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73-603: The founding stone was laid in 1910 to commemorate the 25th anniversary of the reign of Abdul Ahat Khan in Bukhara . By that time, the Muslim community of the Russian then-capital exceeded 8,000 people. The projected structure was capable of accommodating most of them. The architect Nikolai Vasilyev patterned the mosque after Gur-e-Amir , the tomb of Tamerlane in Samarkand . Its construction

146-408: A World Heritage Site . Genghis Khan besieged Bukhara for 15 days in 1220. As an important trading centre, Bukhara was home to a community of medieval Indian merchants from the city of Multan (modern-day Pakistan) who were noted to own land in the city. For several centuries, the cities of Bukhara av Khiva were known as major centers of the slave trade, and the Bukhara slave trade , alongside

219-479: A complex of buildings with two functions, ritual and shelter. The main edifice is a mosque. In spite of its unusual outward shape, the building has a typical interior for a Central Asian mosque. Owing to the buildings cupola, the room has good acoustic properties and therefore takes on special significance of 'dhikr-hana'—a place for ritualized 'dhikr' ceremonies of Sufi , the liturgy of which often include recitation, singing, and instrumental music. On either side of

292-497: A mosque in St. Petersburg. In 1906, the Minister formed a special committee headed by Ahun Ataulla Bayazitov to collect 750,000 rubles within 10 years for the construction of the mosque. They organised collections all over Russia and received donations from many sponsors. The largest donor was Said Abdoul Ahad, Emir of Bukhara , who undertook all expenses for the building. The location of

365-540: A sky blue colour. These were created by Peter Vaulin in his workshop in Kikerino . In addition, many skilled craftsmen from Central Asia took part working on the mosque. The facades are decorated with verses from the Qur'an using Arabic calligraphy. Internal columns are made from green marble. The mosque was covered by huge specially made carpets woven by Central Asian craftsmen. In 1940, Soviet authorities banned services and turned

438-578: A turquoise blue mosaic. On 3 February 1910, Ahun Bayazitov laid the cornerstone for the building, attended by government, religious and social figures. Among those who attended were Mohammed Alim Khan , the ambassadors of the Ottoman Empire , and Persia , and Tevkelev, the leader of the Muslim party in the Duma . The walls are made of grey granite and the dome and both minarets are covered with mosaic ceramics of

511-612: Is a mosque which is said to be that of Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani , the patron saint of Kashmiri Muslims in the Valley of Kashmir . Shirbudun Palace (Uzbek: Shirbudun saroyi ) is one of the Bukhara emirs' political building. The palace's construction started approximately 1870, under the reign of Muzaffar bin Nasrullah (1860–1885) in the Bukhara Emirate . Bukhara Prison is the prison of

584-495: Is associated with Abu Nasr Ahmad ibn Fazl ibn Muso al-Muzakkir al-Jandi. Nodir Devonbegi is a historical memorial in Bukhara, Uzbekistan . It was established by Nodir Devonbegi (Nodir Mirzo Togay ibn Sultan), the vizier and brother of the ruler of Bukhara, Imamquli Khan , around 1620–1621. The Khanaka has been included in the national list of intangible cultural heritage objects of Uzbekistan . About 140 miles (230 km) west of Samarkand in south-central Uzbekistan, Bukhara

657-629: Is called Albracca and described as a major city of Cathay . There, within its walled city and fortress, Angelica and the knights she has befriended make their stand when attacked by Agrican , emperor of Tartary . As described, this siege by Agrican resembles the historic siege by Genghis Khan in 1220. According to the official statistics, the city's population is 82% Uzbeks , 6% Russians , 4% Tajiks , 3% Tatars , 1% Koreans , 1% Turkmens , 1% Ukrainians , 2% of other ethnicities. However, official Uzbek numbers have for long been criticized and refuted by various observers and Western sources and it

730-587: Is included in the National List of Objects of Material Cultural Heritage of Uzbekistan of Republican Importance. Chashma-Ayub, or Job 's spring, is located near the Samani mausoleum. Its name is said to reflect a legend that states the prophet Job ("Ayub" in the Quran ) visited this place and brought forth a spring of water by the blow of his staff on the ground. The water of this well is said to be exceptionally pure, and

803-558: Is located on the Zeravshan River, at an elevation of 751 feet (229 meters). Bukhara has a typically Central Asian cool arid climate ( Köppen BWk ). The average maximum afternoon temperature in January is 6.6 °C or 43.9 °F, rising to an average maximum of around 37.2 °C or 99.0 °F in July. Mean annual precipitation is 135 millimetres or 5.31 inches. Water was important in

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876-405: Is regarded for its supposed "healing qualities." The current edifice at the site was constructed during the reign of Timur , and features a Khwarazm-style conical dome that is otherwise uncommon in the region. The Ismail Samani mausoleum (between 9th and 10th centuries), is one of the most highly esteemed work of Central Asian architecture. It was built in the 9th century (between 892 and 943) as

949-514: Is the seventh-largest city in Uzbekistan by population, with 280,187 residents as of 1 January 2020 . It is the capital of Bukhara Region . People have inhabited the region around Bukhara for at least five millennia, and the city has existed for half that time. Located on the Silk Road , the city has long served as a center of trade, scholarship, culture, and religion. Bukhara served as

1022-552: Is unknown. The whole oasis was called Bukhara in ancient times, and probably only in the tenth century was it finally transferred to the city. According to some scholars, the name dates back to the Sanskrit vihāra ( Buddhist monastery ). This word is very close to the word in the language of the Uyghur and Chinese Buddhists , who named their places of worship the same way. Very few artifacts related to Buddhism have survived into

1095-491: Is widely assumed that the population of the city consists mainly of Tajik-speaking Tajiks, with ethnic Uzbeks forming a growing minority. Exact figures are difficult to evaluate, since many people in Uzbekistan either identify as "Uzbek" even though they speak Tajik as their first language, or because they are registered as Uzbeks by the central government despite their Tajik language and identity. According to Soviet estimates in

1168-648: The M37 highway which continues to other places in Turkmenistan including Ashgabat . The city is also served by railroad links with the rest of Uzbekistan, and is a hub for roadways leading to all major cities in Uzbekistan and beyond, including Mazar-i-Sharif in Afghanistan via the M39 highway . The city of Samarkand is 215 km to the east of Bukhara. Bukhara city is the largest transport hub after Tashkent in Uzbekistan. Inside

1241-603: The Madrasah of Khalif Niyaz-kul ) is a building tucked away in a lane northeast of the Lyabi Hauz complex. The structure was built by Khalif Niyaz-kul, a wealthy Bukharan of Turkmen origin in the 19th century under the rule of the Janid dynasty . The four-towered structure is sometimes mistaken for a gate to the madras that once existed behind the structure; however, the Char-Minar is actually

1314-771: The Mazar-e-Quaid in Karachi , was modeled after the shrine. Built in 1712, on the opposite side of the citadel of Ark in Registan district, Bolo Haouz Mosque is inscribed in the UNESCO World Heritage Site list along with the other parts of the historic city. It served as a Friday mosque during the time when the emir of Bukhara was being subjugated under the Bolshevik Russian rule in the 1920s. Char Minor (alternatively spelled Chor Minor , and also alternatively known as

1387-903: The Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic . Fitzroy Maclean , then a young diplomat in the British Embassy in Moscow, made a surreptitious visit to Bokhara in 1938, sight-seeing and sleeping in parks. In his memoir Eastern Approaches , he judged it an "enchanted city" with buildings that rivalled "the finest architecture of the Italian Renaissance ". In the latter half of the 20th century, the war in Afghanistan and civil war in Tajikistan brought Dari - and Tajik-speaking refugees into Bukhara and Samarkand . After integrating themselves into

1460-461: The World Heritage Fund . Although the collapse resulted in destabilizing the entire structure, the authorities were anxious to keep awareness of the disaster to a minimum. Without explanation the building disappeared from the list of sights and after hurried reconstruction of the tower "using non-traditional building material, such as poor quality cement and steel" Char Minar returned as one of

1533-531: The Zarafshan Valley , Kulab , Jizzakh , and Ura Tepe . Within three years he was also able to subdue Zamin , Panjkent , and Falgar . Although Muhammad Rakhim Khan was not a descendant of Genghis Khan, through tough politics and good organization, he was able to achieve recognition of his power, ascend the throne and even take the title of Khan. Rahim Bi had to suppress the power of the local chieftains. He attacked Turghai Murad Burqut, ruler of Nurota and

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1606-529: The 16th Century. Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar was the last Persian emperor who attempted to retake the city just before his assassination, and by the 19th century the city had become a peripheral city in the Persian and the Islamic world, being ruled by local Emirs of Bukhara , who were the last Persianate princes before the fall of the city to the red army . At the beginning of the 11th century, Bukhara became part of

1679-636: The Amir of Bukhara. The prison was built in the second half of the 18th century, during the Mangit dynasty, and is located in the northwest corner of the ancient city, in the vicinity of the Hoja Nizamiddin Bolo burial site, around a hundred meters northeast of the Ark fortress, dating back to the middle centuries. Jandi Turki Mausoleum is situated on Namozgoh Street, in the old city section of Bukhara. The mausoleum

1752-527: The Bukhara Khanate dates back to the beginning of the 17th century. But the real growth of their power occurred after the appointment in 1712 of Khudayar-biy Manghit to the post of ataliq. His son Muhammad Hakim-biy took the post of divanbegi at the court of Abulfayz Khan. In 1715–1716, Khudayar-biy was removed from his post at the initiative of Ibrahim-parvanachi from the Uzbek family of keneges. In 1719–1720, after

1825-622: The Central Asian Turkic literary language, is currently kept in the Topkapi manuscript collection in Istanbul. The manuscript of his philosophical and religious work: "Bahr ul-Khudo", written in the Central Asian Turkic literary language in 1508, is located in London. Muhammad Shibani wrote poetry under the pseudonym "Shibani". He wrote a prose work called Risale-yi maarif-i Shibani. It was written in

1898-660: The English publications as exemplified by the writings and reports on the Emirate of Bukhara during the Great Game . Muhammad ibn Jafar Narshakhi in his History of Bukhara (completed AD 943–44) mentions: Bukhara has many names. One of its names was Numijkat. It has also been called "Bumiskat". It has 2 names in Arabic. One is "Madinat al Sufriya" meaning—"the copper city" and another is "Madinat Al Tujjar" meaning—"The city of Merchants". But,

1971-515: The Khanate was ruled by the Janid dynasty (Astrakhanids or Toqay Timurids). They were the last Genghisid descendants to rule Bukhara. In 1740, it was conquered by Nader Shah , the Shah of Iran . After his death in 1747, the khanate was controlled by the non-Genghisid descendants of the Uzbek emir Khudayar Bi, through the prime ministerial position of ataliq . In 1785, his descendant, Shah Murad , formalized

2044-712: The Miyankal province between Samarqand and Bukhara. The latter was forced to accept Bukharan sovereignty. In 1753 Rahim Bi attacked Urgut and subjugated Shahr-i Sabz , Hissar, and Kulab. In 1754 he successfully incorporated Khujand , Tashkent , and Turkestan into the khanate. In November 1762, Bukharan armies conquered the town of Charjuy and subdued the Turkmen. Muhammad Shibani was fond of poetry, and Turkic language collections of his poetry are extant today. There are sources that Muhammad Shibani wrote poetry in both Turkic and Persian. The "Divan" of Muhammad Shibani's poems, written in

2117-614: The Shibani-nama, while the, Tawarikh-i Guzida-yi Nusrat-nama , was sponsored by the Khan himself. The Khan also inspired two Persian histories by Bina'i and Shadi, while patronizing the translations of six works from Persian into Chaghatai. In the Abu'l-Khayrid era in the Bukhara Khanate, Agha-i Buzurg or "Great Lady" was a famous scholarly woman- Sufi (she died in 1522–23), she was also called "Mastura Khatun". Abd al-Aziz Khan (1540–1550) established

2190-456: The Soviet era, diversion of irrigation water from the two rivers that feed Uzbekistan, and the lack of water treatment plants have caused health and environmental problems on a large scale. Bukhara International Airport has regularly scheduled flights to cities in Uzbekistan and Russia. The Turkmenistan border is about 80 km away with the nearest city there being Türkmenabat , connected via

2263-722: The Turkic state of the Karakhanids . The rulers of the Karakhanids built many buildings in Bukhara: the Kalyan minaret, the Magoki Attori mosque, palaces and parks. Bukhara lies west of Samarkand and was previously a focal point of learning eminent all through the Persian and the Islamic world. It is the old neighborhood of the incomparable Sheik Naqshbandi . He was a focal figure in the advancement of

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2336-616: The Turkic-Chagatai language in 1507 shortly after his capture of Khorasan and is dedicated to his son, Muhammad Timur-Sultan (the manuscript is kept in Istanbul). Ubaydullah Khan was a very educated person, he skillfully recited the Koran and provided it with comments in the Turkic language, was a gifted singer and musician. The formation of the most significant court literary circle in Maverannahr in

2409-504: The army. In 1506 he died, being succeeded by his two sons (Badi' al-Zaman Mirza and Muzaffar Husayn Mirza). Despite their differences, they agreed to jointly field an army against the Uzbeks. They assembled their forces along the Murghab River , allying with Babur to crush Muhammad Shibani. In 1506 Shibani captured Balkh, and the allied Timurid force disintegrated on its own. Finally in 1507 he

2482-482: The assassination of Abulfayz Khan, the actual power was completely in the hands of Muhammad Rahim. Until 1756, the nominal rulers were the Ashtarkhanid babies Abdulmumin Khan (1747–1751), Ubaydallah Khan III (1751–1754) and Abulgazi Khan (1754–1756). Muhammad Rahim himself married the daughter of Abulfayz Khan. Under Mohammad Rahim Bi, the Bukhara Khanate was able to expand to the regions of Hissar , Samarqand , Urgut ,

2555-491: The building into a medical equipment storehouse. At the request of the first Indonesian President, Sukarno , ten days after his visit to the city, the mosque was returned to the Muslim religious community of St. Petersburg in 1956. A major restoration of the mosque was carried out in 1980. 59°57′19″N 30°19′26″E  /  59.955247°N 30.323896°E  / 59.955247; 30.323896 Bukhara Bukhara ( / b ʊ ˈ x ɑːr ə / buu- KHAR -ə )

2628-470: The capital of the Khanate of Bukhara , and Emirate of Bukhara . It was the birthplace of the scholar Imam Bukhari . The city has been known as "Noble Bukhara" ( Bukhārā-ye sharīf ). Bukhara has about 140 architectural monuments. UNESCO has listed the historic center of Bukhara (which contains numerous mosques and madrasas ) as a World Heritage Site . The exact name of the city of Bukhara in ancient times

2701-417: The central edifice are located dwelling rooms, some of which have collapsed, leaving only their foundations visible. Consequently, for full functioning of madrasah only of classroom and some utility rooms is lacking. However, it was common practice that so-called madrasahs had no lecture rooms or, even if they had, no lectures had been given in them. These madrasahs were employed as student hospices. Each of

2774-518: The city of Merv in 1510. Khorasan and Khwarazm were conquered by Iran and Samarqand was briefly lost to Babur in 1512. However, he was unable to establish his presence there for long and soon the Uzbeks were able to reclaim their lost territory. However, Khwarazm permanently became independent, becoming the Khanate of Khiva . It was ruled by the Arabshahids, another branch of the Shibanids. Khwarazm

2847-433: The city there is facility of bus transportation. There are over 45 bus lines. Majority of them have been equipped with ISUZU buses but some buses are being brought from China. By the number of buses and bus routes facilities Bukhara is the largest after Tashkent in Uzbekistan. Bukhara recorded a population of 279,200 in 2019. Bukhara (along with Samarkand) is one of the two major centers of Uzbekistan's Tajik minority. Bukhara

2920-509: The conflict between the two was the Battle of Sar-i Pul in the spring of 1501, which resulted in Babur's defeat. In 1505 Muhammad Shibani took Urgench after a 10-month siege, resulting in the annexation of Khwarazm. The ruler of Herat, Sultan Husayn Bayqara , attempted to launch a campaign to Transoxiana but it proved to be abortive. When he decided to take the field, he was no longer capable of leading

2993-547: The country from war and strengthening his power. He had five sons: Muhammad Badal-biy, Kurban-mirahur (died in 1733), Muhammad Rahim, Yav Kashti-biy, Barat-sultan. His third son, Muhammad Rahim, joined Nadir Shah and participated in his further campaigns. Since 1740, the actual power in the Bukhara Khanate was in the hands of the last ataliqs from the Uzbek clan Manghit, Muhammad Hakim-biy (1740–1743), Muhammad Rakhim (1745–1753) and Daniyal-biy (1758–1785). The Bukhara khans turned out to be completely dependent on them. In 1747, after

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3066-587: The districts of Qarakul , Wardanzi , Wabkent , and Ghijduwan were under the new Bukharan khan, Abu'l-Fayz. Other sources report that his authority didn't stretch beyond the Bukharan citadel. The Ashtarkhanids were replaced by the Uzbek Manghit dynasty , whose members ruled Bukhara until 1920. The beginning of the strengthening of the political influence of representatives of the Uzbek Manghit aristocracy in

3139-494: The early 20th century (based on numbers from 1913 and 1917), the Tajiks formed the overwhelming majority of city. The religion with the largest community of followers is Islam . But there are also Christian and Jewish minorities. Many notable people lived in Bukhara in the past. Among them are: The following is a list of Bukhara's sister cities : Khanate of Bukhara The Khanate of Bukhara (or Khanate of Bukhoro )

3212-589: The emir's citadel (the Ark ) was destroyed and the red flag was raised from the top of Kalyan Minaret . On 14 September 1920, the All-Bukharan Revolutionary Committee was set up, headed by A. Mukhitdinov. The government—the Council of People's Nazirs (see nāẓir )—was presided over by Fayzulla Xoʻjayev . The Bukharan People's Soviet Republic existed from 1920 to 1924 when the city was integrated into

3285-572: The family's dynastic rule ( Manghit dynasty), and the khanate became the Emirate of Bukhara . The Manghits were non-Genghisid and took the Islamic title of Emir instead of Khan since their legitimacy was not based on descent from Genghis Khan. The first dynasty to rule the khanate was the Abu'l-Khayrid dynasty, which reigned from 1501 until 1598. They were a branch of the Shibanids and claimed descent from Genghis Khan through his son Jochi. The ancestor of

3358-470: The famous historians, Abdurahman Tole, Muhammad Amin Bukhari, Mutribi should be noted. In the sources of the second half of the 17th century, the expression "92 Uzbek tribes" is used in relation to the part of the population of the Bukhara Khanate. After the assassination of Ubaydullah Khan on 18 March 1711, the Bukharan state disintegrated into multiple different principalities. According to Chekhovich, only

3431-431: The first half of the 16th century is associated with the name of Ubaydullah Khan. Ubaydullah Khan himself wrote poetry in Turkic, Persian and Arabic under the literary pseudonym Ubaydiy. A collection of his poems has survived to this day. Turkish historiography increased in the early 16th century, though their production were relatively few. Muhammad Shibani Khan's reign influenced one Chagatai's Turkish historical work,

3504-513: The flight of Ibrahim-bey from Bukhara, Khudayar-bey, who was in Balkh, was allowed to return to power, giving him the inheritance of Karshi, which was the result of the policy of his son Muhammad Hakim-bey. In 1721, Muhammad Hakim-biy was appointed ataliq. During the campaign of the Afsharid ruler of Persia Nadir Shah to Maverannahr in 1740, Muhammad Hakim-biy went to peace negotiations with him, thus saving

3577-433: The four towers has different decorational motifs. Some say that elements of decoration reflect the four religions known to Central Asians. One can find elements reminiscent of a cross, a Christian fish motif, and a Buddhist praying-wheel, in addition to Zoroastrian and Islamic motifs. In 1995, due to an underground brook, one of the four towers collapsed and emergency assistance was applied for and granted by UNESCO under

3650-422: The hot, dry climate of Central Asia , so from ancient times, irrigation farming was developed. Cities were built near rivers, and water channels were built to serve the entire city. Uncovered reservoirs, known as hauzes , were constructed. Special covered water reservoirs, or sardobas , were built along caravan routes to supply travelers and their animals with water. However, the heavy use of agrochemicals during

3723-432: The inscription Baqi Muhammad Bahadurkhan and the names of the first four caliphs. During this period, the Uzbek poet Turdy wrote critical poems and called for the unity of 92 tribal Uzbek people. The most famous Uzbek poet is Mashrab , writing in both Chagatai and Persian , who composed a number of poems in that are still popular today. In the 17th and early 18th centuries, historical works were written in Persian. Among

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3796-429: The local Tajik population, these cities face a movement for annexation into Tajikistan with which the cities have no common border. The Boboyi Poradoz Mausoleum ( Uzbek : Boboyi Poradoʻz maqbarasi) is a monument of architecture in Bukhara Region . The mausoleum was built in the 19th century and is located behind the Salakhona gate. Today the mausoleum is located opposite the Ibn Sina Library of Bukhara. The mausoleum

3869-509: The modern day in the city. But, numerous Arabic, Persian, European and Chinese travellers and historians noted the place and Uzbekistan itself to be once populated by mostly Buddhists and few Zoroastrians. Indeed, the first Islamic text on Bukhara relates to the first Arab invader of Bukhara, Ubaidullah bin Ziad, who noted Bukhara to be a Buddhist country with Buddhist monasteries ruled by a queen regent acting on behalf of her son. According to other sources (such as Encyclopædia Iranica ),

3942-425: The mosque was symbolic, sited opposite the Peter and Paul Fortress , in the city centre. The permission to purchase the site was given by Emperor Nicholas II in Peterhof on 3 July 1907. That autumn, the committee approved the project by architect Nikolai Vasilyev , engineer Stepan Krichinsky , with construction overseen by Alexander von Hohen . The building facade was made by combining both oriental ornaments and

4015-431: The most popular sights of the city, yet the event has been kept secret ever since. On the esplanade to the right from Char-Minar is a pool, likely of the same age as the rest of the building complex. Char Minar is now surrounded mainly by small houses and shops along its perimeter. The former Magoki Attori mosque was constructed in the 9th century on the remains of what may have been an older Zoroastrian temple. The mosque

4088-515: The mysterious Sufi way to deal with theory, religion and Islam. It is now the capital of Bukhara Region ( viloyat ) of Uzbekistan . Located on the Silk Road , the city has long been a center of trade, scholarship, culture, and religion. During the golden age of the Samanids , Bukhara became a major intellectual center of the Islamic world , and was renowned for its numerous libraries. The historic center of Bukhara, which contains numerous mosques and madrassas , has been listed by UNESCO as

4161-416: The name Bukhara is possibly derived from the Sogdian βuxārak ('Place of Good Fortune'), a name for Buddhist monasteries. In the Tang dynasty , and other successive dynasties of Imperial China, Bukhara was known under the name of Bǔhē (捕喝), which has been replaced in Chinese by the modern generic phonetic spelling Bùhālā (布哈拉). Between the 19th and 20th centuries, Bukhara was known as Bokhara in

4234-513: The name Bukhara is the original name and more known than all the other names. In Khorasan , there is no other city with so many names. Since the Middle Ages, the city has been known as Bukhārā / بخارا in Arabic and Persian sources. The modern Uzbek spelling is Buxoro . The city's name was mythologized as Albracca in the Italian epic poem Orlando Innamorato , published in 1483 by Matteo Maria Boiardo . The history of Bukhara stretches back millennia. Along with Samarkand , Bukhara

4307-558: The neighboring slave trade in Khiva , has been referred to as the "slave capitals of the world". Bukhara was the last capital of the Emirate of Bukhara and was besieged by the Red Army during the Russian Civil War . During the Bukhara operation of 1920 , Red Army troops under the command of Bolshevik general Mikhail Frunze attacked the city of Bukhara. On 31 August 1920, the Emir Alim Khan fled to Dushanbe in Eastern Bukhara (later he escaped from Dushanbe to Kabul in Afghanistan ). On 2 September 1920, after four days of fighting,

4380-473: The region still had large populations of Zoroastrians who had begun to convert to Islam around that time. The shrine is also regarded as one of the oldest monuments in the Bukhara region. At the time of Genghis Khan 's invasion, the shrine was said to have already been buried in mud from flooding. Thus, when the Mongol hordes reached Bukhara, the shrine was spared from their destruction. The mausoleum of Pakistan's founding father, Muhammad Ali Jinnah , known as

4453-479: The resting-place of Ismail Samani —the founder of the Samanid dynasty , which was the last native Persian dynasty to rule the region in the 9th to 10th centuries, after the Samanids established virtual independence from the Abbasid Caliphate in Baghdad . The site is unique for its architectural style which combines both Zoroastrian and Islamic motifs. The building's facade is covered in intricately decorated brick work, which features circular patterns reminiscent of

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4526-537: The ruling Abu'l-Khayrids, Abu'l Khayr Khan , established an empire that by the time of his death in 1469 stretched from Siberia to the Syr Darya river. He controlled the cities of Sighnaq , Suzaq, Arquq, Uzgend , and Yassi along the Syr Darya. However, the Uzbek tribes remained nomadic, living a life on the steppe, and Abu'l Khayr Khan had no interest in conquering the lands of Transoxiana or Khorasan . Following his death, his empire broke up into smaller pieces led by sultans and tribal chieftains. One of these units

4599-405: The sun—a common image in Zoroastrian art from the region at that time which is reminiscent of the Zoroastrian god, Ahura Mazda, who is typically represented by fire and light. The building's shape is cuboid, and reminiscent of the Ka'aba in Makkah, while the domed roof is a typical feature of mosque architecture. The syncretic style of the shrine is reflective of the 9th and 10th centuries—a time when

4672-410: Was able to take Herat and the rest of the Timurid lands. By this time he ousted the Timurids from Qunduz , Balkh , Khorasan, Khwarazm , and other regions and incorporated them into his empire. However Shah Isma'il I of the newly founded Safavid Empire , wishing to conquer the Timurid lands for himself and enraged by Shibani's staunch Sunnism, invaded Khorasan and killed Mohammad Shibani outside

4745-419: Was also home to the Bukharan Jews , whose ancestors settled in the city during Roman times. Most Bukharian Jews left Bukhara between 1925 and 2000. Ali-Akbar Dehkhoda defines the name Bukhara itself as meaning "full of knowledge", referring to the fact that in antiquity, Bukhara was a scientific and scholarship powerhouse. In the Italian romantic epic Orlando innamorato by Matteo Maria Boiardo , Bukhara

4818-401: Was an Uzbek state in Central Asia from 1501 to 1785, founded by the Abu'l-Khayrid dynasty, a branch of the Shaybanids . From 1533 to 1540, Bukhara briefly became its capital during the reign of Ubaidullah Khan . The Khanate reached its greatest extent and influence under its penultimate Abu'l-Khayrid ruler, the scholarly Abdullah Khan II (r. 1557–1598). In the 17th and 18th centuries,

4891-407: Was born and raised in Bukhara and wrote his most famous poem about the beauty of the city. For this purpose, Bukhara had continuously served as the most important of cities in many Persianate empires, namely Samanids , Karakhanids , Khwarazmids , and Timurids . The influence of Bukhara in the wider Islamic world started to diminish starting from the arrival of another Turkic dynasty of Uzbeks in

4964-407: Was briefly conquered by Ubaidullah Khan (1533–1539) but shortly after it became independent once again. The Janid dynasty (descendants of Astrakhanids ) ruled the Khanate from 1599 until 1747. Yar Muhammad and his family had escaped from Astrakhan after Astrakhan fell to Russians. He had a son named Jani Muhammad who had two sons named Baqi Muhammad and Vali Muhammad Khan from his wife, who

5037-411: Was completed by 1921. Worshippers are separated by gender during worship service; women worship on the upper floor, while the men worship on the ground floor. During World War II , the mosque was closed, and it was only reopened in 1956, during the Cold War . In 1882, Selim-Giray Tevkelev who in 1865 was appointed the Mufti of Orenburg obtained permission, from minister Count Tolstoy , to build

5110-419: Was destroyed and rebuilt more than once, and the oldest part now remaining is the south façade, which dates from the 12th century—making it one of the oldest surviving structures in Bukhara, and one of few which survived the onslaught of Genghis Khan. Lower than the surrounding ground level, the mosque was excavated in 1935. It no longer functions as a mosque, but, rather, houses a carpet museum. In Bukhara there

5183-552: Was led by Muhammad Shibani , Abu'l Khayr's grandson. He was well-educated, had great military intellect, and desired to conquer the sedentary lands of Mawarannahr for himself. In the 1490s Muhammad Shibani swept through Central Asia and conquered Samarqand, Bukhara, Tashkent , and Andijan from 1500 to 1503. One of his most ferocious enemies was Zahir ud-Din Muhammad Babur , the Timurid prince of Ferghana . He managed to briefly occupy Samarqand from Muhammad Shibani, and attempted on two other occasions to take it. A turning point in

5256-515: Was the daughter of the last Shaybanid ruler. The son of Din Muhammad Sultan – Baqi Muhammad Khan in 1599 defeated Pir Muhammad Khan II, who had lost his authority. He became the real founder of a new dynasty of Janids or Ashtarkhanids in the Bukhara Khanate (1599–1756). Baqi Muhammad Khan, despite his short reign, carried out administrative, tax and military reforms in the country, which contributed to its further development. He issued coins with

5329-527: Was the epicentre of the Persian culture in medieval Asia until the fall of Timurid dynasty . By 850, Bukhara served as the capital of the Samanid Empire , and was the birthplace of Imam Bukhari . The Samanids, claiming descent from Bahram Chobin , rejuvenated Persian culture far from Baghdad , the centre of the Islamic world. New Persian flourished in Bukhara and Rudaki , the father of Persian poetry ,

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