Odo the Great (also called Eudes or Eudo ) (died 735–740), was the Duke of Aquitaine by 700. His territory included Vasconia in the south-west of Gaul and the Duchy of Aquitaine (at that point located north-east of the river Garonne ), a realm extending from the Loire to the Pyrenees , with the capital in Toulouse . He fought the Carolingian Franks and made alliances with the Moors to combat them. He retained this domain until 735. He is remembered for defeating the Umayyads in 721 in the Battle of Toulouse . He was the first to defeat them decisively in Western Europe. The feat earned him the epithet "the Great". He also played a crucial role in the Battle of Tours , working closely with Charles Martel , whose alliance he sought after the Umayyad invasion of what is now southern France in 732.
37-462: Hubert of Liège ( Latinized : Hubertus ) ( c. 656 – 30 May 727 A.D. ) was a Christian saint who became the first bishop of Liège in 708 A.D. He is the patron saint of hunters, mathematicians, opticians and metalworkers. Known as the "Apostle of the Ardennes ", he was called upon, until the early 20th century, to cure rabies through the use of the traditional Saint Hubert's Key . Hubert
74-499: A Good Friday morning, while the faithful were in church, Hubert was hunting in the forest. As he pursued a magnificent stag or hart , the animal turned and Hubert was astounded to see a crucifix floating between its antlers. He heard a voice saying: "Hubert unless thou turnest to the Lord and leadest a holy life, thou shalt quickly go down into Hell." Hubert dismounted and prostrated himself, and after asking "Lord, what wouldst Thou have me do?"
111-512: A bishop who received him kindly and became his spiritual director. Hubert renounced all his very considerable honors and gave up his birthright to the Aquitaine to his younger brother, Odo , whom he made guardian of his infant son, Floribert. Having distributed all his personal wealth among the poor, Lambert sent him to the Ardennes to live amongst the people and the forest creatures. Hubert studied for
148-595: A major defeat upon Al-Samh ibn Malik al-Khawlani at the Battle of Toulouse , the first major battle lost by the Muslim Umayyad forces in their military campaign northwards, claiming the lives of thousands of Umayyad soldiers. The victory was celebrated with gifts from Pope Gregory II , who declared the Aquitanian duke a champion of Roman Christianity and solidified his independence. In order to help secure his borders against
185-741: A playful element of punning. Such names could be a cover for humble social origins. The title of the " Wilhelmus ", national anthem of the Netherlands , preserves a Latinised form of the name of William the Silent . In English, place names often appear in Latinised form. This is a result of many early text books mentioning the places being written in Latin. Because of this, the English language often uses Latinised forms of foreign place names instead of anglicised forms or
222-477: Is a Latinized form of "Hubert". Other forms of the name include Hugubert, Hughbert, Hugo , Hubrecht, Hugubrecht, Hudson, and Hugh . Hubert was born about the year 656, the eldest son of a Frankish duke. At the age of 10 he nearly died from a fever. As a youth, Hubert was sent to the Neustrian court of Theuderic III ( r. 673–691 ) at Paris, where his charm and agreeable address led to his investment with
259-539: Is currently enjoying a revival in France. These hunters apply a specific set of ethics, rituals, rules, and tactics that date from the early Middle Ages. Hubert is venerated every year by the hunts in formal ceremonies. In Belgium, the feast day of St Hubert ( Fête de la Saint-Hubert , in French) is marked by blessings of horses, dogs, and other animals, not necessarily those involved with hunts. The St. Hubert Club of Great Britain
296-1366: Is dedicated to responsible deer management. The St. Hubertus Club Chicago is a German cultural organization that promotes German heritage and hunting in the German tradition. The Svätý Anton manor house , which houses a Forestry, Wood and Hunting Museum, hosts a festival, St. Hubertus Days each September in Svätý Anton , Slovakia . Other institutions named after St. Hubert include St. Hubert Catholic School ( Chanhassen, Minnesota ), St. Hubert Catholic School ( Hoffman Estates, Illinois ), St Hubert Catholic High School For Girls ( Philadelphia ), St. Hubert School , ( Calgary, Alberta, Canada ), Saint-Hubert Flying College ( Saint-Hubert, Quebec ), Collège St-Hubert ( Auderghem , Belgium ), Our Lady & St. Hubert's Catholic Primary School ( Dudley , England ). Catholic Concern for Animals confers awards annually to honor exceptional individuals who have made outstanding contributions towards advancing animal welfare and status in human society. In particular, their "St Hubert Award" recognizes persons who have given up activities that exploit animals to become examples of compassionate living. Latinisation of names Latinisation (or Latinization ) of names , also known as onomastic Latinisation ,
333-436: Is obscure, as are his ancestry and ethnicity. One theory suggests that he was of Roman origin as contemporary Frankish chroniclers refer to his father as an enemy Roman. Several Dukes of Aquitaine have been suggested as Odo's father: Boggis or Bertrand, or Duke Lupus I . According to the spurious Charte d'Alaon , Hubertus was one of Odo's brothers. Odo succeeded to the ducal throne maybe as early as 679 (probable date of
370-476: Is the practice of rendering a non - Latin name in a modern Latin style. It is commonly found with historical proper names , including personal names and toponyms , and in the standard binomial nomenclature of the life sciences. It goes further than romanisation , which is the transliteration of a word to the Latin alphabet from another script (e.g. Cyrillic ). For authors writing in Latin, this change allows
407-462: Is told, "Go and seek Lambert , and he will instruct you." The story of the stag first appears in one of the later legendary hagiographies ( Bibliotheca hagiographic Latina , nos. 3994–4002) and has been appropriated from the legend of Saint Eustace a.k.a. Placidus (Placidus was Eustace's name before he was baptized). The stag story was only attributed to Saint Hubert in the 15th century. Hubert set out immediately for Maastricht , to meet Lambert,
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#1732880409947444-535: The Merovingian kingdoms .) Hubert moved to the Austrasian court where he was warmly welcomed by Pepin of Herstal , Mayor of the palace, who entitled him almost immediately Grand Master of the household. Hubert's wife died giving birth to their son Floribert, and his grief prompted him to retreat from the court. He withdrew into the forests of the Ardennes and gave himself up entirely to hunting. Legend holds that on
481-658: The Archbishop-Elector of Cologne . Hubert, along with Quirinus of Neuss , Cornelius and Anthony , was venerated as one of the Four Holy Marshals ( Vier Marschälle Gottes ) in the Rhineland . The St. Hubertus Orden ( Order of Saint Hubert ), a chivalric order , was founded in 1444 by Gerhard V of Jülich and Berg . In the Anglican Communion , at least two churches have been dedicated to Saint Hubert within
518-454: The Church of England . St. Hubert of Liège is patron of archers; dogs; forest workers; trappers; hunting and huntsmen; opticians; mathematicians; metal workers; smelters and the city of Liège. St. Hubert has been described as the patron saint of hunters and is honored by sportsmen as the originator of ethical hunting behavior. However, he renounced hunting after having his vision of encountering
555-713: The Mayor of the Palace Ragenfrid , who may have offered recognition of his kingship over Aquitaine. They were fighting against the Austrasian mayor of the palace , Charles Martel , but after the defeat of Chilperic at Soissons that year, he made peace with Charles by surrendering to him the Neustrian king and his treasures. Odo was also obliged to fight both the Umayyads and the Franks who invaded his kingdom. On 9 June 721 he inflicted
592-542: The Rhine . He gained the trust (and the faith) of its people through the outdoorsman skills he acquired in his hunting life. He became a sought authority whenever matters of the forest came up. Hubert died peacefully in a place called Fura , located 30 miles from Liège, 30 May 727 or 728. Initially he was buried in the collegiate St Peter's Church, Liège , but his bones were transported to the Benedictine Abbey of Amdain in
629-450: The see being removed from Maastricht to Liège, then only a small village. This laid the foundation of the future greatness of Liège, of which Lambert is honored as patron, and Hubert as founder and first bishop. Hubert actively evangelized among pagans in the extensive Ardennes forests and in Toxandria , a district stretching from near Tongeren to the confluence of the rivers Waal and
666-656: The Ardennes in 825. The abbey became a locus for pilgrimages, until Hubert's coffin disappeared during the Reformation . His feast day is 3 November, probably the date of the translation of his relics to Amdain. Hubert was widely venerated in the Middle Ages and partly because of his noble birth, several military orders were named after him: the Bavarian , the Bohemian International Order of St. Hubertus and that of
703-671: The Umayyads, he married his daughter Lampegia , to the Muslim Berber rebel lord Uthman ibn Naissa, called " Munuza " by the Franks, the deputy governor of what would later become Catalonia . In 731, the Frankish leader Charles Martel, after defeating the Saxons, turned his attention to the rival southern realm of Aquitaine, denounced Odo's alliance with Uthman ibn Naissa , and crossed the Loire, so breaking
740-648: The battle, Charles headed back north to his domains in Francia—Neustria and Austrasia—and duke Odo was left as ruler in Aquitaine and Vasconia. Duke Odo abdicated or died in 735 and was succeeded by his son Hunald . However, he may have died in a monastery where he retreated, perhaps as late as 740. Odo the Great's popularity in Aquitaine is attested by the Vita Pardulfi . The name of the character of king Yon de Gascogne in
777-630: The death of Lupus) or 688. Other dates are possible, including 692, but he was certainly in power by 700. The historian Jean de Jaurgain cites him as fighting in 711 against the Visigoth Roderic in Pamplona . In 715 he declared himself independent during the civil war raging in Gaul. It is not likely that he ever took the title of king. In 718, he appears raising an army of Basques ( "hoste Vasconum commota" ) as an ally of Chilperic II of Neustria and
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#1732880409947814-399: The dignity of "count of the palace" . Like many nobles of the time, Hubert was a hunting enthusiast. About this time (682), Hubert married Floribanne, daughter of Dagobert, Count of Leuven . (Their son Floribert of Liège later would succeed his father as Bishop of Liège - in office: 727 to c. 737 ; bishoprics were all but accounted as fiefs heritable in the great families of
851-629: The early 19th century, Europe had largely abandoned Latin as a scholarly language (most scientific studies and scholarly publications are printed in English), but a variety of fields still use Latin terminology as the norm. By tradition, it is still common in some fields to name new discoveries in Latin. And because Western science became dominant during the 18th and 19th centuries, the use of Latin names in many scholarly fields has gained worldwide acceptance, at least when European languages are being used for communication. Odo of Aquitaine His earlier life
888-419: The hunter ought to only shoot when a clean, quick, and therefore humane kill is assured. He ought to shoot only old stags which are past their prime breeding years and forego a much-anticipated shot on a trophy to instead euthanize a sick or injured animal that might appear on the scene. Further, one ought never to shoot a female with young in tow, to assure the young deer have a mother to guide them to food during
925-468: The later Middle Ages, this location was claimed to have been identified as Tervuren near Brussels ; recent scholarship, however, considers Voeren (Fourons), a location much closer to Liège than Brussels, to be the saint's likelier resting place. His feast day is 3 November. Hubert of Liège was a Frank ; the Franks were originally a Germanic people . Hubert is a Germanic masculine given name, from hug "mind" and beraht "bright". "Hubertus"
962-501: The name to function grammatically in a sentence through declension . In a scientific context, the main purpose of Latinisation may be to produce a name which is internationally consistent. Latinisation may be carried out by: Humanist names, assumed by Renaissance humanists , were largely Latinised names, though in some cases (e.g. Melanchthon ) they invoked Ancient Greek . Latinisation in humanist names may consist of translation from vernacular European languages, sometimes involving
999-677: The original names. Examples of Latinised names for countries or regions are: Latinisation is a common practice for scientific names . For example, Livistona , the name of a genus of palm trees, is a Latinisation of Livingstone . During the age of the Roman Empire , translation of names into Latin (in the West) or Greek (in the East) was common. Additionally, Latinised versions of Greek substantives , particularly proper nouns , could easily be declined by Latin speakers with minimal modification of
1036-627: The original word. During the medieval period , after the Empire collapsed in Western Europe , the main bastion of scholarship was the Roman Catholic Church , for which Latin was the primary written language. In the early medieval period, most European scholars were priests and most educated people spoke Latin, and as a result, Latin became firmly established as the scholarly language for the West. By
1073-485: The palaces of Neustria and Austrasia , of the impending threat and to appeal for assistance in fighting the Arab–Berber advance, which he received in exchange for accepting formal Frankish overlordship. The duke, aged almost 80, joined Charles Martel's troops and was to form the Frankish army's left flank, while the Umayyads and the multinational army commanded by Charles built up their forces somewhere between Vienne and
1110-600: The peace treaty held with Odo. Charles Martel ransacked Aquitaine twice, seizing Bourges , too, and Odo engaged the Frankish troops but was defeated. Charles went back to Francia. Meanwhile, the Umayyads were gathering forces to attack Odo's ally in the Pyrenean region of Cerdanya (maybe Catalonia) Uthman ibn Naissa. In 731, the Berber lord was subject to the attack of an expedition led by Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi , overcoming and killing
1147-408: The poor, was diligent in fasting and prayer, and became well known for his eloquence in the pulpit. In 720, in obedience to a vision, Hubert translated St. Lambert's remains from Maastricht to Liège with great pomp and ceremony, with several neighboring bishops assisting. A basilica for the relics was built upon the site of Lambert's martyrdom , and was consecrated as a cathedral the following year,
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1184-622: The priesthood, was ordained, and soon afterward became one of Lambert's chief associates in the administration of his diocese. At the request of Lambert, Hubert made a pilgrimage to Rome in 708 in Lambert's name, but during his absence, Lambert was assassinated in Liège by the followers of Pepin. According to the hagiographies of Hubert, this act was simultaneously revealed to the pope in a vision, together with an injunction to appoint Hubert bishop of Maastricht . Hubert distributed his episcopal revenues among
1221-528: The rebel leader, and capturing Odo's daughter, who was sent as prisoner to a harem in Damascus. Busy as Odo was trying to fend off Charles's thrust, he didn't make it to help his ally. In 732, Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi's troops raided Vasconia, advanced towards Bordeaux and ransacked the city. Odo engaged them but was defeated by the Umayyads near Bordeaux . Following the defeat, Odo re-organised his scattered forces, and ran north to warn Charles Martel , Mayor of
1258-539: The river Clain to the north of Poitiers in preparation for the so-called Battle of Tours (732, or possibly 733). Odo led his forces to play a major role in defeating the Umayyad army when they broke into the main Cordovan camp and set fire to it, sparking confusion and wreaking havoc with the enemy's rearguard . The alliance defeated the Umayyads at the Battle of Tours in 732, and expelled them from Aquitaine. After
1295-538: The stag, as it was believed that God had seen his hunting life as an unholy , sacrilegious one which would lead him to Hell . When Hubert became a priest, clergy were subsequently forbidden to hunt and if they did, would be required to do penance . Hubert is honored among sport hunters as the originator of ethical hunting behavior. In some versions of the story, the stag is said to have lectured Hubert to hold animals in higher regard and have compassion for them as God's creatures with value in their own right. For example,
1332-500: The winter. Such is the legacy of Hubert, which is still taught today and who is held in high regard in the extensive, rigorous German and Austrian hunter education courses. His legacy is also followed by the French chasse à courre (hunting with hounds) masters, huntsmen, and followers who hunt deer, boar, and roe on horseback and are the last direct heirs of Hubert in Europe. Chasse à courre
1369-464: Was widely venerated during the Middle Ages .The iconography of his legend is entangled with the legend of the martyr Saint Eustace . The Bollandists published seven early lives of Hubert ( Acta Sanctorum , November 3, 759 – 930 A.D. ); the first of these was the work of a contemporary, although it offers few details. Hubert died 30 May 727 A.D. in or near a place called (in Latin) Fura . In
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