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52-924: Most Saitek products have been rebranded as Logitech G products since their acquisition by the company. Saitek (originally called SciSys until 1987) was founded in 1979 by Swiss technologist Eric Winkler as a manufacturer of electronic chess games . By the 1990s the company had distribution and design offices in the United States, Germany, France and the United Kingdom, as well as a factory in China. In 1994, Saitek acquired Hegner & Glaser's successful Mephisto line of chess computers. Saitek diversified into PC peripherals , focusing on game controllers for flight simulation , driving and first-person gaming. Saitek has also expanded into PC peripherals, with an emphasis on input, connectivity and multimedia . In 2005, Saitek launched

104-522: A high fidelity audio product line for PC & iPod. On November 14, 2007, Mad Catz announced that they had purchased Saitek for $ 30 million. On September 15, 2016, Logitech announced that they had purchased the Saitek brand and assets from Mad Catz for $ 13 million in cash. Chess engine#Commercial dedicated computers In computer chess , a chess engine is a computer program that analyzes chess or chess variant positions, and generates

156-399: A pretty printed source program reformatted by a compiler . The export format representations generated by different programs on the same computer should be exactly equivalent, byte for byte. PGN text begins with a set of "tag pairs" (a tag name and its value), followed by the "movetext" (chess moves with optional commentary). Tag pairs begin with an initial left bracket [ , followed by

208-734: A disassembled binary of Rybka . Due to the controversy , all these engines have been blacklisted from many tournaments and rating lists. Rybka in turn was accused of being based on Fruit , and in June 2011, the ICGA formally claimed Rybka was derived from Fruit and Crafty and banned Rybka from the International Computer Games Association World Computer Chess Championship, and revoked its previous victories (2007, 2008, 2009, and 2010). The ICGA received some criticism for this decision. Despite all this, Rybka

260-469: A more detailed representation is needed to resolve ambiguity; if so, the piece's file letter, numerical rank , or the exact square is inserted after the moving piece's name (in that order of preference). Thus, Nge2 specifies that the knight originally on the g-file moves to e2. SAN kingside castling is indicated by the sequence O-O ; queenside castling is indicated by the sequence O-O-O (note that these are capital Os, not zeroes, contrary to

312-567: A move and before a comment. c. Comments begin on a new line, with the mentioned blank line above it and below the move to which the comment applies. d. A Comment's beginning is denoted by a single vertical bar sign plus a space before the comment begins e. The end of a Comment is on a separate line after the end of the comment text. This line has 2 vertical bars plus a space. Example of the above comments: Example: f. Vertical bars are important because text or screen readers often only announce whatever sort of bracket PGN software provides only by

364-420: A move or list of moves that it regards as strongest. A chess engine is usually a back end with a command-line interface with no graphics or windowing . Engines are usually used with a front end, a windowed graphical user interface such as Chessbase or WinBoard that the user can interact with via a keyboard, mouse or touchscreen. This allows the user to play against multiple engines without learning

416-417: A new user interface for each, and allows different engines to play against each other. Many chess engines are now available for mobile phones and tablets, making them even more accessible. The meaning of the term "chess engine" has evolved over time. In 1986, Linda and Tony Scherzer entered their program Bebe into the 4th World Computer Chess Championship , running it on "Chess Engine," their brand name for

468-531: A program using a MuZero -derived algorithm could handle an unbounded state space . XBoard / Winboard was one of the earliest graphical user interfaces (GUI). Tim Mann created it to provide a GUI for the GNU Chess engine, but after that, other engines such as Crafty appeared which used the Winboard protocol. Eventually, the program Chessmaster included the option to import other Winboard engines in addition to

520-476: A separate UCI GUI of his own design, allowing UCI or Winboard engines to be imported into it. Convekta's Chess Assistant and Lokasoft's ChessPartner also added the ability to import Winboard and UCI engines into their products. Shane Hudson developed Shane's Chess Information Database , a free GUI for Linux, Mac and Windows. Martin Blume developed Arena, another free GUI for Linux and Windows. Lucas Monge entered

572-585: A uci_elo parameter include Houdini , Fritz 15–16, Rybka , Shredder , Hiarcs , Junior , Zappa , and Sjeng . GUIs such as Shredder , Chess Assistant , Convekta Aquarium, Hiarcs Chess Explorer, and Martin Blume's Arena have dropdown menus for setting the engine's uci_elo parameter. The Fritz family GUIs, Chess Assistant , and Aquarium also have independent means of limiting an engine's strength apparently based on an engine's ability to generate ranked lists of moves (called multipv for 'principle variation'). The results of computer tournaments give one view of

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624-990: A version of their database program including Fritz  4 as a separate engine. This was the first appearance of the Chessbase protocol. Soon after, they added the engines Junior and Shredder to their product line up, including engines in CB protocol as separate programs which could be installed in the Chessbase program or one of the other Fritz style GUI's. Fritz 1-14 were only issued as Chessbase engines, while Hiarcs , Nimzo, Chess Tiger and Crafty have been ported to Chessbase format even though they were UCI or Winboard engines. Recently, Chessbase has begun to include Universal Chess Interface (UCI) engines in their playing programs such as Komodo , Houdini , Fritz 15–16 and Rybka rather than convert them to Chessbase engines. In 2000, Stefan Meyer-Kahlen and Franz Huber released

676-452: Is given an empty abbreviation in SAN movetext, but in other contexts the abbreviation P is used. The algebraic name of any square is as per usual algebraic chess notation; from white's perspective, the leftmost square closest to white is a1 , the rightmost square closest to the white is h1 , and the rightmost (from white's perspective) square closest to black side is h8 . In a few cases,

728-450: Is not generally available, it should always be converted to text when saved to BGN or printed from BGN. 2. Line Breaks and Game Moves: Text or screen readers used by blind players often have issues with verbalizing "run-on" text understandable. Thus, the following rules are important to make reading to the blind player more understandable. a. Paired game moves appear on separate lines. (Scoresheet fashion.) b. A blank line must appear after

780-475: Is now the most widely-used testing framework for chess engines. By the late 1990s, the top engines had become so strong that few players stood a chance of winning a game against them. To give players more of a chance, engines began to include settings to adjust or limit their strength. In 2000, when Stefan Meyer-Kahlen and Franz Huber released the Universal Chess Interface protocol they included

832-405: Is partly due to the increase in processing power that enables calculations to be made to ever greater depths in a given time. In addition, programming techniques have improved, enabling the engines to be more selective in the lines that they analyze and to acquire a better positional understanding. A chess engine often uses a vast previously-computed opening "book" to increase its playing strength for

884-716: Is still included on many rating lists, such as CCRL and CEGT, in addition to Houdini , a derivative of the IPPOLIT derivative Robbolito, and Fire, a derivative of Houdini. In addition, Fat Fritz 2 , a derivative of Stockfish, is also included on most of the rating lists. There are a number of factors that vary among the chess engine rating lists: These differences affect the results, and make direct comparisons between rating lists difficult. Current rating lists and rating list organizations include: Historic rating lists and rating list organizations include: Engines can be tested by measuring their performance on specific positions. Typical

936-406: Is the use of test suites where for each given position there is one best move to find. These positions can be geared towards positional, tactical or endgame play. The Nolot test suite, for instance, focuses on deep sacrifices. The BT2450 and BT2630 test suites measure the tactical capability of a chess engine and have been used by REBEL . There is also a general test suite called Brilliancy which

988-454: The FIDE standard for notation). Pawn promotions are notated by appending = to the destination square, followed by the piece the pawn is promoted to. For example: e8=Q . If the move is a checking move, + is also appended; if the move is a checkmating move, # is appended instead. For example: e8=Q# . An annotator who wishes to suggest alternative moves to those actually played in

1040-446: The Universal Chess Interface , a more detailed protocol that introduced a wider set of features. Chessbase soon after dropped support for Winboard engines, and added support for UCI to their engine GUI's and Chessbase programs. Most of the top engines are UCI these days: Stockfish , Komodo , Leela Chess Zero , Houdini , Fritz 15-16, Rybka , Shredder , Fruit , Critter , Ivanhoe and Ruffian. From 1998,

1092-500: The computer hardware the engines use, in an attempt to measure the strength differences of the engines only. These lists provide not only a ranking, but also margins of error on the given ratings. The ratings on the rating lists, although calculated by using the Elo system (or similar rating methods), have no direct relation to FIDE Elo ratings or to other chess federation ratings of human players. Except for some man versus machine games which

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1144-414: The endgame . An endgame tablebase includes all possible endgame positions with a small amount of material. Each position is conclusively determined as a win, loss, or draw for the player whose turn it is to move, and the number of moves to the end with best play by both sides. The tablebase identifies for every position the move which will win the fastest against an optimal defense, or the move that will lose

1196-545: The Chess Engine Communication Protocol or Winboard engines, originally a subset of the GNU Chess command line interface. Also in 1994, Stephen J. Edwards released the Portable Game Notation (PGN) specification. It mentions PGN reading programs not needing to have a "full chess engine." It also mentions three "graphical user interfaces" (GUI): XBoard , pgnRead and Slappy the database. By

1248-649: The German company Millenium 2000 briefly moved from dedicated chess computers into the software market, developing the Millennium Chess System (MCS) protocol for a series of CD's containing ChessGenius or Shredder , but after 2001 ceased releasing new software. A more longstanding engine protocol has been used by the Dutch company, Lokasoft, which eventually took over the marketing of Ed Schröder's Rebel . Chess engines increase in playing strength continually. This

1300-399: The German translation for 'chess engine.' By early 1993, Marty Hirsch was drawing a distinction between commercial chess programs such as Chessmaster 3000 or Battle Chess on the one hand, and 'chess engines' such as ChessGenius or his own MChess Pro on the other. In his characterization, commercial chess programs were low in price, had fancy graphics, but did not place high on

1352-772: The King engine which was included. In 1995, Chessbase began offering the Fritz engine as a separate program within the Chessbase database program and within the Fritz GUI. Soon after, they added the Junior and Shredder engines to their product line up, packaging them within the same GUI as was used for Fritz. In the late 1990s, the Fritz GUI was able to run Winboard engines via an adapter, but after 2000, Chessbase simply added support for UCI engines, and no longer invested much effort in Winboard. In 2000, Stefan Meyer-Kahlen started selling Shredder in

1404-465: The SSDF ( Swedish Chess Computer Association ) rating lists while engines were more expensive, and did have high ratings. In 1994, Shay Bushinsky was working on an early version of his Junior program. He wanted to focus on the chess playing part rather than the graphics, and so asked Tim Mann how he could get Junior to communicate with Winboard . Tim's answer formed the basis for what became known as

1456-475: The SSDF had organized many years ago (when engines were far from today's strength), there is no calibration between any of these rating lists and player pools. Hence, the results which matter are the ranks and the differences between the ratings, and not the absolute values. Missing from many rating lists are IPPOLIT and its derivatives. Although very strong and open source , there are allegations from commercial software interests that they were derived from

1508-495: The US Blind Chess Association, notably Marilyn Bland and Eric (Ché) Martin. The key differences are 1. Translation for Output: For any existing database system, specialized chess symbols other than the basic are translated to text, because the more complex symbols are not available within a simple ASCII character set. The basic symbols are: For example, the chess symbol ∆ means “with the idea of.” Because this symbol

1560-405: The chess computer hardware made, and marketed by their company Sys-10, Inc. By 1990 the developers of Deep Blue , Feng-hsiung Hsu and Murray Campbell , were writing of giving their program a 'searching engine,' apparently referring to the software rather than the hardware. In December 1991, Computer-schach & Spiele referred to Chessbase 's recently released Fritz as a 'Schach-motor,'

1612-669: The complexity, and the contribution it has made to chess make it the most important game ever played." Some chess engines have been developed to play chess variants , adding the necessary code to simulate non-standard chess pieces , or to analyze play on non-standard boards. ChessV and Fairy-Max , for example, are both capable of playing variants on a chessboard up to 12×8 in size, such as Capablanca Chess (10×8 board). For larger boards, however, there are few chess engines that can play effectively, and indeed chess games played on an unbounded chessboard ( infinite chess ) are virtually untouched by chess-playing software, although theoretically

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1664-525: The end of the line) or a { (which continues until a } ). Comments do not nest. Here is the PGN format of the 29th game of the 1992 match played in Yugoslavia between Bobby Fischer and Boris Spassky : Many chess variants can be recorded using PGN, provided the names of the pieces can be limited to one character, usually a letter and not a number. They are typically noted with a tag named "Variant" giving

1716-459: The field with the free Lucas Chess GUI. All three can handle both UCI and Winboard engines. On Android, Aart Bik came out with Chess for Android, another free GUI, and Gerhard Kalab's Chess PGN Master and Peter Osterlund's Droidfish can also serve as GUIs for engines. The Computer Chess Wiki lists many chess GUIs. Portable Game Notation Portable Game Notation (PGN) is a standard plain text format for recording chess games (both

1768-413: The fields, and superfluous embedded spaces are usually skipped when parsing. PGN data for archival storage is required to provide seven tag pairs – together known as the " Seven Tag Roster ". In export format, these tag pairs must appear before any other tag pairs and in this order: The standard allows for other optional tag pairs. The more common ones include: The movetext describes the actual moves of

1820-530: The first several moves, up to possibly 20 moves or more in deeply analyzed lines. Some chess engines maintain a database of chess positions, along with previously-computed evaluations and best moves—in effect, a kind of "dictionary" of recurring chess positions. Since these positions are pre-computed, the engine merely plays one of the indicated moves in the database, thereby saving computing time, resulting in stronger, faster play. Some chess engines use endgame tablebases to increase their playing strength during

1872-477: The game may insert variations enclosed in parentheses. They may also comment on the game by inserting Numeric Annotation Glyphs (NAGs) into the movetext. Each NAG reflects a subjective impression of the move preceding the NAG or of the resultant position. If the game result is anything other than * , the result is repeated at the end of the movetext. Comments are inserted by either a ; (a comment that continues to

1924-609: The game. This includes move number indicators (numbers followed by either one or three periods; one if the next move is White's move, three if the next move is Black's move) and movetext in Standard Algebraic Notation (SAN). For most moves the SAN consists of the letter abbreviation for the piece, an x if there is a capture, and the two-character algebraic name of the final square the piece moved to. The letter abbreviations are K ( king ), Q ( queen ), R ( rook ), B ( bishop ), and N ( knight ). The pawn

1976-416: The late 2010s, free and open source programs have largely displaced commercial programs as the strongest engines in tournaments. Current tournaments include: Historic tournaments include: Chess engine rating lists aim to provide statistically significant measures of relative engine strength. These lists play multiple games between engines. Some also standardize the opening books, the time controls , and

2028-466: The mid-2000s, engines had become so strong that they were able to beat even the best human players. Except for entertainment purposes, especially using engines with limited strength, matches between humans and engines are now rare; engines are increasingly regarded as tools for analysis rather than as opponents. Common Winboard engines would include Crafty , ProDeo (based on Rebel ), Chenard, Zarkov and Phalanx. In 1995, Chessbase released

2080-515: The moves and related data ), which can be read by humans and is also supported by most chess software. PGN was devised around 1993, by Steven J. Edwards , and was first popularized and specified via the Usenet newsgroup rec.games.chess. PGN is structured "for easy reading and writing by human users and for easy parsing and generation by computer programs ." The chess moves themselves are given in algebraic chess notation using English initials for

2132-594: The name of the rules. The term "Variation" must be avoided, as that refers to the name of an opening variation. Note that traditional chess programs can only handle, at most, a few variants. Forsyth-Edwards Notation is used to record the starting position for variants (such as Chess960 ) which have initial positions other than the orthodox chess initial position. A proposed variant of pgn is Blind Game Notation, or BGN, for Blind Players. FIDE Master Kevin Bachler developed this variant in 2022 in conjunction with several members of

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2184-478: The name of the tag in plain ASCII text. The tag value is enclosed in double-quotes, and the tag is then terminated with a closing right bracket ] . A quote inside a tag value is represented by the backslash immediately followed by a quote. A backslash inside a tag value is represented by two adjacent backslashes. There are no special control codes involving escape characters, or carriage returns, and linefeeds to separate

2236-403: The parameters uci_limitstrength and uci_elo allowing engine authors to offer a variety of levels rated in accordance with Elo rating , as calibrated by one of the rating lists. Most GUIs for UCI engines allow users to set this Elo rating within the menus. Even engines that have not adopted this parameter will sometimes have an adjustable strength parameter (e.g. Stockfish 11). Engines which have

2288-425: The participation of over 50,000 people from more than 75 countries, deciding their moves by plurality vote . The game lasted four months, ending after Kasparov's 62nd move when he announced a forced checkmate in 28 moves found with the computer program Deep Junior . The World Team voters resigned on October 22. After the game, Kasparov said: "It is the greatest game in the history of chess. The sheer number of ideas,

2340-427: The pieces. The filename extension is .pgn . There are two formats in the PGN specification, the "import" format and the "export" format. The import format describes data that may have been prepared by hand, and is intentionally lax; a program that can read PGN data should be able to handle the somewhat lax import format. The export format is rather strict and describes data prepared under program control, similar to

2392-527: The relative strengths of chess engines. However, tournaments do not play a statistically significant number of games for accurate strength determination. In fact, the number of games that need to be played between fairly evenly matched engines, in order to achieve significance, runs into the thousands and is, therefore, impractical within the framework of a tournament. Most tournaments also allow any types of hardware, so only engine/hardware combinations are being compared. Historically, commercial programs have been

2444-417: The slowest against an optimal offense. Such tablebases are available for all chess endgames with seven pieces or fewer (trivial endgame positions are excluded, such as six white pieces versus a lone black king ). When the maneuvering in an ending to achieve an irreversible improvement takes more moves than the horizon of calculation of a chess engine, an engine is not guaranteed to find the best move without

2496-399: The software code. As of June 2017 , a total of more than 745 years of CPU time has been used to play more than 485 million chess games, with the results being used to make small and incremental improvements to the chess-playing software. In 2019, Ethereal author Andrew Grant started the distributed computing testing framework OpenBench, based upon Stockfish's testing framework, and it

2548-451: The strongest engines. If an amateur engine wins a tournament or otherwise performs well (for example, Zappa in 2005), then it is quickly commercialized. Titles gained in these tournaments garner much prestige for the winning programs, and are thus used for marketing purposes. However, after the rise of volunteer distributed computing projects such as Leela Chess Zero and Stockfish and testing frameworks such as FishTest and OpenBench in

2600-492: The use of an endgame tablebase, and in many cases can fall foul of the fifty-move rule as a result. Many engines use permanent brain (continuing to calculate during the opponent's turn) as a method to increase their strength. Distributed computing is also used to improve the software code of chess engines. In 2013, the developers of the Stockfish chess playing program started using distributed computing to make improvements in

2652-420: The user exploring with the cursor, which is tedious for the blind player. With this revised format, one can use the arrow down key to find when a vertical bar is announced, indicating a comment has begun. Double vertical bars indicating the closure of the comment are on a separate line, so anyone wishing to skip the comment can arrow down the line by line until they are announced. 3. Comments must never begin with

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2704-583: Was compiled mostly from How to Reassess Your Chess Workbook . The Strategic Test Suite (STS) tests an engine's strategical strength. Another modern test suite is Nightmare II which contains 30 chess puzzles. In 1999, Garry Kasparov played a chess game called "Kasparov versus the World" over the Internet , hosted by the MSN Gaming Zone . Both sides used computer (chess engine) assistance. The "World Team" included

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