. In fact, the first Portuguese Baroque does not lack in building because "plain style" is easy to be transformed, by means of decoration (painting, tiling, etc.), turning empty areas into pompous, elaborate baroque scenarios. The same could be applied to

3384-597: Is access to the exterior terrace above the main doorway. It is not a closed chapel as such, since it is located in the section occupied externally by the Puerta de Ramos. It highlights the tomb of Canon Diego de Neyla, who died in 1577, a Renaissance work that incorporates a panel with the Virgin, the Child and San Juanito, surrounded by angels and God the Father. Above the Gothic arcosolio there

3525-423: Is an example of the balance of opposites in Baroque art; the gigantic proportions of the piece, with the apparent lightness of the canopy; and the contrast between the solid twisted columns, bronze, gold and marble of the piece with the flowing draperies of the angels on the canopy. The Dresden Frauenkirche serves as a prominent example of Lutheran Baroque art, which was completed in 1743 after being commissioned by

3666-458: Is buried Francisco de Bobadilla , the bishop who laid the first stone of the cathedral. It highlights a seated Gothic Virgin with the Child in her arms. It also guards the group of "la Borriquilla", which parades on Palm Sunday with the Hermandad de Jesús Amigo de los Niños . It contains images of Fathers of the Church coming from the old tabernacle of the main altar and an image of the titular of

3807-569: Is crowded, dense, overlapping, loaded, in order to provoke shock effects. New motifs introduced by Baroque are: the cartouche , trophies and weapons, baskets of fruit or flowers, and others, made in marquetry , stucco , or carved. The English word baroque comes directly from the French . Some scholars state that the French word originated from the Portuguese term barroco 'a flawed pearl', pointing to

3948-537: Is depositary, these chapter rooms were built in the year 1526. Among them the most outstanding are three works of the artist Fernando Gallego that would be painted in the second half of the 15th century. The most outstanding of these paintings is the triptych representing the Martyrdom of Saint Catherine , painted in Flemish style , easily recognizable by the raised floors and the vanishing line that always goes diagonally to

4089-505: Is free from God's judgment. The altarpiece is presided over by an image known as the Virgin of la Vega , patron saint of the city. The image, made of wood, is covered with gilded bronze inlaid with enamel and precious stones. It comes from the disappeared monasterio de Santa María de la Vega , of regular canons of Saint Augustine located in the fertile valley of the Tormes river. It must be dated in

4230-654: Is that in which the harmony is confused, and loaded with modulations and dissonances. The singing is harsh and unnatural, the intonation difficult, and the movement limited. It appears that term comes from the word 'baroco' used by logicians." In 1788 Quatremère de Quincy defined the term in the Encyclopédie Méthodique as "an architectural style that is highly adorned and tormented". The French terms style baroque and musique baroque appeared in Le Dictionnaire de l'Académie Française in 1835. By

4371-561: Is the St. Nicholas Church (Malá Strana) in Prague (1704–1755), built by Christoph Dientzenhofer and his son Kilian Ignaz Dientzenhofer . Decoration covers all of walls of interior of the church. The altar is placed in the nave beneath the central dome, and surrounded by chapels, light comes down from the dome above and from the surrounding chapels. The altar is entirely surrounded by arches, columns, curved balustrades and pilasters of coloured stone, which are richly decorated with statuary, creating

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4512-467: Is the city of Baroque in Portugal. Its historical centre is part of UNESCO World Heritage List . Many of the Baroque works in the historical area of the city and beyond, belong to Nicolau Nasoni an Italian architect living in Portugal, drawing original buildings with scenographic emplacement such as the church and tower of Clérigos , the logia of the Porto Cathedral , the church of Misericórdia,

4653-602: Is typical of the Flemish painting that flourished in the Crown of Castile of the 15th century. The second of the rooms is covered with a rich coffered ceiling in Mudéjar style with Renaissance ornamentation, which was made by the carpenter Pedro Nieto . A painting by Fernando Gallego depicting the Birth of Christ is preserved here. In the third room there are works by the artist Pedro Bello ,

4794-513: Is why a Saint as French as Martin, was relegated to a small chapel located at the foot of the cathedral, housed in the hollow of the torre de campanas. However, the name of the Saint could have been given to a Romanesque church that with a similar scheme to the cathedral, although smaller, was built outside the walls, where later the Plaza Mayor de Salamanca would be built (that is why, at the beginning it

4935-541: The quadratura ; trompe-l'œil paintings on the ceiling in stucco frames, either real or painted, crowded with paintings of saints and angels and connected by architectural details with the balustrades and consoles. Quadratura paintings of Atlantes below the cornices appear to be supporting the ceiling of the church. Unlike the painted ceilings of Michelangelo in the Sistine Chapel , which combined different scenes, each with its own perspective, to be looked at one at

5076-494: The 1755 Lisbon earthquake and there are no appreciable remains in the site. The present one is the result of a later reconstruction. On its eastern and southern sides there are a series of chapels which are detailed below. In 2013 was confirmed that the original cloister of the Old Cathedral of Salamanca was disassembled and is located reconstructed within a private estate of Palamós (Girona, Catalonia) ( Romanesque cloister of

5217-791: The Chapel of the Holy Shroud (1668–1694) by Guarino Guarini . The style also began to be used in palaces; Guarini designed the Palazzo Carignano in Turin, while Longhena designed the Ca' Rezzonico on the Grand Canal , (1657), finished by Giorgio Massari with decorated with paintings by Giovanni Battista Tiepolo . A series of massive earthquakes in Sicily required the rebuilding of most of them and several were built in

5358-738: The Holy Week in Salamanca . This chapel houses the Romanesque image of the Christ of the Battles , of flesh color and with four nails, which must be dated in the first half of the 12th century. According to tradition, the image was carried by Bishop Jerome of Périgord , the first bishop of Salamanca after the repopulation of the city, when he accompanied El Cid in his battles against the Muslims. The altarpiece that houses

5499-612: The Latin verruca 'wart', or to a word with the Romance suffix -ǒccu (common in pre-Roman Iberia ). Other sources suggest a Medieval Latin term used in logic, baroco , as the most likely source. In the 16th century the Medieval Latin word baroco moved beyond scholastic logic and came into use to characterise anything that seemed absurdly complex. The French philosopher Michel de Montaigne (1533–1592) helped to give

5640-471: The Napoleonic French army of occupation demolished the block of houses located to the north of the cathedral, creating the current Plaza de Anaya and highlighting the north façade, which was not prepared for exhibition and was not very attractive. This fact has caused that the best known photos of the cathedral are taken from this side, making us forget the main facade, much more interesting but located in

5781-505: The Old Cathedral , is one of the two cathedrals in Salamanca , Castile and León , Spain . Founded by Bishop Jerome of Périgord , its construction began in the first third of the 12th century and was finished at the end of the 14th century, in Romanesque and Gothic style. It was finished thanks to the impulse given to the works by Bishop Alfonso Barasaque . It is dedicated to Saint Mary of

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5922-476: The Old Cathedral of Salamanca . The building began at a time when the gothic style was becoming less popular and was merging with the new Renaissance style, giving the resulting Plateresque style in Spain . However, this cathedral retained more of its Gothic character because the authorities wanted the new cathedral to blend with the old one. Thus the new cathedral was constructed, continuing with Gothic style during

6063-604: The Palace of San Telmo in Seville by Leonardo de Figueroa . Granada had only been conquered from the Moors in the 15th century, and had its own distinct variety of Baroque. The painter, sculptor and architect Alonso Cano designed the Baroque interior of Granada Cathedral between 1652 and his death in 1657. It features dramatic contrasts of the massive white columns and gold decor. The most ornamental and lavishly decorated architecture of

6204-642: The Palace of São João Novo , the Palace of Freixo , the Episcopal Palace ( Portuguese : Paço Episcopal do Porto ) along with many others. The debut of Russian Baroque, or Petrine Baroque , followed a long visit of Peter the Great to western Europe in 1697–1698, where he visited the Châteaux of Fontainebleau and Versailles as well as other architectural monuments. He decided, on his return to Russia, to construct similar monuments in St. Petersburg , which became

6345-599: The Wessobrunner School . It is now a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Baroque in France developed quite differently from the ornate and dramatic local versions of Baroque from Italy, Spain and the rest of Europe. It appears severe, more detached and restrained by comparison, preempting Neoclassicism and the architecture of the Enlightenment . Unlike Italian buildings, French Baroque buildings have no broken pediments or curvilinear façades. Even religious buildings avoided

6486-509: The "puerta de los carros", a close communication with the calle de Tentenecio where there were neither friends nor party. On Wednesday, February 26, 2020, the Minister of Culture and Tourism, Javier Ortega, and the Bishop of Salamanca, Carlos López unveiled the works carried out in recent months in the restoration of this chapel. The altarpiece that was disassembled for cleaning and restoration. When it

6627-622: The 12th century, follows Byzantine models, immobile, holds on his knees the child, showing it to the spectator with his right hand. It is located under the so-called Torre de las Campanas (bell tower), on which the current tower of the New Cathedral was built. It seems that the name of the Saint Martin could not be placed as titular of the Cathedral because it was dedicated to the Virgin Mary, that

6768-475: The 17th and 18th centuries. However, during the 18th century, two elements were added that broke with the showy form with the predominant style of the building: a Baroque cupola on the crossing and the final stages of the bell tower (92 m). The new cathedral was constructed without the subsequent destruction of the old cathedral, but a wall of the new cathedral leans on the North wall of the old one. For this reason,

6909-542: The 18th century the term began to be used to describe music, and not in a flattering way. In an anonymous satirical review of the première of Jean-Philippe Rameau 's Hippolyte et Aricie in October 1733, which was printed in the Mercure de France in May 1734, the critic wrote that the novelty in this opera was " du barocque ", complaining that the music lacked coherent melody,

7050-521: The 20th century the space became an exhibition room-warehouse that housed different cathedral works of art without exhibition order. With the restructuring of the Cathedral Museum in the Chapter Rooms, the space was freed for its comprehensive restoration in 2018, after which it has added to its heritage character the use as a hall for holding cultural activities such as conferences and concerts. In

7191-512: The Birth of the Virgin to the passage of the Mother of Christ, all accompanied by scenes from the life of Jesus and topped by the magnificent Last Judgment . The paintings are shown as very advanced for the artistic moment lived in Spain at that time, some of the Renaissance solutions that appear in the buildings of the paintings, as well as some domes that recall the work of Brunelleschi are too new for

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7332-519: The Cantabrian master Juan de Nates was called in to continue the work. The original dome was erected by Joaquín de Churriguera when the works were resumed, after being stopped for almost the entire 17th century, due to lack of budget. It was finished in 1725 and it seems that it was similar to that of the Cathedral of Burgos , with ribs and baroque decoration. The earthquake of Lisbon in 1755 cracked

7473-430: The Christ is a work of the first half of the 18th century made by Alberto de Churriguera and donated by the bishop José Sancho Granado in 1734. Also found in the chapel are an urn with the remains of Bishop Jerome and an image of the Virgin of Carmel by Antonio de Paz . It presents a Baroque altarpiece of rocaille reminiscent of the Portuguese style, with a fine image of St. Joseph with Child and paintings of St. John,

7614-411: The Iberian Peninsula it continued, together with new styles, until the first decade of the 19th century. In the decorative arts , the style employs plentiful and intricate ornamentation. The departure from Renaissance classicism has its own ways in each country. But a general feature is that everywhere the starting point is the ornamental elements introduced by the Renaissance . The classical repertoire

7755-454: The Innocents and the Expulsion of the merchants from the Temple attributed to Micco Spadaro . It preserves the first altarpiece in which Solomonic columns were used in Spain. It was assembled in 1664 as an act of atonement to house a canvas of the Immaculate Conception that had been outraged that same year when the face of the Virgin was slashed with a dagger by an opponent to the Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of Mary. Formerly this chapel

7896-440: The Lutheran city council of Dresden and was "compared by eighteenth-century observers to St Peter's in Rome". The twisted column in the interior of churches is one of the signature features of the Baroque. It gives both a sense of motion and also a dramatic new way of reflecting light. The cartouche was another characteristic feature of Baroque decoration. These were large plaques carved of marble or stone, usually oval and with

8037-433: The Magdalene and Santiago Matamoros. It is located under the start of one of the towers designed for the chancel, accessed from the ambulatory through the Chapel of San José. The altarpiece, of Neoclassical style and designed by Juan de Sagarvinaga , is crowned by an image of God the Father and angels that could be from Carmona. In the niche receives worship an image of the Pietà of Luis Salvador Carmona of 1760, image of

8178-451: The Mas del Vent in Palamós ), this led to much criticism from a part of the population. It is the oldest of all the chapels that form the cloister. It is covered with a dome with 16 parallel ribs two by two that are supported by columns, forming an eight-pointed star in the keystone. This type of dome is of Muslim influence and very strange for such an early period in northern Spain. In this chapel, founded by Rodrigo Maldonado de Talavera ,

8319-486: The Name of Jesus by Giovanni Battista Gaulli in the Church of the Gesù in Rome (1669–1683), which featured figures spilling out of the picture frame and dramatic oblique lighting and light-dark contrasts. The style spread quickly from Rome to other regions of Italy: It appeared in Venice in the church of Santa Maria della Salute (1631–1687) by Baldassare Longhena , a highly original octagonal form crowned with an enormous cupola . It appeared also in Turin , notably in

8460-401: The New Cathedral. It is a basilica-shaped building, with a Latin cross and three naves, a marked transept and a chevet formed by three semicircular apses, which show windows with semicircular arches on the exterior. Given the frontier character of Salamanca, it was also designed as a fortress, a quality now not so visible, since the battlements of the Mocha Tower have disappeared and the roof of

8601-471: The Old Cathedral of Salamanca itself, and that of the Collegiate Church of Toro ), which have a similar structure with two different domes, one on the inside and the other on the outside, between which there would be a filling of gravel and earth, although they rest one on the other. The exterior decoration of scaled form is very curious and difficult to trace in the History of Art, there being similar decorations in churches in Turkey, although they also appear in

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8742-432: The Old and New Testament, including apostles, saints, sibyls, prophets, etc.. The sculptures are supported by different polychrome and gilded shelves. Quite curious are the images of Adam and Eve, which coincide with the images of Apollo and Venus that appear on the façade of the University of Salamanca . The image of death appears in a gloomy form tucked in a niche and with a toad between her legs. The toad, representation of

8883-403: The Passion. At his feet are the Virgin Mary and John the Evangelist kneeling, awaiting the advance of Jesus, who seems to be walking. To the right of Christ appears the saved, dressed in white, to his left the condemned, naked and seeming to walk towards the mouth of a giant monster. Between the figures of the damned, the faces of a bishop and a Pope can be seen, alluding to the fact that no one

9024-401: The See (Santa María de la Sede). It began to be built on the initiative of its first bishop, Jerome of Périgord (died in 1120) after the restoration of the diocese of Salamanca by King Alfonso VI of León , and after the repopulation of the city carried out by his son-in-law Raymond of Burgundy . This was a period in which Romanesque was giving way to Gothic , something that can be seen in

9165-400: The Spanish Baroque is called Churrigueresque style, named after the brothers Churriguera , who worked primarily in Salamanca and Madrid. Their works include the buildings on Salamanca's main square, the Plaza Mayor (1729). This highly ornamental Baroque style was influential in many churches and cathedrals built by the Spanish in the Americas. Other notable Spanish baroque architects of

9306-484: The Virgin of the Assumption by Esteban de Rueda from 1624, polychromed by Antonio González. The angels that accompany her are the work of Francisco Sánchez. On the entablature that crowns the walls of the presbytery appear the image of Religion, angels and Church Fathers from the disappeared altarpiece. The marble and jasper tabernacle by Simón Gavilán (1750) and the silver urns with the remains of Saint John of Sahagún and Saint Thomas of Villanova stand out. It

9447-403: The Virgin, separating the saved from the damned. There are also several tombs in the chapel, including that of Bishop Rodrigo Díaz , who died in 1339, and is decorated with paintings from the same period and scenes from the Adoration of the Magi. In front of this, another tomb houses the remains of the founder of the chapel, Pedro Pérez , who died in 1262. The primitive cloister was damaged in

9588-443: The altarpiece stand out a copy of the Burial of Christ by Titian , whose original is in the Museo del Prado , and the Apparition of Christ Resurrected to his Mother, both seeming to be the work of Fernández Navarrete, the Mute . Also found in the chapel are the Virgin of Bethlehem, attributed to " La Roldana ", and a bust of Ecce Homo by Pedro Hernández of the 17th century, from the disappeared Church of San Adrián of Salamanca. It

9729-404: The attic. It emphasizes a canvas of the martyrdom of the Baptist signed in 1621 by Santiago Jerónimo Espinosa . It is located in the north arm of the transept. The image is one of the most spectacular and beautiful of all the New Cathedral. It is an anonymous work of the 15th century, it is a Crucified Christ with three nails. Its polychromy reveals a great realism in the treatment of the body and

9870-435: The back wall with images of Jeremiah, Isaiah and Daniel above and St. Joachim and St. Anne below, all of them under feigned architectural arches. Next to these, located in the side wall and made in the 16th century, stands out the image of the Last Judgment, painted as if it were a tapestry, where Jesus Christ is presented inside an almond, showing hands, feet and side to show the wounds of the passion, accompanied by Apostles and

10011-401: The beginning of the works of the New Cathedral (around 1520) and the late date of completion (around 1733), as well as the need of a space where to celebrate the cult while the construction was finished, made that the initial decision to demolish it was abandoned. In this sense, in plan, the left nave appears narrower and part of the transept arm is missing, as a consequence of the construction of

10152-642: The calle Gibraltar, in front of the Casa Lis . In its origins it could have housed the Minor College of the House of Uclés of the Order of Santiago , which is why a relief was placed on the facade with the head of Saint James the Great that gives its name to the building. The house was also used as housing for members of the cathedral chapter until it fell into disuse and became dilapidated. It has been possible to integrate it into

10293-499: The central dome and replaced it with another Neoclassical one made by the architect Juan de Sagarvinaga , which is the one that can be seen today. The Main Chapel has a rectangular plan, covered by starred vault with the same design as the rest of those of the central nave, but with the peculiarity that it is angled and polychrome. The Chapel lacks altarpiece , as the one made by Alberto de Churriguera , completed only 11 years earlier,

10434-562: The central part is the tomb of the founder of the chapel and patriarch of the Diego de Anaya family, bishop of Salamanca and archbishop of Seville, devotee of Saint Bartholomew and sponsor who founded the Colegio Mayor de San Bartolomé or Old College (the oldest in Salamanca). It is made in alabaster , possibly by a German master; it is surrounded by a very beautiful grille (which partially prevents

10575-524: The central part of the altarpiece with the help of local artists who would work under the orders of Dello Delli. Finally, the third brother Nicolò Delli , better known as Niccolò Florentino, made some of the last panels of the work and the painting of the Last Judgment that is in the shell of the apse of the cathedral. The altarpiece presents a cycle of the life of the Virgin Mary and Jesus Christ , from

10716-399: The chapel an organ is conserved that happens to be one of the oldest that exist, dated in the 16th century; at the moment it is placed on top of a magnificent podium of Mudéjar style and conserves paintings in the front that represent an Annunciation of the Virgin . The organ is in perfect working order. It is a house of the 16th century attached to the Chapel of Santa Catalina with door to

10857-563: The chapel and discuss with the student point by point the reasons for his work. If the student passed the exam, he would go out through the main door of the cathedral where his friends would be waiting for him and together they would have a party. If the degree obtained was that of doctor (the highest of university studies), his companions would write on a wall an anagram of the Latin word Victor (symbol) followed by his name - in letter or anagram as well - which would be equivalent to " Victory! ". From

10998-452: The chapel has had different uses. It was where students of the University of Salamanca were examined to gain access to the bachelor's degree. It was also the seat of medieval compostelan synods , a place of celebration for the meals of grace and a singing chapel where music was taught in one of the main chairs of the Spanish universities, which is why it houses the tomb of master Doyagüe . In

11139-404: The chapel, (which they used to do sitting on a chair, with their feet resting on those of the recumbent sculpture of Bishop Lucero, located in the center of the chapel) and preparing (watching over the books) the defense of their dissertation (degree) or their thesis (doctorate). The next morning the professors (and any other doctor who wished to intervene) would come in and sit on the benches around

11280-463: The chapel. It houses an 18th-century painting representing the Coming of the Virgin to Zaragoza and a Gothic sculpture of the Virgin of Pilar. A baroque altarpiece, work of Joaquín de Churriguera , houses the carving of Our Lady of Solitude . It is an image of dress, due to Mariano Benlliure (1941), titular of the Hermandad de Nuestra Señora de la Soledad and that processes through the streets during

11421-684: The churches built in the Spanish colonies in Latin America and the Philippines. The church built by the Jesuits for the College of San Francisco Javier in Tepotzotlán , with its ornate Baroque façade and tower, is a good example. From 1680 to 1750, many highly ornate cathedrals, abbeys, and pilgrimage churches were built in Central Europe, Austria, Bohemia and southwestern Poland. Some were in Rococo style,

11562-426: The cloister there are some frescoes from the 13th-14th centuries that decorate the sepulchres and a series of chapels open, among which are the Chapel of Talavera, the Chapel of Santa Barbara, with the tomb of the bishop Juan Lucero , in which the examinations of degree of the University of Salamanca were carried out, the chapel of Santa Catalina and the chapel of San Bartolomé or de Anaya. Juan Francés de Iribarren

11703-401: The compensation in height and the achievement of the interior space. The triforium , typical of buildings from the late Romanesque period, is replaced by two tribunes running around the perimeter of the cathedral and at two heights, allowing the aisles to be raised even higher. The pillars collect the weight of the vaults where each of the ribs of the vaults descends to the floor by the pillar in

11844-483: The contrast on the façade itself between the Doric columns and the great mass of the portico. In the mid to late 17th century the style reached its peak, later termed the High Baroque. Many monumental works were commissioned by Popes Urban VIII and Alexander VII . The sculptor and architect Gian Lorenzo Bernini designed a new quadruple colonnade around St. Peter's Square (1656 to 1667). The three galleries of columns in

11985-504: The decoration of the towers of the Church of Notre-Dame la Grande in Poitiers , a much more probable influence than the Turkish, if it is taken into account that people from France participated in the repopulation of the city. Little remains of the original main façade, covered by another of the 13th century. It is flanked by two towers; the one on the left (torre de las campanas) was left under

12126-578: The details of the veins that can be seen in it. He is dead, with his eyes open and his mouth ajar. It has natural hair, which adds verism to the figure. It parades in the Holy Week in Salamanca with the Real Cofradía Penitencial del Santísimo Cristo Yacente de la Misericordia y de la Agonía Redentora on Holy Thursday at midnight. At the foot of the Cross there are bones and a skull that, according to tradition, represents Adam . In front of this altar

12267-475: The difference between the pillars and the starts of the ribbed vaults , since there is no constructive continuity between them, as the former were designed to support a barrel vault , and the cathedral was completed in 1236. It was on the verge of being destroyed in the Early Modern Age, since when the New Cathedral was planned, it was thought to be demolished, but the long period of time that elapsed from

12408-436: The dome had to be rebuilt (by Juan de Sagarvinaga ) and the bell tower had to be reinforced, which was more slender, very similar to that of the Cathedral of Segovia . The belfry suffered serious damage during the earthquake, even tilting and threatening ruin. After consulting several architects who recommended its demolition, it was finally Baltasar Dreveton who proposed to strap it with 8 taut chains and line it with stone in

12549-404: The end of the 16th century the chevet, thought with a Gothic ambulatory , was changed for a flat one and during the 18th century two elements were added that broke strikingly with the predominant style of the temple: a Baroque dome over the transept and the upper bodies of the bell tower. This bell tower is 93 meters high. The plan and elevation of the building maintain a Gothic uniformity and

12690-474: The end of the Baroque. Its polychrome and the serenity of the Virgin's face announce the arrival of Neoclassicism, while the anatomy of the naked Christ is heir to the Baroque. It parades in Holy Week in Salamanca with the Hermandad Dominicana del Santísimo Cristo de la Buena Muerte . It presents two altarpieces: a Baroque one dedicated to St. Nicholas of Bari , crowned by a painting of the Virgin with

12831-446: The exterior presence of flying buttresses and buttresses, as well as the interior elevation of the naves attest to this. The interior of the cathedral is very similar to that of the Cathedral of Seville . However, despite the fact that the side naves are not at the same height as the central nave, following the " ad triangulum " scheme typical of Gothic architecture, the church gives the impression of great amplitude and luminosity due to

12972-404: The exterior. Subsequently, it is easy to adapt the building to the taste of the time and place, and add on new features and details. Practical and economical. With more inhabitants and better economic resources, the north, particularly the areas of Porto and Braga , witnessed an architectural renewal, visible in the large list of churches, convents and palaces built by the aristocracy. Porto

13113-546: The exuberant late Baroque or Rococo style. The Catholic Church in Spain, and particularly the Jesuits , were the driving force of Spanish Baroque architecture. The first major work in this style was the San Isidro Chapel in Madrid , begun in 1643 by Pedro de la Torre . It contrasted an extreme richness of ornament on the exterior with simplicity in the interior, divided into multiple spaces and using effects of light to create

13254-454: The form of a slope reaching up to the body of bells (about 40 meters from the ground). The direction of this work was entrusted to Jerónimo García de Quiñones with Manuel de los Ríos . This is how it can be seen today, lined with stones and leaning to one side due to the Lisbon earthquake. Currently this catastrophe is remembered with the tradition of the " Mariquelo " on October 31. Around 1812

13395-461: The good from the bad. The right hand of Jesus is between the blessing and the threat, the left hand is taken to his chest with the intention of opening the wound in his side and showing it to the whole world. The iconographic scheme of Jesus Christ is the same as the one later used by Michelangelo for the Judgment of the Sistine Chapel . Christ appears surrounded by angels carrying different elements of

13536-543: The intense spatial drama one finds in the work of Borromini . The style is closely associated with the works built for Louis XIV (reign 1643–1715), and because of this, it is also known as the Louis XIV style . Louis XIV invited the master of Baroque, Bernini, to submit a design for the new east wing of the Louvre , but rejected it in favor of a more classical design by Claude Perrault and Louis Le Vau . The main architects of

13677-517: The late Baroque include Pedro de Ribera , a pupil of Churriguera, who designed the Real Hospicio de San Fernando in Madrid, and Narciso Tomé , who designed the celebrated El Transparente altarpiece at Toledo Cathedral (1729–1732) which gives the illusion, in certain light, of floating upwards. The architects of the Spanish Baroque had an effect far beyond Spain; their work was highly influential in

13818-464: The mass of churchgoers. The Council of Trent decided instead to appeal to a more popular audience, and declared that the arts should communicate religious themes with direct and emotional involvement. Similarly, Lutheran Baroque art developed as a confessional marker of identity, in response to the Great Iconoclasm of Calvinists . Baroque churches were designed with a large central space, where

13959-402: The master builder of the cathedral, after the death of his father Juan Gil de Hontañón. At first an ambulatory was planned for the chevet and polygonal apses, but the delay in the work made the criteria change to a flat chevet, a decision taken in 1584 by the then master builder Juan Ribero de Rada , following the chevet model designed by Juan de Herrera in the Cathedral of Valladolid . In 1588

14100-417: The mid-19th century, art critics and historians had adopted the term baroque as a way to ridicule post-Renaissance art. This was the sense of the word as used in 1855 by the leading art historian Jacob Burckhardt , who wrote that baroque artists "despised and abused detail" because they lacked "respect for tradition". In 1888 the art historian Heinrich Wölfflin published the first serious academic work on

14241-641: The model for his summer residence, Sanssouci , in Potsdam , designed for him by Georg Wenzeslaus von Knobelsdorff (1745–1747). Another work of Baroque palace architecture is the Zwinger (Dresden) , the former orangerie of the palace of the electors of Saxony in the 18th century. One of the best examples of a rococo church is the Basilika Vierzehnheiligen, or Basilica of the Fourteen Holy Helpers ,

14382-465: The monument is the considerable dome that rises over the transept supported by four impressive pendentives, and whose date of construction should be placed around 1150. On the inside it is shaped like an open orange with sixteen segments, while on the outside it is almost conical in shape, decorated with scales, and is popularly known as the "Torre del Gallo" (Tower of the Rooster), since this animal appears on

14523-673: The most celebrated work of Polish Baroque is the Poznań Fara Church, with details by Pompeo Ferrari . After Thirty Years' War under the agreements of the Peace of Westphalia two unique baroque wattle and daub structures was built: Church of Peace in Jawor , Holy Trinity Church of Peace in Świdnica the largest wooden Baroque temple in Europe. The many states within the Holy Roman Empire on

14664-433: The nave, formerly a walkable terrace, has been replaced by another of Spanish tile . For this reason it was popularly known as fortis salmantina . The works began to be carried out by the apse, that is why this would be the oldest part, being able to contemplate the change of style in the vaults that cover the naves, since they were projected groin vaults and were replaced by ribbed vaults. The most outstanding element of

14805-569: The new capital of Russia in 1712. Early major monuments in the Petrine Baroque include the Peter and Paul Cathedral and Menshikov Palace . During the reign of Anna and Elisabeth , Russian architecture was dominated by the luxurious Baroque style of Italian-born Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli , which developed into Elizabethan Baroque . Rastrelli's signature buildings include the Winter Palace ,

14946-562: The old cathedral had to be reinforced, and the bell tower was constructed on the old one. Two of the main architects of the cathedral were Juan Gil de Hontañón and his son Rodrigo Gil de Hontañón in 1538. Its main entrance consists of three richly decorated arcs, each leading to the three naves (sections) of the church. 40°57′38″N 5°39′57″W  /  40.96056°N 5.66583°W  / 40.96056; -5.66583 Old Cathedral of Salamanca The Cathedral of Santa María (Spanish: Catedral Vieja de Santa María ), known as

15087-430: The other walls arcosolios originally intended for burials. They are covered with different star-shaped vaults. The grilles that close them are of different styles and qualities, depending on the moment of their construction. The azulejos fronts that decorate some altars also stand out. The chapels are the following: The altarpiece presents paintings of the Virgin del Socorro and Saint Clement . From this chapel there

15228-521: The period was the expansion of Palace of Versailles , begun in 1661 by Le Vau with decoration by the painter Charles Le Brun . The gardens were designed by André Le Nôtre specifically to complement and amplify the architecture. The Galerie des Glaces ( Hall of Mirrors ), the centerpiece of the château, with paintings by Le Brun, was constructed between 1678 and 1686. Mansart completed the Grand Trianon in 1687. The chapel, designed by Robert de Cotte ,

15369-543: The right. This, together with the detail and realism with which the works are painted, makes them recognizable in this author. One only has to look at the panel on the right where an executioner appears cutting the head of the Saint, but the cut is so recent that the head is still half fallen. Details like this can be seen in the panel of Jesus with the Carrying of the Cross where one of the sayons kicks Christ while another one of them sticks out his tongue to insult him. Such detail

15510-522: The sin of lust, also appeared decorating the facade of the Salamanca University. A magnificent Calvary presides over the altarpiece of the chapel, placed on a pictorial background by Adiosdado de Olivares . Under it, there is an altar decorated with Talavera de la Reina azulejos . It was founded by Lorenzo Sánchez de Acebes and has an altarpiece with a relief of the saint's martyrdom, attributed to Antonio de Paz . From this chapel you can access to

15651-581: The sleeping Child, and another neoclassical one with a carving of the Immaculate Conception, attributed to Alejandro Carnicero . It shows several Italian paintings. In the altarpiece stands out the canvas of Christ and the Veronica, work of Carlo Maratta , and the oval painting of the penitent Magdalene, by Romanelli . In the arcosolios of the back there are two Neapolitan paintings with the Slaughter of

15792-527: The south wall of the New Cathedral rests on the north wall of the Old one, which had to be reinforced towards the interior of the old temple, whose lateral nave was partially reduced with the new construction. The tower of the new cathedral was built over the bell tower of the Old Cathedral. The idea of building a new cathedral arose in the 15th century due to the demographic increase of the city, especially because of

15933-507: The strong attraction of the University . Therefore, the Old Cathedral seemed at that time "small, dark and low". They had the support of King Ferdinand the Catholic ( Ferdinand II of Aragon ), who in 1509 ordered the architects who had worked in Toledo and Seville, Antón Egas and Alonso Rodríguez , to go to Salamanca to draw the design of the new temple. The cathedral, after several discussions,

16074-479: The style included François Mansart (1598–1666), Pierre Le Muet (Church of Val-de-Grâce , 1645–1665) and Louis Le Vau ( Vaux-le-Vicomte , 1657–1661). Mansart was the first architect to introduce Baroque styling, principally the frequent use of an applied order and heavy rustication , into the French architectural vocabulary. The mansard roof was not invented by Mansart, but it has become associated with him, as he used it frequently. The major royal project of

16215-574: The style is the Pilgrimage Church of Wies ( German : Wieskirche ). It was designed by the brothers J. B. and Dominikus Zimmermann . It is located in the foothills of the Alps , in the municipality of Steingaden in the Weilheim-Schongau district, Bavaria, Germany. Construction took place between 1745 and 1754, and the interior was decorated with frescoes and with stuccowork in the tradition of

16356-662: The style, Renaissance und Barock , which described the differences between the painting, sculpture, and architecture of the Renaissance and the Baroque. The Baroque style of architecture was a result of doctrines adopted by the Catholic Church at the Council of Trent in 1545–1563, in response to the Protestant Reformation . The first phase of the Counter-Reformation had imposed a severe, academic style on religious architecture, which had appealed to intellectuals but not

16497-485: The term baroco (spelled Barroco by him) the meaning 'bizarre, uselessly complicated'. Other early sources associate baroco with magic, complexity, confusion, and excess. The word baroque was also associated with irregular pearls before the 18th century. The French baroque and Portuguese barroco were terms often associated with jewelry. An example from 1531 uses the term to describe pearls in an inventory of Charles V of France 's treasures. Later,

16638-579: The territory of today's Germany all looked to represent themselves with impressive Baroque buildings. Notable architects included Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach , Lukas von Hildebrandt and Dominikus Zimmermann in Bavaria , Balthasar Neumann in Bruhl , and Matthäus Daniel Pöppelmann in Dresden. In Prussia , Frederick II of Prussia was inspired by the Grand Trianon of the Palace of Versailles , and used it as

16779-416: The titular Saint, the latter made in the 16th century. The front of the altar shows a magnificent decoration of Talavera de la Reina pottery . Since the beginnings of the University of Salamanca and when the studies were held in the cathedral, this chapel served as a place where the final exams were held. The student who was going to take his degree or doctorate exam had to spend the whole night locked in

16920-467: The tombs by Antonio de Paz stand out. It takes its name from a dispute between a Christian and a Jew in which he witnessed the image of the Virgin, from the 12th century re-carved and polychrome in the Baroque, with a slight head movement. It presents altarpiece and titular image work of local artists in the 18th century, with a canvas of the Magdalena copy of the original of Alessandro Allori , located in

17061-795: The touristic tour of the Cathedrals, housing the rest room, toilets, souvenir store and exit of the building. There are also archaeological remains, which include two columns that may have belonged to the Romanesque cloister of the cathedral, have been integrated into these spaces. The 1872's main tower of the Trinity Church (Boston) was based on the romanesque tower of this cathedral. 40°57′37.7″N 5°40′0″W  /  40.960472°N 5.66667°W  / 40.960472; -5.66667 Baroque The Baroque ( UK : / b ə ˈ r ɒ k / bə- ROK , US : /- ˈ r oʊ k / -⁠ ROHK ; French: [baʁɔk] )

17202-451: The tower of the New Cathedral , and the one on the right, which was never finished, was given the name of Torre Mocha, and can still be seen. The new doorway, shortly after being built, was partially covered, on the left side, by the stone slope that had to be made to reinforce the bell tower after the 1755 Lisbon earthquake . Other attractions of the temple are the main altarpiece from the 15th century, attributed to Nicolò Delli (1430), and

17343-460: The upper fresco, representing the Last Judgment , which is certainly by Nicolò Delli (1445). The apse houses a large cycle of 53 tableaux, 12 of which by the 15th-century Italian artist Dello Delli , depicting the life of Jesus and the Virgin Mary . At the foot, under the Torre de las campanas, is the chapel of San Martín or del Aceite. The latter was painted by Antón Sánchez de Segovia in 1262. In

17484-456: The vision of the sepulcher) also made in the 16th century, full of decoration and with constant allusions to death. Other members of the Anaya family are buried in the same chapel, where two of the tombs conserve the original colors with which they were made. This chapel was reformed in the 16th century, as can be appreciated in the starry vault that covers the ceiling of the same one. In addition in

17625-425: The weathervane that crowns it. It rests on a drum with sixteen columns in the interior, lightened by 32 windows, 16 nerves cross meeting in the central part of the dome. The model of the dome is based on that of the Cathedral of Zamora , which was the first of the group of Duero domes , also called Leonese or Byzantine-Leonese domes (group formed by the domes of the cathedrals of Zamora , Old Cathedral of Plasencia ,

17766-453: The word appears in a 1694 edition of Le Dictionnaire de l'Académie Française , which describes baroque as "only used for pearls that are imperfectly round." A 1728 Portuguese dictionary similarly describes barroco as relating to a "coarse and uneven pearl". An alternative derivation of the word baroque points to the name of the Italian painter Federico Barocci (1528–1612). In

17907-536: The work of Antonio de Paz . Also kept in this chapel is the image of the Recumbent Christ of Mercy, work of Enrique Orejudo in 1991, which parades in Holy Week with the Real Cofradía Penitencial del Santísimo Cristo Yacente de la Misericordia y de la Agonía Redentora . It has this name because it was endowed in 1577 by Don Francisco Fernández de Liébana , President of the Royal Chancery of Valladolid . In

18048-486: The worshippers could be close to the altar, with a dome or cupola high overhead, allowing light to illuminate the church below. The dome was one of the central symbolic features of Baroque architecture illustrating the union between the heavens and the earth. The inside of the cupola was lavishly decorated with paintings of angels and saints, and with stucco statuettes of angels, giving the impression to those below of looking up at heaven. Another feature of Baroque churches are

18189-476: Was built between 1730 and 1740 by Joaquín de Churriguera . The choir stalls, in two sections, high and low, are the work of several artists. The grille that closes the choir and the one that closes the Main Chapel are the work of Duperier. The New Cathedral of Salamanca has two organs: They were designed with a single model, with the front corresponding to the part reserved for the altar or altarpiece, opening in

18330-432: Was called Plaza de San Martín). Just before entering the chapel and discovered a short time ago, there is a large painting on the wall of the temple where Saint Martin is sharing his cloak. The most interesting thing that has this chapel are some paintings adorned with coats of arms of the kingdoms of León and Castile , some of which appear dated in the year 1262 and have as author to Antón Sánchez de Segovia , located in

18471-453: Was designed parallel to the old one, made of freestone from Villamayor and in Gothic architecture style. It has a rectangular plan, with three naves and two more niche chapels. In principle, the chevet was to end in an ambulatory and polygonal apses, but finally the project was changed to the current one, which finishes the temple with a rectangular chevet that makes a hall plan. The first stone

18612-399: Was dismantled in 1743. It was planned to replace it with a marble tabernacle designed by Ventura Rodríguez that would be located in the transept under the dome. The project could not be carried out due to its high cost. The Cathedral Museum, designed by Román Bravo Riesco , preserves a model of it. On the ashlar wall there is a crimson velvet canopy and drop on which appears an image of

18753-459: Was dismantled, an ancient altarpiece with Gothic paintings representing the life of Saint Barbara came to light. The solution for the two altarpieces to remain in place has been to add a mobile structure that allows the 16th-century altarpiece to be moved so that the former Gothic altarpiece remains in view. It is currently used as Cathedral Museum housing some of the paintings of which the Cabildo

18894-701: Was finished in 1710. Following the death of Louis XIV, Louis XV added the more intimate Petit Trianon and the highly ornate theatre. The fountains in the gardens were designed to be seen from the interior, and to add to the dramatic effect. The palace was admired and copied by other monarchs of Europe, particularly Peter the Great of Russia, who visited Versailles early in the reign of Louis XV, and built his own version at Peterhof Palace near Saint Petersburg, between 1705 and 1725. Baroque architecture in Portugal lasted about two centuries (the late seventeenth century and eighteenth century). The reigns of John V and Joseph I had increased imports of gold and diamonds, in

19035-403: Was laid in 1512, being bishop of Salamanca Francisco de Bobadilla . During most of the 17th century the works were stopped and were resumed again in the 18th century, until its completion in 1733. The cathedral suffered the devastating effects of the Lisbon earthquake , which occurred on November 1, 1755, leaving visible signs in the cracks and broken stained glass windows. After the earthquake,

19176-402: Was ordered to be built in 1515 by the archdeacon of Alba de Tormes , Francisco Sánchez de Palenzuela. Its architecture corresponds to Juan de Álava . It has several arcades that house different tombs, among them those of the founder of the chapel. All the walls are decorated with about 110 statues whose golden color stands out, hence the name of the chapel. There are sculptures of characters from

19317-454: Was organist at the Old Cathedral in 1717–1733. The work was placed between the years 1430-1450 and there are three authors working on the 53 panels that make up the altarpiece of the Old Cathedral of Salamanca. The main works correspond to the Italian artist Dello Delli , to him correspond the first 12 panels, which are undoubtedly the ones with the highest quality. Dello would have the help of his two brothers, Sanson Delli made some boards of

19458-467: Was the Church of the Gesù in 1584; it was plain by later Baroque standards, but marked a break with the traditional Renaissance façades that preceded it. The interior of this church remained very austere until the high Baroque, when it was lavishly ornamented. In Rome in 1605, Paul V became the first of series of popes who commissioned basilicas and church buildings designed to inspire emotion and awe through

19599-599: Was the one that communicated the two Cathedrals. In the attic of the altarpiece there is a painting of the Virgin with the Child and San Juanito by Luis de Morales , apparently from the church of San Felices de los Gallegos . To the same author is attributed a painting of the Ecce Homo that is in the chapel. Initially the altarpiece was dedicated to St. John the Baptist, later his image was replaced by another of St. Bartholomew. The images of Saint Gregory of Ostia and St. Augustine are

19740-537: Was the world's first secular Baroque monument built in the form of a column. The palatial residence style was exemplified by the Wilanów Palace , constructed between 1677 and 1696. The most renowned Baroque architect active in Poland was Dutchman Tylman van Gameren and his notable works include Warsaw's St. Kazimierz Church and Krasiński Palace , Church of St. Anne, Kraków and Branicki Palace, Białystok . However,

19881-462: Was unsparing with dissonances, constantly changed key and meter, and speedily ran through every compositional device. In 1762 Le Dictionnaire de l'Académie Française recorded that the term could figuratively describe something "irregular, bizarre or unequal". Jean-Jacques Rousseau , who was a musician and composer as well as a philosopher, wrote in the Encyclopédie in 1768: "Baroque music

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