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48-499: The sagaris was a kind of battle-axe , or sometimes war hammer . Examples have been collected from Eurasian steppe archeological excavations, and are depicted on the Achaemenid cylinders and ancient Greek pottery and other surviving iconographic material. It is a long-shafted weapon with a metal head, with an either sharp (axe-like) or blunt (hammer-like) edge on one side and a sharp (straight or curving) 'ice-pick'-like point on

96-547: A Danish axe , or the proto-pollaxe - is not recorded. Most medieval European battle axes had a socketed head (meaning that the thicker, butt-end of the blade contained an opening into which a wooden haft was inserted), and some included langets—long strips of metal affixed to the faces of the haft to prevent it from being damaged during combat. Occasionally the cheeks of the axehead bore engraved, etched, punched, or inlaid decorative patterns. Late-period battle axes tended to be of all-metal construction. Such medieval polearms as

144-437: A prominent point at both the upper and lower corners. The top of the head is usually either S-shaped or convex with the lower portion curving inward and forming an elbow with the short wooden haft . Sometimes the head is more upswept, forming a wider angle with the haft. Most franciscas have a round or teardrop-shaped eye designed to fit the tapered haft, similar to Viking axes. Based on the measurements of modern replicas ,

192-408: A single edge or double edge, with a hole for fixing a shaft. The haft is often tied with a leather sheet to provide a good grip. The cutting edge is invariably broad and the length of the haft could be about three to four feet. The parashu is often depicted in religious art as one of the weapons of Hindu deities such as Shiva and Durga . The sixth avatar of Lord Vishnu , Parashurama , is named after

240-663: A single hand. The battle axe is one of the most common type of weapons found in Vietnamese ancient cultures, particularly the Dong Son culture . Francisca The francisca (or francesca ) was a throwing axe used as a weapon during the Early Middle Ages by the Franks , among whom it was a characteristic national weapon at the time of the Merovingians (about 500 to 750 AD). It

288-458: A wide variety of tough rocks such as picrite and other igneous or metamorphic rocks, and were widespread in the Neolithic period. Many axe heads found were probably used primarily as mauls to split wood beams, and as sledgehammers for construction purposes (such hammering stakes into the ground, for example). Narrow axe heads made of cast metals were subsequently manufactured by artisans in

336-671: Is known to have been used during the reign of Charlemagne (768–814). Although generally associated with the Franks, it was also used by other Germanic peoples of the period, including the Anglo-Saxons ; several examples have been found in England . The term francisca first appeared in the book Etymologiarum sive originum , libri XVIII by Isidore of Seville (c. 560–636) as a name used in Hispania to refer to these weapons "because of their use by

384-593: Is the traditional battle axe of Persia . It bears one or two crescent-shaped blades. The long form of the tabar was about seven feet long, while a shorter version was about three feet long. What made the Persian axe unique is the very thin handle, which is very light and always metallic . The tabar became one of the main weapons throughout the Middle East, and was always carried at a soldier's waist not only in Persia but Egypt, and

432-530: The English Civil War —is pictured carrying a battle axe, and this was not merely a decorative symbol of authority: the "short pole-axe" was adopted by Royalist cavalry officers to penetrate Roundhead troopers' helmets and cuirasses in close-quarters fighting, and it was also used by their opponents: Sir Bevil Grenville was slain by a Parliamentarian pole-axe at the Battle of Lansdowne , and Sir Richard Bulstrode

480-597: The Mesolithic period. Technological development continued in the Neolithic period with the much wider usage of hard stones in addition to flint and chert and the widespread use of polishing to improve axe properties. The axes proved critical in wood working and became cult objects (for example, the entry for the Battle-axe people of Scandinavia, treated their axes as high-status cultural objects). Such stone axes were made from

528-644: The Middle East and then Europe during the Copper Age and the Bronze Age . The earliest specimens were socket-less. More specifically, bronze battle-axe heads are attested in the archaeological record from ancient China and the New Kingdom of ancient Egypt . Some of them were suited for practical use as infantry weapons while others were clearly intended to be brandished as symbols of status and authority, judging by

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576-820: The Ming dynasty (1368–1644) knows as the Outlaws of the Marsh (or the Water Margin - Shui Hu Zhuan 水浒传 ) features a character known as Li Kui, the Black Whirlwind who wields two axes and fights naked . In the Yuan and Ming dynasties, axes retained their use in the army. In the Qing dynasty new types of axes emerge among the Eight Banners Army with straight edges. The Green Standard Army among

624-534: The Roman and post-Roman periods were usually made of wrought iron with a carbon steel edge or, as time elapsed across the many centuries of the medieval era, steel. The hardwood handles of military axes came to be reinforced with metal bands called langets, so that an enemy warrior could not cut the shaft. Some later specimens had all-metal handles. Battle axes are particularly associated in Western popular imagination with

672-485: The Vikings . Certainly, Scandinavian foot soldiers and maritime marauders employed them as a stock weapon during their heyday, which extended from the beginning of the 8th century to the end of the 11th century. They produced several varieties, including specialized throwing axes (see francisca ) and "bearded" axes or "skeggox" (so named for their trailing lower blade edge which increased cleaving power and could be used to catch

720-421: The estoc . A sharp, sometimes curved pick was often fitted to the rear of the battle axe's blade to provide the user with a secondary weapon of penetration. A stabbing spike could be added, too, as a finial. Similarly, the war hammer evolved in late-medieval times with fluted or spiked heads, which would help a strike to "bite" into the armour and deliver its energy through to the wearer, rather than glance off

768-545: The francisca for an example). Axes were often cheaper than swords and considerably more available. Battle axes generally weigh far less than modern splitting axes, especially mauls , because they were designed to cut legs and arms rather than wood; consequently, slightly narrow slicing blades are the norm. This facilitates deep, devastating wounds. Moreover, a lighter weapon is much quicker to bring to bear in combat and manipulate for repeated strikes against an adversary. The crescent-shaped heads of European battle axes of

816-413: The halberd and the pollaxe were variants of the basic battle-axe form. Steel plate-armor covering almost all of a knight's body, and incorporating features specifically designed to defeat axe and sword blades, become more common in the late 14th and early 15th century. Its development led to a generation of hafted weapons with points that concentrated impact, either to penetrate steel plate or to damage

864-441: The pike or halberd and yet effective against mounted enemies, was a popular choice. Many such weapons were ornately decorated, and yet their functionality shows in the way that the axe head was mounted tilting upwards slightly, with a significant forward curve in the shaft, with the intent of making them more effective against armoured opponents by concentrating force onto a narrower spot. During Napoleonic times , and later on in

912-538: The 12th, 13th, and 14th centuries. King Stephen of England famously used a ' Dane axe ' at the Battle of Lincoln 1141 . One account says that he used it after his sword broke. Another says he used his sword only after his axe broke. Richard the Lionheart was often recorded in Victorian times wielding a large war axe, though references are sometimes wildly exaggerated as befitted a national hero: "Long and long after he

960-544: The 19th century, farriers in army service carried long and heavy axes as part of their kit. Although these could be used in an emergency for fighting, their primary use was logistical: the branded hooves of deceased military horses needed to be removed in order to prove that they had indeed died (and had not been stolen). Napoleon's Pioneer Corps also carried axes that were used for clearing vegetation—a practice employed by similar units in other armies. The tabarzin ( Persian : تبرزین , lit. "saddle axe" or "saddle hatchet")

1008-639: The Arab world from the time of the Crusades. Mamluk bodyguards were known as tabardiyya after the weapon. The tabarzin is sometimes carried as a symbolic weapon by wandering dervishes (Muslim ascetic worshippers). Different types of battleaxes may be found in ancient China. In Chinese mythology, Xingtian ( 刑天 ), a deity, uses a battle axe against other gods. The qi ( 鏚 ) and yue ( 鉞 ) are heavy axes. They were common in Zhou dynasty but fell out of favor with users due to

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1056-606: The Eight Banners used double axes weighing 0.54 kg (1.2 lb) each, with a length of 50 cm (20 in). In modern Chinese wushu and Chinese opera there are many depictions of the axe. Many of these axes look thick and heavy, however, the axe heads are hollow. The battle axe of ancient India was known as a parashu (or farasa in some dialects). Made from iron, bamboo, wood, or wootz steel, it usually measures 90–150 cm (3.0–4.9 ft) though some are as long as 210 cm (7 ft). A typical parashu could have

1104-469: The Franks". The historian Gregory of Tours (c. 538–594) in his History of the Franks uses two Latin terms for the Frankish axe: securis and bipennis . The régime of Vichy France used the image of a stylised double-headed francisque as part of its iconography (compare fasces ). The francisca is characterized by its distinctly arch-shaped head, widening toward the cutting edge and terminating in

1152-626: The Iberian peninsula also used battle axes. Battle axes were very common in Europe in the Migration Period and the subsequent Viking Age , and they famously figure on the 11th-century Bayeux Tapestry , which depicts Norman mounted knights pitted against Anglo-Saxon infantrymen. They continued to be employed throughout the rest of the Middle Ages, with significant combatants being noted axe wielders in

1200-591: The Yue was also a symbol of power, the bigger the Yue, the greater the power. There are a few rare examples of Yue with a round blade and a hole in the middle. The Chinese Fu appeared in the Stone Age as a tool. In the Shang dynasty ( c.  1600 – c.  1060 BCE ) the Fu began to be made from bronze, and began to be used as a weapon. However, the prominence of the Fu waned on

1248-521: The armor's surface. Strikes from these armour penetrating picks were not always fatal. There are many accounts of plate armored knights being struck with said weapons and while the armour was damaged, the individual underneath survived and in some cases completely unharmed. It eventually became common for these various kinds of impact weapons to be made entirely from metal, thus doing away with reinforced wooden shafts. A useful visual guide to high-medieval battle axes, contemporary with their employment, are

1296-972: The battlefield as the Zhou dynasty came to power. In the Warring States era iron axes started to appear. Up until the Han and Jin dynasty, after having lost its importance on the battle-field, the Fu once again appeared as the cavalry was used more often. In the Sui and Tang dynasties there is evidence of the subdivision of the Fu. During the Song dynasty axes were popularized and many types of axes began to exist. The types include Phoenix Head Axes ( Feng Tou Fu 凤头斧 ), Invincible Axe ( Wu Di Fu 无敌斧 ), Opening Mountain Axe ( Kai Shan Fu 开山斧 ), Emei Axe ( E Mei Fu 峨眉斧 ) and Chisel Head Axes ( Cuo Tou Fu 锉头斧 ). A well known novel from

1344-505: The case of the Danish axe or the sparth axe . Cleaving weapons longer than 150 cm (5 ft) would arguably fall into the category of polearms . Through the course of human history, commonplace objects have been pressed into service as weapons . Axes, by virtue of their ubiquity, are no exception. Besides axes designed for combat, there were many battle axes that doubled as tools. Axes could be modified into deadly projectiles as well (see

1392-478: The edge of an opponent's shield and pull it down, leaving the shield-bearer vulnerable to a follow-up blow). Viking axes may have been wielded with one hand or two, depending on the length of the plain wooden haft. See Viking Age arms and armor . Stone hand axes were in use in the Paleolithic period for hundreds of thousands of years. The first hafted stone axes appear to have been produced about 6000 BCE during

1440-473: The edge of the blade were not to strike the target, the weight of the iron head could cause injury. The francisca also had a psychological effect, in that, on the throwing of the francisca, the enemy might turn and run in the fear that another volley was coming. Some sources, strangely, describe the Francisca as both the "main weapons" of the Frankish infantry around the time of Clovis. These sources also describe

1488-419: The edge to the back of the socket. The Byzantine historian Procopius (c. 500–565) described the Franks and their use of throwing axes: ...each man carried a sword and shield and an axe. Now the iron head of this weapon was thick and exceedingly sharp on both sides while the wooden handle was very short. And they are accustomed always to throw these axes at one signal in the first charge and thus shatter

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1536-493: The francisca had a haft length of around 40–45 cm (16–18 in) and a 10 cm (3.9 in) cutting edge Archived 2021-03-08 at the Wayback Machine with an average weight of around 600 g (21 oz; 1.3 lb). Based on the surviving heads of franciscas recovered at Burgh Castle and Morning Thorpe in county Norfolk , England, the length of the head itself measured 14–15 cm (5.5–5.9 in) from

1584-828: The great significance of horses in Scythian life. This article relating to axes is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This Ancient Near East –related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Battle-axe A battle axe (also battle-axe , battle ax , or battle-ax ) is an axe specifically designed for combat. Battle axes were designed differently to utility axes, with blades more akin to cleavers than to wood axes. Many were suitable for use in one hand, while others were larger and were deployed two-handed. Axes designed for warfare ranged in weight from just over 0.5 to 3 kg (1 to 7 lb), and in length from just over 30 cm (1 ft) to upwards of 150 cm (5 ft), as in

1632-619: The heavy infantry of ancient Greece , especially when confronted with thickly-armored opponents . The sagaris —described as either single bitted or double bitted—became associated by the Greeks with the mythological Amazons , though these were generally ceremonial axes rather than practical implements. The Barbarian tribes that the Romans encountered north of the Alps did include iron war axes in their armories, alongside swords and spears. The Cantabri from

1680-428: The joints of articulated plate. Increasingly daggers called misericords were carried which enabled a sharp point to be thrust though gaps in armour if an opponent was disabled or being grappled with. Swords styles became more diverse – from the two-handed zweihänders to more narrow thrusting instruments with sharply pointed tips, capable of penetrating any "chinks in the armour" of a fully encased opponent: for example,

1728-461: The lack of mobility. The eventually became used only for ceremonial purposes and such battleaxes made of bronze and jade have been found. The dagger axe (ge) is another form used in ancient times. Chinese battleaxes can be divided in three subgroups: Fu ( 斧 ), Yue ( 钺 ) and Ge ( 戈 ). The distinction between a Yue and a Fu is that a Yue is, as a general rule, broader than a Fu. In the Shang dynasty

1776-482: The other. It may have been the sagaris that led medieval and Renaissance authors (such as Johannes Aventinus ) to attribute the invention of the battle-axe weapon to the Amazons – as some Scythian women seen hunting and along warrior riders gave rise to the legend to the Amazons themselves – and to the modern association of the Amazons with the labrys . A shorter form, as depicted in the hand of Spalirises on his coins,

1824-507: The quality of their decoration. The epsilon axe was widely used during the Bronze Age by irregular infantry unable to afford better weapons. Its use was limited to Europe and the Middle East. In the eastern Mediterranean Basin during the Iron Age , the double-bladed labrys axe was prevalent, and a hafted, single-bitted axe made of bronze or later iron was sometimes used as a weapon of war by

1872-399: The rise of professional and mercenary armies in the 14th century. King John II is recorded as using one at the Battle of Poitiers in 1356 and Sir James Douglas at the Battle of Otterburn in 1388. Bretons were apparently noted axe users, with noted mercenaries Bertrand du Guesclin and Olivier de Clisson both wielding axes in battle. In these instances the type of battle axe - whether

1920-522: The scenes of warfare depicted in the Maciejowski Bible (Morgan Bible) of c. 1250. Battle axes also came to figure as heraldic devices on the coats of arms of several English and mainland European families. Battle axes were eventually phased out at the end of the 16th century as military tactics began to revolve increasingly around the use of gunpowder . However, as late as the 1640s, Prince Rupert —a Royalist general and cavalry commander during

1968-434: The shields of the enemy and kill the men. Procopius makes it clear that the Franks threw their axes immediately before hand-to-hand combat with the purpose of breaking shields and disrupting the enemy line while possibly wounding or killing an enemy warrior . The weight of the head and length of the haft would allow the axe to be thrown with considerable momentum to an effective range of about 12 m (39 ft). Even if

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2016-426: The start of the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314. Given that Bruce was wielding the axe on horseback, it is likely that it was a one handed horseman's axe. They enjoyed a sustained revival among heavily armored equestrian combatants in the 15th century. In the 14th century, the use of axes is increasingly noted by Froissart in his Chronicle, which records the engagements between the kingdoms of France and England and

2064-723: The weapon. Parashu are still used as domestic tools in Indian households, particularly in the villages, as well as being carried by certain sects of eremitic sadhu . The panabas (also known as nawi among some ethnic groups) is a traditional battle axe favored by the Moro and Lumad tribes of Mindanao , Philippines . It was also used as an agricultural or chopping tool. It ranges in size from 60 to 120 cm (2 to 4 ft) and usually 85 cm (33 in) long and can be held with one or two hands. Hilts were often wrapped in rattan bindings or had metal collars. Due to its clean cutting capabilities it

2112-550: Was also sometimes used as an execution weapon. It is said that the Moro warriors wielding panabas would follow the main group of warriors up front and would immediately charge in on any American survivors of the first wave of attack during the Philippine–American War . Among the various Cordilleran peoples of the northern Philippines, another type of traditional battle axe, the head axe , was favored for headhunting raids. It

2160-417: Was labelled klevets by Russian archaeologist and ancient military historian V.P. Nikonorov. The skulls of buried Scythian horses of older age are often found with damage that suggests they were killed by a blow to the mid forehead with the pointed part of the sagaris, possibly as a form of euthanasia . It is possible that this method of execution may have held some sort of cultural importance considering

2208-475: Was quiet in his grave, his terrible battle-axe, with twenty English pounds of English steel in its mighty head..." – A Child's History of England by Charles Dickens . Richard is, however, recorded as using a Danish Axe at the relief of Jaffa . Geoffrey of Lusignan is another famous crusader associated with the axe. Robert the Bruce , King of Scotland, used an axe to defeat Henry de Bohun in single combat at

2256-523: Was specialized for beheading enemy combatants but was also used as an agricultural tool. They were banned, along with headhunting practices, during the American colonial period of the Philippines in the early 20th century. The keteriya was a type of battle axe that was used in ancient Sri Lanka. A keteriya consisted of a single edge and a short handle made of wood. This would allow the user to wield it with

2304-441: Was wounded by one at the Battle of Edgehill . In Scandinavia, however, the battle axe continued in use alongside the halberd, crossbow and pole-axe until the start of the 18th century. The nature of Norwegian terrain in particular made pike and shot tactics impracticable in many cases. A law instituted in 1604 required all farmers to own weaponry to serve in the militia. The Norwegian peasant militia battle axe, much more wieldy than

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