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58-554: Initially this territory was a province of Caucasian Albania . With decline of Caucasian Albania, the area was gradually incorporated into the Iberian kingdom forming one of its duchies ( saeristavo ) in the 5th century and its peoples were eventually assimilated into the Georgians proper. This was when the name Hereti first appeared in the Georgian sources. According to traditional accounts,

116-734: A Soviet Socialist Republic it was ruled by the First Secretary of the Georgian Communist Party including; Samson Mamulia , Lavrentiy Beria , Candide Charkviani , Vasil Mzhavanadze and Eduard Shevardnadze . On August 26, 1991, by the decision of the Georgian parliament, the Communist Party was banned. Its political descendant is the Communist Party of Georgia which was formed in 1992. This communist party –related article

174-550: A brother of the king, named Cosis, who as soon as the fighting was at close quarters, rushed upon Pompey himself and smote him with a javelin on the fold of his breastplate; but Pompey ran him through the body and killed him". Plutarch also reported that "after the battle, Pompey set out to march to the Caspian Sea, but was turned back by a multitude of deadly reptiles when he was only three days march distant, and withdrew into Lesser Armenia". The first kings of Albania were certainly

232-738: A degree of internal autonomy) "in exchange for the Georgian government legalising the activity of the Communist Party of Georgia ", according to Kvashonkin. Following the Sovietization of Georgia in 1921, the area became again officially part of Azerbaijan by a decree issued by the central communist government in Moscow in 1922. Nowadays there are Georgians — Ingiloy people ( Georgian : ინგილოები/ჰერები ; Azerbaijani : Ingiloylar ) — living in this region of Azerbaijan (districts of Qax , Balakan and Zaqatala ). Ingiloys (more than 11,000 as of 1999) are an ethnographic group of Georgian people . Most of

290-483: A few inscriptions, and an Armenian manuscript dating from the 15th century. This manuscript, Matenadaran No. 7117 , first published by Ilia Abuladze in 1937 is a language manual, presenting different alphabets for comparison – Armenian alphabet, Greek , Latin , Syriac , Georgian , Coptic , and Caucasian Albanian among them. The alphabet was titled: "Ałuanicʿ girn ē" ( Armenian : Աղուանից գիրն Է , meaning, "These are Albanian letters"). In 1996, Zaza Aleksidze of

348-571: A medieval chronicle " Ajayib-ad-Dunia ", written in the 13th century by an unknown author, Arran is said to have been 30 farsakhs (200 km) in width, and 40 farsakhs (270 km) in length. All the right bank of the Kura River until it joined with the Aras was attributed to Arran (the left bank of the Kura was known as Shirvan ). The boundaries of Arran have shifted throughout history, sometimes encompassing

406-626: A pupil of Mesrob Mashtots, in his book The Life of Mashtots , wrote about how his tutor created the alphabet: Then there came and visited them an elderly man, an Albanian named Benjamin. And he (Mashtots) inquired and examined the barbaric diction of the Albanian language, and then through his usual God-given keenness of mind invented an alphabet, which he, through the grace of Christ, successfully organized and put in order. A Caucasian Albanian alphabet of fifty-two letters, bearing resemblance to Georgian, Ethiopian and Armenian characters, survived through

464-581: Is IMPDOMITIANO CAESARE·AVG GERMANIC L·IVLIVS MAXIMVS> LEG XII·FVL. According to Domitian 's titles in it, the related march took place between 84 and 96. The inscription was studied by Russian expert Yevgeni Pakhomov , who assumed that the associated campaign was launched to control the Derbent Gate and that the XII Fulminata has marched out either from Melitene , its permanent base, or Armenia, where it might have moved from before. Pakhomov supposed that

522-505: Is a modern exonym for a former state located in ancient times in the Caucasus , mostly in what is now Azerbaijan (where both of its capitals were located). The modern endonyms for the area are Aghwank and Aluank , among the Udi people , who regard themselves as descended from the inhabitants of Caucasian Albania. However, its original endonym is unknown. The name Albania is derived from

580-551: Is also mentioned by Dionysius Periegetes (2nd or 3rd century AD) who describes Albanians as a nation of warriors, living by the Iberians and the Georgians. In 1899 a silver plate featuring Roman toreutics was excavated near Azerbaijani village of Qalagah . The rock inscription near the south-eastern part of Boyukdash's foot (70 km from Baku ) was discovered on June 2, 1948, by Azerbaijani archaeologist Ishag Jafarzadeh . The legend

638-527: Is reported by Strabo upon the account of Theophanes of Mytilene who participated in it. As testified by Kamilla Trever , Pompey reached the Albanian border at modern Qazakh District of Azerbaijan. Igrar Aliyev showed that this region called Cambysene was inhabited mainly by stock-breeders at the time. When fording the Alazan river, he was attacked by forces of Oroezes, King of Albania, and eventually defeated them. According to Plutarch , Albanians "were led by

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696-519: Is said to be part of Albania (Theophanes Mytilenaeus apud Strabo, 11.4.5). In the 2nd century BC parts of Albania were conquered by the Kingdom of Armenia , presumably from Medes (although possibly it was earlier part of Orontid Armenia ). The original population of the territories on the right bank of Kura before the Armenian conquest consisted of various autochthonous people. Ancient chronicles provide

754-635: The Achaemenid empire , measures may have been taken to fortify the Caucasian passes. By the mid-6th century BC, Albania has been incorporated in the Achaemenid empire ; it was later controlled by the Achaemenid satrapy of Media . The building of fortifications and gates in and around Darband is traditionally ascribed to the Sassanid Empire . The Greek historian Arrian mentions (perhaps anachronistically)

812-593: The Ancient Greek name Ἀλβανία and Latin Albanía , created from Greek sources that incorrectly translated the Armenian language. The prefix "Caucasian" is used to avoid confusion with Albania in the Balkans , which has no geographical or historical connections to Caucasian Albania. Little is known of the region's prehistory, including the origins of Caucasian Albania as a geographical and/or ethnolinguistic concept. In

870-465: The Georgian Centre of Manuscripts discovered at Saint Catherine's Monastery at Mount Sinai , Egypt, a text written on parchment that had been reused in a Georgian palimpsest . In 2001 Aleksidze identified its script as Caucasian Albanian, and the text as an early lectionary dating to perhaps before the 6th century. Many of the letters discovered in it were not in the Albanian alphabet listed in

928-627: The Georgian Kingdom under David the Builder finalising the process of their Georgianisation . The history of Albania before the 6th century BC is unknown. According to one hypothesis, Caucasian Albania was incorporated in the Median empire , as early as the 7th or 6th century BC. However, an increasing Persian influence on the region is usually believed to be connected with the defence of Persia's northern frontiers, from invading nomads. As early as

986-609: The Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti (eastern Georgia) became part of the Russian Empire the region ended up in the Imperial Russian conquest in 1803. After dissolving Sultanate of İlisu, it was initially part of Jaro-Belokany region, latterly became Zakatal Okrug in Tiflis Governorate . From 1918 to 1920 both Democratic Republic of Georgia (DRG) and Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (ADR) claimed its territory as theirs, but

1044-617: The Kura river and each of them had its own king and language. Sometime before the 1st century BC they federated into one state and were ruled by one king. Strabo wrote of the Caucasian Albanians in the 1st century BC: At the present time, indeed, one king rules all the tribes, but formerly the several tribes were ruled separately by kings of their own according to their several languages. They have twenty-six languages, because they have no easy means of intercourse with one another. Albania

1102-482: The Udi people . The Caucasian Albanian tribes of Hereti were converted to Eastern Orthodoxy by Dinar , Queen of Hereti in the 10th century. The religious affairs of this small principality were now officially administered by the Georgian Orthodox Church . In 1010, Hereti became absorbed into the neighbouring Georgian kingdom of Kakheti . Eventually, in the early 12th century, these lands became part of

1160-738: The Udi people . The pre-Islamic population of Caucasian Albania might have played a role in the ethnogenesis of a number of modern ethnicities, including the Azerbaijanis of Qabala , Zaqatala , Shaki , and Oguz ; the Armenians of Oghuz and Shaki ; the Georgians of Kakhetia and Hereti ( Ingiloy ); and the Laks , the Lezgins and the Tsakhurs of Daghestan . According to Armenian medieval historians Movses Khorenatsi , Movses Kaghankatvatsi and Koryun ,

1218-532: The 11th century there already were conciliar mosques in Partaw, Qabala and Shaki; the cities that were the creed of Caucasian Albanian Christianity. These Islamised groups would later be known as Lezgins and Tsakhurs or mix with the Turkic and Iranian population to form present-day Azeris , whereas those that remained Christian were gradually absorbed by Armenians or continued to exist on their own and be known as

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1276-457: The 15th-century Armenian manuscript. Muslim geographers Al-Muqaddasi , Ibn-Hawqal and Estakhri recorded that a language which they called Arranian was still spoken in the capital Barda and the rest of Arran in the 10th century. Iranian contact in the region goes back to the Median and Achaemenid times. During this Arsacid dynasty of Caucasian Albania , the Parthian language spread in

1334-652: The 1st century BC and the 1st century AD, the area south of the Greater Caucasus and north of the Lesser Caucasus was divided between Caucasian Albania in the east, Caucasian Iberia in the center, Kolchis in the west, Armenia in the southwest and Atropatene to the southeast. In 252, Caucasian Albania acknowledged the suzerainty of the Sasanian Empire , appearing among its provinces in Shapur I's inscription at

1392-418: The 2nd-century BC layer, were minted by Clodius and Caesar . The coins of Augustus are ubiquitous. The Qabala treasures revealed the denarii of Otho , Vespasian , Trajan and Hadrian . In 69-68 BC Lucullus , having overcome Armenian ruler Tigranes II , approached the borders of Caucasian Albania and was succeeded by Pompey . After the 66-65 BC wintering Pompey launched the Iberian campaign. It

1450-520: The Caucasian Albanian (the Armenian name for the language is Aghvaneren, the native name of the language is unknown) alphabet was created by Mesrob Mashtots , the Armenian monk , theologian and translator who is also credited with creating the Armenian alphabet . This alphabet was used to write down the Udi language , which was probably the main language of the Caucasian Albanians. Koryun ,

1508-514: The Caucasian Albanians for the first time in the battle of Gaugamela , where the Albanians, Medes, Cadussi and Sacae were under the command of Atropates . Albania first appears in history as a vassal state in the empire of Tigranes the Great of Armenia (95-56 BC). The kingdom of Albania emerged in the eastern Caucasus in 2nd or 1st century BC and along with the Georgians and Armenians formed one of

1566-539: The Caucasian Albanians were Christianized in the 4th century, part of the population was assimilated by the Armenians (who dominated in the provinces of Artsakh and Utik that were earlier detached from the Kingdom of Armenia ) and Georgians (in the north), while the eastern parts of Caucasian Albania were Islamized and absorbed by Iranian and subsequently Turkic peoples (modern Azerbaijanis). Small remnants of this group continue to exist independently, and are known as

1624-642: The Caucasus followed different pagan religions. Under Achaemenid , Parthian and especially Sassanid influence, Zoroastrianism also grew in the region. Christianity started to spread in the late 4th century in the Sassanid era. The Arab conquest and the Chalcedonian crisis led to severe disintegration of the Church of Caucasian Albania . Starting from the 8th century, much of the local population converted to Islam . By

1682-571: The Dagestanian rulers, who forced them to make pay tribute. Some Dagestanian families hired themselves out as temporary workers on Ingilo farms. In this way, gradually, by peaceful or hostile means, these tribes settled in Saingilo and colonized it. Already after the foundation of the sultanate of Elisu the conquerors had, by a concerted effort, undertaken the Islamization of the region. After 1801, when

1740-630: The Ingiloys residing in Qakh district remain Christians at present, those living in Balakan and Zaqatala are mostly Muslim. According to census held in 1897, the population of the region was 84,224. The ethnic makeup of the district was the following: As of the census of 2009, the population of the region was 261,314. The ethnic makeup of the district was the following: Caucasian Albania Caucasian Albania

1798-567: The Iranian tribe known as Alans (Alani), who in some versions was a son of Noah 's son Yafet . James Darmesteter , translator of the Avesta , compared Arran with Airyana Vaego which he also considered to have been in the Araxes - Ararat region, although modern theories tend to place this in the east of Iran. The Parthian name for the region was Ardhan ( Middle Persian : Arran ). The Arabic

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1856-561: The Ka'ba-ye Zartosht . The kingdom would remain an integral part of the empire until its fall. By the end of the 3rd-century, the kings of Caucasian Albania were replaced with an Arsacid family , and would later be succeeded by another Iranian royal family in the 5th century AD, the Mihranids . Aghuank ( Old Armenian : Աղուանք Ałuankʿ , Modern Armenian : Աղվանք Aġvank’ ) is the Armenian name for Caucasian Albania. Armenian authors mention that

1914-406: The courses of theology, philosophy, orthography , church history, and the history of Georgia and for the students. These schools played an essential cultural and educational. They put a vital contribution in establishing cultural relations among the peoples of the Caucasus. Literary materials were prepared in the schools for diffusion in the northern Caucasus. In the thirteenth to fourteenth centuries

1972-521: The displacement, during the early medieval period, of the central government from southern Georgia ( Tao-Klarjeti ) to eastern Georgia, these principalities came to play an especially significant role. In the fifteenth century the term "Hereti" gradually disappeared from the political nomenclature and was replaced by the word "Kakheti," which referred to Kakheti proper plus Hereti. In the Middle Ages seven Georgian schools operated in Saingilo which included

2030-826: The dispute never led to an armed confrontation. On 26 June 1918, the National Council of the Zakataly Okrug issued a statement whereby "for cultural, economic and religious reasons [...] joining the Republic of Azerbaijan is the most appropriate solution for the Zakatala Okrug". Zakatala was represented in the Parliament of Azerbaijan by three members. After the fall of the ADR in 1920 and its Sovietisation, Soviet Russia recognized Zakatala as part of Georgia (whose government granted these lands

2088-678: The entire territory of the present-day Republic of Azerbaijan, and at other times only parts of the South Caucasus . In some instances, Arran was a part of Armenia. Medieval Islamic geographers gave descriptions of Arran in general, and of its towns, which included Barda , Beylagan , and Ganja , along with others. Originally, at least some of the Caucasian Albanians probably spoke Lezgic languages close to those found in modern Dagestan ; overall, though, as many as 26 different languages may have been spoken in Caucasian Albania. After

2146-551: The king of Kakheti and granted them to the Dagestani feudal clans who enjoyed a degree of autonomy (society Djar-Belakan , the sultanate of Elisu ). Northern Caucasian mountaineers established there Avarian (in the Ch'ar-Belakan District) and Tsakhurian "free communes." As a result of raids ( Lekianoba ) conducted by bands of Avar and Tsakhur warriors in Saingilo, the Ingilos became serfs of

2204-531: The language of the educated". With the establishment of the Sassanids, Middle Persian , a closely related language to Parthian, became an official language of the Sassanid Empire . At this time, Persian enjoyed even more success than the Caucasian Albanian language and the region was greatly affected by Iran. According to Vladimir Minorsky : "The presence of Iranian settlers in Transcaucasia, and especially in

2262-700: The legion proceeded to the spot continually along the Aras River . The later version, published in 1956, states that the legion was stationing in Cappadocia by that time whereas the centurion might have been in Albania with some diplomatic mission because for the talks with the Eastern rulers the Roman commanders were usually sending centurions. In 1953 twelve denarii of Augustus were unearthed. In 1958 one denarius, coined in c. 82 AD,

2320-413: The long period of Persian and Median rule, most of the natives were not even Indo-Europeans". He also states that the several peoples of the right bank of Kura "were highly Armenicized and that many were actually Armenians per se cannot be doubted". Many of those people were still being cited as distinct ethnic entities when the right bank of Kura was acquired by the Caucasian Albanians in 387 AD. There

2378-446: The name derived from the word " ału " («աղու») meaning amiable in Armenian. The term Aghuank is polysemous and is also used in Armenian sources to denote the region between the Kur and Araxes rivers as part of Armenia . In the latter case it is sometimes used in the form "Armenian Aghuank" or "Hay-Aghuank". The Armenian historian of the region, Movses Kaghankatvatsi , who left

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2436-517: The name of the province originated from the legendary patriarch "Heros", the son of Thargamos , who founded the city of Hereti (later known as Khoranta) at the Alazani River . During the Arab occupation the region was a separate kingdom within Georgian cultural and political influence. At that time, Hereti became part of the Kingdom of Kakheti . The latter was annexed to Georgian Kingdom in 1104. After

2494-403: The names of several peoples that populated these districts, including the regions of Artsakh and Utik . These were Utians , Mycians, Caspians , Gargarians, Sakasenians, Gelians, Sodians, Lupenians , Balas[ak]anians, Parsians and Parrasians. According to Robert H. Hewsen , these tribes were "certainly not of Armenian origin", and "although certain Iranian peoples must have settled here during

2552-486: The only more or less complete historical account about the region, explains the name Aghvank as a derivation from the word ału (Armenian for sweet, soft, tender), which, he said, was the nickname of Caucasian Albania's first governor Arran and referred to his lenient personality. Movses Kaghankatvatsi and other ancient sources explain Arran or Arhan as the name of the legendary founder of Caucasian Albania (Aghvan) or even of

2610-566: The proximity of the passes, must have played an important role in absorbing and pushing back the aboriginal inhabitants. Such names as Sharvan, Layzan, Baylaqan, etc., suggest that the Iranian immigration proceeded chiefly from Gilan and other regions on the southern coast of the Caspian". The presence of the Persian language and Iranian culture continued during the Islamic era. The original population of

2668-408: The region. It is possible that the language and literature for administration and record-keeping of the imperial chancellery for external affairs naturally became Parthian, based on the Aramaic alphabet . According to Toumanoff: "the predominance of Hellenism , as under the Artaxiads, was now followed by a predominance of "Iranianism", and, symptomatically, instead of Greek, as before, Parthian became

2726-410: The representatives of the local tribal nobility, to which attest their non-Armenian and non-Iranian names (Oroezes, Cosis and Zober in Greek sources). The population of Caucasian Albania of the Roman period is believed to have belonged to either the Northeast Caucasian peoples or the South Caucasian peoples . According to Strabo , the Albanians were a group of 26 tribes which lived to the north of

2784-446: The territory of Dagestan . However, in post-Islamic times the geographic notion of Arran reduced to the territory between the Kura and Aras rivers. Ancient Caucasian Albania lay on the south-eastern part of the Greater Caucasus mountains. It was bounded by Caucasian Iberia (present-day Georgia ) to the west, by Sarmatia to the north, by the Caspian Sea to the east, and by the provinces of Artsakh and Utik in Armenia to

2842-407: The territory of the modern-day Republic of Azerbaijan . The districts of Albania were: The kingdom's capital in antiquity was Qabala (Gabala; Kapalak). Classical sources are unanimous in making the Kura River (Cyros) the frontier between Armenia and Albania after the conquest of the territories on the right bank of Kura by Armenians in the 2nd century BC. The original territory of Albania

2900-462: The three nations of the Southern Caucasus . Albania came under strong Armenian religious and cultural influence. Herodotus , Strabo , and other classical authors repeatedly mention the Caspians but do not seem to know much about them; they are grouped with other inhabitants of the southern shore of the Caspian Sea, like the Amardi, Anariacae, Cadusii, Albani (see below), and Vitii (Eratosthenes apud Strabo, 11.8.8), and their land ( Caspiane )

2958-463: The treaty of Nisibis stipulated the reestablishment of the Roman protectorate over Caucasian Iberia and Albania. But fifty years later Rome lost the area that since then remained an integral part of the Sasanian Empire . Communist Party of Georgia (Soviet Union) The Communist Party of Georgia ( Georgian : საქართველოს კომუნისტური პარტია , romanized : sakartvelos k'omunist'uri p'art'ia ; Russian : Коммунистическая партия Грузии )

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3016-426: The use of the Georgian alphabet and Georgian Christian literature spread from Saingilo to the neighboring province of Dagestan , and churches were founded there, remnants of which can be seen today. For a long time, beginning in the fifth century, a significant part of Dagestan was within the sphere of Georgian political influence. In the early 17th century, Shah Abbas I of Safavid of Iran took these lands from

3074-437: The west along the Kura river. These boundaries, though, were probably never static—at times the territory of Caucasian Albania included land to the west of the Kura river. Albania or Arran in Islamic times was a triangle of land, lowland in the east and mountainous in the west, formed by the junction of the Kura and Aras rivers, Mil plain and parts of the Mughan plain , and in the pre-Islamic times, corresponded roughly to

3132-409: Was ar-Rān . In Georgian , it was known as რანი ( Rani ). In Ancient Greek , it was called Ἀλβανία Albanía . What its inhabitants were called is unknown. In pre-Islamic times, Caucasian Albania/Arran was a wider concept than that of post-Islamic Arran. Ancient Arran covered all of eastern Transcaucasia, which included most of the territory of the modern-day Azerbaijan Republic and part of

3190-422: Was an enduring relation of Albania with Ancient Rome . The Latin rock inscription close to Boyukdash mountain in Gobustan, Baku , which mentions Legio XII Fulminata , is the world's easternmost Latin inscription known. In Albania, Romans reached the Caspian Sea for the first time. The Roman coins circulated in Caucasian Albania till the end of the 3rd century AD. Two denarii , which were unearthed in

3248-406: Was approximately 23,000 km . After 387 AD the territory of Caucasian Albania, sometimes referred to by scholars as "Greater Albania," grew to about 45,000 km . In the 5th century the capital was transferred to Partav in Utik', reported to have been built in the mid-5th century by the King Vache II of Albania, but according to M. L. Chaumont, it existed earlier as an Armenian city. In

3306-406: Was revealed in the Şamaxı trove. During the reign of Roman emperor Hadrian (117-138) Albania was invaded by the Alans , an Iranian nomadic group. This invasion promoted an alliance between Rome and the Albanians that was reinforced under Antoninus Pius in 140 AD. Sassanians occupied the area around 240 AD but after a few years, the Roman Empire regained control of Caucasian Albania. In 297

3364-494: Was the founding and ruling political party of the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic . Georgia was incorporated into the Soviet Union as the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic after 25 February 1921 when the Red Army entered its capital Tbilisi and installed a communist government led by Georgian Bolshevik Filipp Makharadze . In 1922, the Georgian SSR was incorporated into the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic which lasted until 1936. During its period as

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