98-402: Sachaa Jhutha ( English : "Honest and Liar") is a 1970 Indian Hindi action comedy film directed by Manmohan Desai and produced by Vinod Doshi. The film written by Desai's wife Jeevanprabha, was edited by Kamlakar Kamkhanis. The film starring Rajesh Khanna , Mumtaz , Vinod Khanna revolves around a simple villager (Bhola), who has a lookalike, a crook (Ranjeet Kumar), who takes advantage of
196-546: A mixed language or a creole —a theory called the Middle English creole hypothesis . Although the great influence of these languages on the vocabulary and grammar of Modern English is widely acknowledged, most specialists in language contact do not consider English to be a true mixed language. English is classified as a Germanic language because it shares innovations with other Germanic languages including Dutch , German , and Swedish . These shared innovations show that
294-635: A 2012 official Eurobarometer poll (conducted when the UK was still a member of the EU), 38 percent of the EU respondents outside the countries where English is an official language said they could speak English well enough to have a conversation in that language. The next most commonly mentioned foreign language, French (which is the most widely known foreign language in the UK and Ireland), could be used in conversation by 12 percent of respondents. A working knowledge of English has become
392-651: A distinct language from Modern English and is virtually impossible for 21st-century unstudied English-speakers to understand. Its grammar was similar to that of modern German: nouns, adjectives, pronouns, and verbs had many more inflectional endings and forms , and word order was much freer than in Modern English. Modern English has case forms in pronouns ( he , him , his ) and has a few verb inflections ( speak , speaks , speaking , spoke , spoken ), but Old English had case endings in nouns as well, and verbs had more person and number endings. Its closest relative
490-490: A few of the popular songs. In the film, Muqaddar Ka Sikandar , where most of the song was sung by Kishore Kumar , they used Mohammed Rafi to sing Kishore Kumar Rote Hua Aate Saab some lines on the sad version of the song. The collaboration of Kalyanji & Anandji with Mohammed Rafi created everlasting songs in a unique style. According to them, Rafi could sing every kind of song. Lata Mangeshkar : The duo composed 326 songs for Lata Mangeshkar in their career (24 under
588-484: A foreign language, make up the "expanding circle". The distinctions between English as a first language, as a second language, and as a foreign language are often debatable and may change in particular countries over time. For example, in the Netherlands and some other countries of Europe, knowledge of English as a second language is nearly universal, with over 80 percent of the population able to use it, and thus English
686-520: A more standard version of English. They have many more speakers of English who acquire English as they grow up through day-to-day use and listening to broadcasting, especially if they attend schools where English is the medium of instruction. Varieties of English learned by non-native speakers born to English-speaking parents may be influenced, especially in their grammar, by the other languages spoken by those learners. Most of those varieties of English include words little used by native speakers of English in
784-688: A number of other Anglic languages, including Scots and the extinct Fingallian dialect and Yola language of Ireland. Like Icelandic and Faroese , the development of English in the British Isles isolated it from the continental Germanic languages and influences, and it has since diverged considerably. English is not mutually intelligible with any continental Germanic language, as it differs in vocabulary , syntax , and phonology . However, some of these, such as Dutch or Frisian, do show strong affinities with English, especially with its earlier stages. Unlike Icelandic and Faroese, which were isolated,
882-511: A plan with Leena ( Mumtaz ) to attract Ranjeet and to know his secret plans. Bhola arrives in the city and he is called Ranjeet in a party. Ranjeet, who arrives at the party later, is surprised to see Bhola, as he looks identical to him. He immediately conceives a plan. He takes Bhola to his place and reveals himself. He convinces Bhola to act like Ranjeet in front of society as he is suffering from cancer and requires treatment. Until his return from treatment, Bhola has to make everybody believe that he
980-679: A requirement in a number of occupations and professions such as medicine and computing. English has become so important in scientific publishing that more than 80 percent of all scientific journal articles indexed by Chemical Abstracts in 1998 were written in English, as were 90 percent of all articles in natural science publications by 1996 and 82 percent of articles in humanities publications by 1995. International communities such as international business people may use English as an auxiliary language , with an emphasis on vocabulary suitable for their domain of interest. This has led some scholars to develop
1078-407: A rich inflectional morphology and relatively free word order to a mostly analytic pattern with little inflection and a fairly fixed subject–verb–object word order . Modern English relies more on auxiliary verbs and word order for the expression of complex tenses , aspects and moods , as well as passive constructions , interrogatives , and some negation . The earliest form of English
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#17328871237931176-744: A significant minority speaks English. The countries with the most native English speakers are, in descending order, the United States (at least 231 million), the United Kingdom (60 million), Canada (19 million), Australia (at least 17 million), South Africa (4.8 million), Ireland (4.2 million), and New Zealand (3.7 million). In these countries, children of native speakers learn English from their parents, and local people who speak other languages and new immigrants learn English to communicate in their neighbourhoods and workplaces. The inner-circle countries provide
1274-429: A song on the way towards the railway station. On the other hand, Bombay city Police Department is shocked by a series of diamond thefts which leave no clue. But Inspector Pradhan ( Vinod Khanna ) suspects the thief to be Ranjeet Kumar (also Rajesh Khanna ), who is actually a wealthy diamond businessman, on the account that whenever a theft occurs, he is present there. But he has no evidence and searches for some. He creates
1372-447: A verb ending ( present plural): From the 8th to the 11th centuries, Old English gradually transformed through language contact with Old Norse in some regions. The waves of Norse (Viking) colonisation of northern parts of the British Isles in the 8th and 9th centuries put Old English into intense contact with Old Norse , a North Germanic language. Norse influence was strongest in the north-eastern varieties of Old English spoken in
1470-552: Is Old Frisian , but even some centuries after the Anglo-Saxon migration, Old English retained considerable mutual intelligibility with other Germanic varieties. Even in the 9th and 10th centuries, amidst the Danelaw and other Viking invasions, there is historical evidence that Old Norse and Old English retained considerable mutual intelligibility, although probably the northern dialects of Old English were more similar to Old Norse than
1568-545: Is Ranjeet. Actually, Ranjeet does so to continue with his diamond smuggling, meanwhile, there will not be any evidence, as Bhola is going to be Ranjeet everywhere. But he did not reveal the reason to him. He also promises that he would give money for his sister's marriage. Innocent Bhola believes him and agrees to the plan. Ranjeet's girlfriend Ruby ( Faryal ) trains Bhola to be like Ranjeet and he acts like him. Bhola finally learns every mannerism of Ranjeet and at an instance, he behaves like Ranjeet to Ranjeet. He acts as Ranjeet in
1666-529: Is a West Germanic language in the Indo-European language family , whose speakers, called Anglophones , originated in early medieval England on the island of Great Britain . The namesake of the language is the Angles , one of the ancient Germanic peoples that migrated to Britain . It is the most spoken language in the world, primarily due to the global influences of the former British Empire (succeeded by
1764-562: Is actually a thief and plans a grand diamond loot. Bhola resists the plan, but Ranjeet blackmails him with his sister. Unwillingly, he accepts the plan. Ranjeet steals a huge amount of diamonds, but Bhola replaces him by attacking him and leaves the place. One of the stolen diamond pieces has a transmitter and police follow the jewels with its help. Belu is confused as to who is her brother among them. After several fights, both Bhola and Ranjeet are arrested. Both of them claim themselves as Bhola and confuse everyone. Belu suggests that her brother play
1862-459: Is also undergoing change under the influence of American English, fuelled by the strong presence of American English in the media and the prestige associated with the United States as a world power. As of 2016 , 400 million people spoke English as their first language , and 1.1 billion spoke it as a secondary language. English is the largest language by number of speakers . English
1960-603: Is also widely used in media and literature, and the number of English language books published annually in India is the third largest in the world after the US and UK. However, English is rarely spoken as a first language, numbering only around a couple hundred-thousand people, and less than 5% of the population speak fluent English in India. David Crystal claimed in 2004 that, combining native and non-native speakers, India now has more people who speak or understand English than any other country in
2058-407: Is an official language of countries populated by few descendants of native speakers of English. It has also become by far the most important language of international communication when people who share no native language meet anywhere in the world. The Indian linguist Braj Kachru distinguished countries where English is spoken with a three circles model . In his model, Kachru based his model on
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#17328871237932156-480: Is called Old English or Anglo-Saxon ( c. 450–1150 ). Old English developed from a set of West Germanic dialects, often grouped as Anglo-Frisian or North Sea Germanic , and originally spoken along the coasts of Frisia , Lower Saxony and southern Jutland by Germanic peoples known to the historical record as the Angles , Saxons , and Jutes . From the 5th century, the Anglo-Saxons settled Britain as
2254-476: Is counted among the 17 consecutive hit films of Rajesh Khanna between 1969 and 1971, by adding the two-hero films Marayada and Andaz to the 15 consecutive solo hits he gave from 1969 to 1971. Bhola ( Rajesh Khanna ) is an innocent band musician who lives with his physically challenged sister Belu ( Kumari Naaz ) in a village. He needs more money for his sister's marriage and sets off to Bombay to earn. To make his sister not feel sad for his departure, he sings
2352-469: Is led by all-time hit "Yeh Mera Dil" from Don (1978). It earned Asha's 7th and last Filmfare Award as best singer. It was copied by world's leading band Black Eyed Peas in 1990 and their song earned Grammy Award . Their other hits with Asha includes "Kya Dekhte Ho" from Qurbani (1978) Aaiye aapka tha hamein intzar (Mahal-1969), Husn ke laakhon rang (Johny mera naam-1970), "O Saathi Re" from Muqaddar Ka Sikandar (1978). Manna Dey : The duo composed
2450-527: Is often arbitrarily defined as beginning with the conquest of England by William the Conqueror in 1066, but it developed further in the period from 1150 to 1500. With the Norman conquest of England in 1066, the now-Norsified Old English language was subject to another wave of intense contact, this time with Old French , in particular Old Norman French , influencing it as a superstrate. The Norman French spoken by
2548-424: Is routinely used to communicate with foreigners and often in higher education. In these countries, although English is not used for government business, its widespread use puts them at the boundary between the "outer circle" and "expanding circle". English is unusual among world languages in how many of its users are not native speakers but speakers of English as a second or foreign language. Many users of English in
2646-517: Is spoken by communities on every continent and on islands in all the major oceans. The countries where English is spoken can be grouped into different categories according to how English is used in each country. The "inner circle" countries with many native speakers of English share an international standard of written English and jointly influence speech norms for English around the world. English does not belong to just one country, and it does not belong solely to descendants of English settlers. English
2744-550: Is the sole or dominant language for historical reasons without being explicitly defined by law (such as in the United States and United Kingdom ). It is a co-official language of the United Nations , the European Union , and many other international and regional organisations. It has also become the de facto lingua franca of diplomacy, science , technology, international trade, logistics, tourism, aviation, entertainment, and
2842-777: Is the third person pronoun group beginning with th- ( they, them, their ) which replaced the Anglo-Saxon pronouns with h- ( hie, him, hera ). Other core Norse loanwords include "give", "get", "sky", "skirt", "egg", and "cake", typically displacing a native Anglo-Saxon equivalent. Old Norse in this era retained considerable mutual intelligibility with some dialects of Old English, particularly northern ones. Englischmen þeyz hy hadde fram þe bygynnyng þre manner speche, Souþeron, Northeron, and Myddel speche in þe myddel of þe lond, ... Noþeles by comyxstion and mellyng, furst wiþ Danes, and afterward wiþ Normans, in menye þe contray longage ys asperyed, and som vseþ strange wlaffyng, chyteryng, harryng, and garryng grisbytting. Although, from
2940-479: The Augustinian canon Orrm , which highlights the blending of both Old English and Anglo-Norman elements in English for the first time. In Wycliff'e Bible of the 1380s, the verse Matthew 8:20 was written: Foxis han dennes, and briddis of heuene han nestis . Here the plural suffix -n on the verb have is still retained, but none of the case endings on the nouns are present. By the 12th century Middle English
3038-499: The Commonwealth of Nations ) and the United States . English is the third-most spoken native language , after Standard Chinese and Spanish ; it is also the most widely learned second language in the world, with more second-language speakers than native speakers. English is either the official language or one of the official languages in 59 sovereign states (such as India , Ireland , and Canada ). In some other countries, it
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3136-537: The Danelaw area around York, which was the centre of Norse colonisation; today these features are still particularly present in Scots and Northern English . The centre of Norsified English was in the Midlands around Lindsey . After 920 CE, when Lindsey was incorporated into the Anglo-Saxon polity, English spread extensively throughout the region. An element of Norse influence that continues in all English varieties today
3234-532: The European Free Trade Association , Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), and Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) set English as their organisation's sole working language even though most members are not countries with a majority of native English speakers. While the European Union (EU) allows member states to designate any of the national languages as an official language of
3332-647: The Internet . English accounts for at least 70% of total speakers of the Germanic language branch, and as of 2021 , Ethnologue estimated that there were over 1.5 billion speakers worldwide. Old English emerged from a group of West Germanic dialects spoken by the Anglo-Saxons . Late Old English borrowed some grammar and core vocabulary from Old Norse , a North Germanic language . Then, Middle English borrowed vocabulary extensively from French dialects , which are
3430-731: The Low Saxon and Frisian languages . English is an Indo-European language and belongs to the West Germanic group of the Germanic languages . Old English originated from a Germanic tribal and linguistic continuum along the Frisian North Sea coast, whose languages gradually evolved into the Anglic languages in the British Isles , and into the Frisian languages and Low German /Low Saxon on
3528-584: The United Nations at the end of World War II , English had become pre-eminent and is now the main worldwide language of diplomacy and international relations. It is one of six official languages of the United Nations. Many other worldwide international organisations, including the International Olympic Committee , specify English as a working language or official language of the organisation. Many regional international organisations such as
3626-511: The palatalisation of consonants that were velar consonants in Proto-Germanic (see Phonological history of Old English § Palatalization ). The earliest varieties of an English language, collectively known as Old English or "Anglo-Saxon", evolved from a group of North Sea Germanic dialects brought to Britain in the 5th century. Old English dialects were later influenced by Old Norse -speaking Viking invaders and settlers , starting in
3724-558: The "outer circle" countries are countries such as the Philippines , Jamaica , India , Pakistan , Singapore , Malaysia and Nigeria with a much smaller proportion of native speakers of English but much use of English as a second language for education, government, or domestic business, and its routine use for school instruction and official interactions with the government. Those countries have millions of native speakers of dialect continua ranging from an English-based creole to
3822-456: The 1972 film Apradh and "Yeh Mera Dil" from the 1978 film Don , which won the American hip-hop group a Grammy Award . On 24 August 2000, Kalyanji died. The composers composed some popular songs rendered by Kishore Kumar such as "Jeevan se bhari teri aankhe", "Zindagi ka safar hai ye kaisa Safar", "Pal Pal dilke paas", "Neele Neele Ambar Par". Their composition called "Pal bharke liye"
3920-532: The 1975 Filmfare Award for Best Music Director for Kora Kagaz . Kalyanji and Anandji were children of a Kutchi businessman who migrated from Kundrodi village in Kutch to 'Bombay' (now Mumbai ) to start a grocery and provision store. Their younger brother and his wife are the husband and wife duo Babla & Kanchan . The brothers began to learn music from a music teacher, who taught them in lieu of paying his bills to their father. One of their great-grandparents
4018-596: The 8th and 9th centuries. Middle English began in the late 11th century after the Norman Conquest of England, when a considerable amount of Old French vocabulary was incorporated into English over some three centuries. Early Modern English began in the late 15th century with the start of the Great Vowel Shift and the Renaissance trend of borrowing further Latin and Greek words and roots, concurrent with
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4116-595: The Angles. English may have a small amount of substrate influence from Common Brittonic, and a number of possible Brittonicisms in English have been proposed, but whether most of these supposed Brittonicisms are actually a direct result of Brittonic substrate influence is disputed. Old English was divided into four dialects: the Anglian dialects ( Mercian and Northumbrian ) and the Saxon dialects ( Kentish and West Saxon ). Through
4214-512: The British Empire in the 1950s and 1960s, former colonies often did not reject English but rather continued to use it as independent countries setting their own language policies. For example, the view of the English language among many Indians has gone from associating it with colonialism to associating it with economic progress, and English continues to be an official language of India. English
4312-537: The Early Modern period includes the works of William Shakespeare and the translation of the Bible commissioned by King James I . Even after the vowel shift the language still sounded different from Modern English: for example, the consonant clusters /kn ɡn sw/ in knight , gnat , and sword were still pronounced. Many of the grammatical features that a modern reader of Shakespeare might find quaint or archaic represent
4410-628: The English Language , which introduced standard spellings of words and usage norms. In 1828, Noah Webster published the American Dictionary of the English language to try to establish a norm for speaking and writing American English that was independent of the British standard. Within Britain, non-standard or lower class dialect features were increasingly stigmatised, leading to the quick spread of
4508-543: The English-speaking inner circle countries outside Britain helped level dialect distinctions and produce koineised forms of English in South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand. The majority of immigrants to the United States without British ancestry rapidly adopted English after arrival. Now the majority of the United States population are monolingual English speakers. English has ceased to be an "English language" in
4606-461: The Hindi film music world and it was a golden period of film music, it was very tough to make a place amongst them. They still managed to attain success amongst the competition. The Bharat Bhushan – Nirupa Roy hit Samrat Chandragupta (1958) was his first film as Kalyanji Virji Shah. Songs like Chahe Paas Ho (Lata–Rafi) that are remembered to this day were what made the movie a commercial success. This
4704-550: The Roman economy and administration collapsed . By the 7th century, this Germanic language of the Anglo-Saxons became dominant in Britain , replacing the languages of Roman Britain (43–409): Common Brittonic , a Celtic language , and British Latin , brought to Britain by the Roman occupation. At this time, these dialects generally resisted influence from the then-local Brittonic and Latin languages. England and English (originally Ænglaland and Ænglisc ) are both named after
4802-490: The Union, in practice English is the main working language of EU organisations. Although in most countries English is not an official language, it is currently the language most often taught as a foreign language . In the countries of the EU, English is the most widely spoken foreign language in nineteen of the twenty-five member states where it is not an official language (that is, the countries other than Ireland and Malta ). In
4900-407: The base from which English spreads to other countries in the world. Estimates of the numbers of second language and foreign-language English speakers vary greatly from 470 million to more than 1 billion, depending on how proficiency is defined. Linguist David Crystal estimates that non-native speakers now outnumber native speakers by a ratio of 3 to 1. In Kachru's three-circles model,
4998-449: The basis for the required controlled natural languages Seaspeak and Airspeak, used as international languages of seafaring and aviation. English used to have parity with French and German in scientific research, but now it dominates that field. It achieved parity with French as a language of diplomacy at the Treaty of Versailles negotiations in 1919. By the time of the foundation of
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#17328871237935096-400: The beginning, Englishmen had three manners of speaking, southern, northern and midlands speech in the middle of the country, ... Nevertheless, through intermingling and mixing, first with Danes and then with Normans, amongst many the country language has arisen, and some use strange stammering, chattering, snarling, and grating gnashing. John Trevisa , c. 1385 Middle English
5194-806: The biggest names in Bollywood, like Dilip Kumar , Amitabh Bachchan , Anil Kapoor , Vinod Khanna , Rekha and Sridevi . Manhar Udhas , Kumar Sanu , Anuradha Paudwal , Alka Yagnik, Sadhana Sargam , Sapna Mukherjee , Udit Narayan , Sunidhi Chauhan , now very popular names, were nurtured as singers and got their first breaks from Kalyanji Anandji. Laxmikant Pyarelal worked as music assistants to Kalyanji Anandji before composing music independently for Hindi films, they continued assisting them even after they were established music directors till 1966 or so. They helped introduce or gave career defining breaks to lyricists like Qamar Jalalabadi , Anand Bakshi , Gulshan Bawra , Anjaan , Verma Malik and M. G. Hashmat . In
5292-1093: The chart buster qawwali "Qurbani Qurbani Qurbani" from Qurbani (1980). Mohammed Rafi : The duo composed many songs for Mohammedd Rafi. At their initial stage as music director, Mohd Rafi was their first choice of singer. They made numerous popular song with him. All songs of Jab Jab Phool Khile were a huge hit and catapulted them to fame and there was no looking back after that. Besides Jab Jab Phool Khile , there were many popular songs with Mohammed Rafi from films like Qurbani ( Kya Dekhte Ho ), Bluff Master (Govinda Ala Re Ala), Raaz ( Akele Hain Chale Aao ), Sacha Jhutha (Yuhi Tum Mujhse Baat Karti Hoo), Maryada (Tum Bhi Aja Ke), Haat Ki Safai (Vadaa Karle Sajna), Gopi ( Sukh Ki Hain Saab Sathie ), Qatilon Ka Qatil ( Yeh To Allah Ko Khabar & Oh Mere Chorni), Geet ( Aja Tujh Ko Pukarein Mere Geet ) & Bairaag (Sare Shaher Mein App Sa) to name
5390-407: The city and the real Ranjeet continues his underground work of diamond smuggling and Inspector Pradhan cannot come to a conclusion. Leena moves intimately with Bhola thinking of him as Ranjeet, but Bhola falls in love with her. On the other side, in the village, due to heavy floods, Belu loses everything and comes in search of her brother to Bombay with her dog Moti. Bhola watches a marriage ceremony on
5488-638: The consensus of educated English speakers around the world, without any oversight by any government or international organisation. American listeners readily understand most British broadcasting, and British listeners readily understand most American broadcasting. Most English speakers around the world can understand radio programmes, television programmes, and films from many parts of the English-speaking world. Both standard and non-standard varieties of English can include both formal or informal styles, distinguished by word choice and syntax and use both technical and non-technical registers. The settlement history of
5586-682: The continent. The Frisian languages, which together with the Anglic languages form the Anglo-Frisian languages , are the closest living relatives of English. Low German/Low Saxon is also closely related, and sometimes English, the Frisian languages, and Low German are grouped together as the North Sea Germanic languages, though this grouping remains debated. Old English evolved into Middle English , which in turn evolved into Modern English. Particular dialects of Old and Middle English also developed into
5684-476: The development of English was influenced by a long series of invasions of the British Isles by other peoples and languages, particularly Old Norse and French dialects . These left a profound mark of their own on the language, so that English shows some similarities in vocabulary and grammar with many languages outside its linguistic clades —but it is not mutually intelligible with any of those languages either. Some scholars have argued that English can be considered
5782-467: The distinct characteristics of Early Modern English. In the 1611 King James Version of the Bible, written in Early Modern English, Matthew 8:20 says, "The Foxes haue holes and the birds of the ayre haue nests." This exemplifies the loss of case and its effects on sentence structure (replacement with subject–verb–object word order, and the use of of instead of the non-possessive genitive), and
5880-401: The early period of Old English were written using a runic script . By the 6th century, a Latin alphabet was adopted, written with half-uncial letterforms . It included the runic letters wynn ⟨ ƿ ⟩ and thorn ⟨ þ ⟩ , and the modified Latin letters eth ⟨ ð ⟩ , and ash ⟨ æ ⟩ . Old English is essentially
5978-539: The educational reforms of King Alfred in the 9th century and the influence of the kingdom of Wessex , the West Saxon dialect became the standard written variety . The epic poem Beowulf is written in West Saxon, and the earliest English poem, Cædmon's Hymn , is written in Northumbrian. Modern English developed mainly from Mercian, but the Scots language developed from Northumbrian. A few short inscriptions from
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#17328871237936076-684: The elite in England eventually developed into the Anglo-Norman language . Because Norman was spoken primarily by the elites and nobles, while the lower classes continued speaking English, the main influence of Norman was the introduction of a wide range of loanwords related to politics, legislation and prestigious social domains. Middle English also greatly simplified the inflectional system, probably in order to reconcile Old Norse and Old English, which were inflectionally different but morphologically similar. The distinction between nominative and accusative cases
6174-408: The expanding circle use it to communicate with other people from the expanding circle, so that interaction with native speakers of English plays no part in their decision to use the language. Non-native varieties of English are widely used for international communication, and speakers of one such variety often encounter features of other varieties. Very often today a conversation in English anywhere in
6272-590: The film. It was remade in Tamil as Ninaithadhai Mudippavan (Finishes everything he thinks), with M. G. Ramachandran reprising Rajesh Khanna's roles and M. N. Nambiar reprising Vinod Khanna's role, which was released in 1975. The Tamil Film had some few scenes different from an original movie like: The film was remade in Kannada as Mutthanna in (1994) starring Shiva Rajkumar in lead role.In Kannada. Scenes are same as Tamil movie. English language English
6370-472: The former's simplicity and mirror-image (both the roles of Bhola and Ranjeet Kumar were played by Rajesh Khanna ). The music of the film was composed by Kalyanji-Anandji . The film was the second highest grosser of the year and was declared a super hit. The performance of Rajesh Khanna was critically acclaimed and he won the Filmfare Best Actor Award for 1971 . Being a box office blockbuster, it
6468-795: The great number Kasme vaade pyar wafa ke in Manna Dey's voice in "Upkar" (1968) and the chart buster qawwali "Yari hai imman Mera Yaar Meri Zindagi" from Zanjeer ( 1973). Mukesh : The duo composed many heart touching melodies in the voice of Mukesh like " chandsi mehboba ho meri aia maine socha tha ha tum bilkul wais ho jaisa maine socha tha ", " hum chodel hai mehfil ko yaad aa ye kisi ko mat rona ", "koi jab tumhara hriday tod de " , " kya khoob lagthi ho , badi sundar dikhthi ho ","jo tumko ho pasand wohi baat kahenge". Mahendra Kapoor They also composed many memorable songs for Mahendra Kapoor, " Mere Desh Ki Dharti sona ugle ugle heere moti" in Upkaar, and
6566-710: The growing economic and cultural influence of the United States and its status as a superpower following the Second World War has, along with worldwide broadcasting in English by the BBC and other broadcasters, caused the language to spread across the planet much faster. In the 21st century, English is more widely spoken and written than any language has ever been. As Modern English developed, explicit norms for standard usage were published, and spread through official media such as public education and state-sponsored publications. In 1755, Samuel Johnson published his A Dictionary of
6664-479: The history of English was Early Modern English (1500–1700). Early Modern English was characterised by the Great Vowel Shift (1350–1700), inflectional simplification, and linguistic standardisation. The Great Vowel Shift affected the stressed long vowels of Middle English. It was a chain shift , meaning that each shift triggered a subsequent shift in the vowel system. Mid and open vowels were raised , and close vowels were broken into diphthongs . For example,
6762-407: The history of how English spread in different countries, how users acquire English, and the range of uses English has in each country. The three circles change membership over time. Countries with large communities of native speakers of English (the inner circle) include Britain, the United States, Australia, Canada, Ireland, and New Zealand, where the majority speaks English, and South Africa, where
6860-825: The initial years can be gauged from the fact that in their first musical score Samrat Chandragupt (1958), Lataji was the only female playback singer, having sung 8 out of 8 numbers in the movie. However, since 1979, they started using Lata Mangeshkar's voice very sparingly, even though they kept on offering songs to other senior singers like Kishore Kumar and Asha Bhosle . Since the 1980s, Lata's voice could only be heard in their scores like Bombay 405 Miles (1980), Katilon Ke Kaatil (1981), Khoon Ka Rishtaa (1981), Log Kya Kahenge (1982), Raaj Mahal (1982), Vidhaata(1982), Yudh (1985), Pighalta Aasman (1985), Mangal Dada (1986), Kalyug Aur Ramayan (1987), Desh Drohi (1988), Galiyon Ka Baadshah (1989) and Ulfat Ki Nayee Manzilen (1994). Among these, Kalyug Aur Ramayan and Ulfat Ki Nayee Manzilen had been in
6958-403: The inner-circle countries, and they may show grammatical and phonological differences from inner-circle varieties as well. The standard English of the inner-circle countries is often taken as a norm for use of English in the outer-circle countries. In the three-circles model, countries such as Poland, China, Brazil, Germany, Japan, Indonesia, Egypt, and other countries where English is taught as
7056-524: The introduction of loanwords from French ( ayre ) and word replacements ( bird originally meaning "nestling" had replaced OE fugol ). By the late 18th century, the British Empire had spread English through its colonies and geopolitical dominance. Commerce, science and technology, diplomacy, art, and formal education all contributed to English becoming the first truly global language. English also facilitated worldwide international communication. English
7154-467: The introduction of the printing press to London. This era notably culminated in the King James Bible and the works of William Shakespeare . The printing press greatly standardised English spelling, which has remained largely unchanged since then, despite a wide variety of later sound shifts in English dialects. Modern English has spread around the world since the 17th century as a consequence of
7252-431: The languages have descended from a single common ancestor called Proto-Germanic . Some shared features of Germanic languages include the division of verbs into strong and weak classes, the use of modal verbs , and the sound changes affecting Proto-Indo-European consonants, known as Grimm's and Verner's laws . English is classified as an Anglo-Frisian language because Frisian and English share other features, such as
7350-750: The late 1990s and early 2000s, their work was introduced to a young Western audience by three albums. Bombay the Hard Way: Guns, Cars and Sitars was a mix album put together by US DJ Dan The Automator ; Bollywood Funk was an Outcaste compilation album put together by Sutrasonic DJs Harv and Sunni; while The Beginners Guide To Bollywood was compiled by John Lewis from Time Out magazine. All three of these records concentrated on Kalyanji Anandji tracks from 1970s films that featured funk breakbeats, wah-wah guitars and Motown-style orchestrations. In 2005, The Black Eyed Peas 's " Don't Phunk with My Heart " used music pieces from two of their songs: "Ae Naujawan" from
7448-944: The making since long, especially the second one which was in the making since 1966, its music having been released in 1968 itself. Some of her evergreen songs include the immortal "Salaam-e-ishq Meri Jaan" from Muqaddar Ka Sikander (1978), "Jiska Mujhe Tha Intezaar" from Don (1978), Kabhi Raat Din Hum Door Thay from Aamne Saamne (1967), "Yeh Saman" from Jab Jab Phool Khile (1965), "Humare Siva Tumhare Aur Kitne Deewane" from Apradh (1972), Lata's national award-winning song "Roothe roothe piya" from Kora Kagaz (1974), "Main Pyaasa Tum saawan' from Faraar (1975), Hum Thay Jinke Sahare from Safar (1970), "Ja Re Ja O Harjaee" from Kalicharan (1976), "Thoda Sa Thehro" from Victoria No. 203 (1973). Asha Bhosle : The duo composed 297 songs for Asha as well. Their well known songs with Asha
7546-591: The music of Hemant Kumar . Kalyanji then, with his brother Anandji, started an orchestral group called Kalyanji Virji and Party which organised musical shows in Mumbai and outside. This was the first attempt made for holding live musical shows in India. Kalyanji Anandji's arrival in the Bombay film industry as music composers was a turning point. When big music directors like S. D. Burman , Hemant Kumar , Madan Mohan , Naushad , Shankar–Jaikishan and O. P. Nayyar were ruling
7644-514: The name Kalyanji Veerji Shah and 302 under the name Kalyanji–Anandji), the 4th highest number songs composed by any composer for Lataji's career after Laxmikant-Pyarelal (712), Shankar–Jaikishan (453) and Rahul Dev Burman (331). Their association with the singer goes back to 1954, when Kalyanji played the famous 'been' tune in Lata Mangeshkar's numbers like 'Man Dole Mera Tan Dole' in the movie Nagin (1954). Lata's influence on their music in
7742-426: The prestige varieties among the middle classes. In modern English, the loss of grammatical case is almost complete (it is now only found in pronouns, such as he and him , she and her , who and whom ), and SVO word order is mostly fixed. Some changes, such as the use of do-support , have become universalised. (Earlier English did not use the word "do" as a general auxiliary as Modern English does; at first it
7840-657: The reign of Henry V . Around 1430, the Court of Chancery in Westminster began using English in its official documents , and a new standard form of Middle English, known as Chancery Standard , developed from the dialects of London and the East Midlands . In 1476, William Caxton introduced the printing press to England and began publishing the first printed books in London, expanding the influence of this form of English. Literature from
7938-542: The road and he imagines the bride to be his sister and sings the same song which he sang in the village. Belu, who hears that, runs after him, but Bhola has already left the place. Pradhan meets Belu and helps her to reach the place. Some men mislead Belu regarding her brother's whereabouts and try to exploit her, but Pradhan saves her and takes her to his home. Ruby, who follows Belu to Pradhan's house informs Ranjeet about her. Ranjeet, posing like her brother, goes to Pradhan's home and takes her with him. Bhola finds out Ranjeet
8036-464: The sense of belonging only to people who are ethnically English . Use of English is growing country-by-country internally and for international communication. Most people learn English for practical rather than ideological reasons. Many speakers of English in Africa have become part of an "Afro-Saxon" language community that unites Africans from different countries. As decolonisation proceeded throughout
8134-401: The song on a musical instrument which cannot be played by anyone else, but both play the same tune. Finally, Bhola and Belu's dog Moti identifies the real Bhola and Ranjeet is arrested and sent to prison. Belu finally marries Inspector Pradhan and Bhola marries Leena. The music, composed by Kalyanji-Anandji , with lyrics by Indivar , Gulshan Bawra and Qamar Jalalabadi , is a strong point of
8232-478: The source of approximately 28% of Modern English words , and from Latin , which is the source of an additional 28% . As such, though most of its total vocabulary comes from Romance languages , Modern English's grammar, phonology, and most commonly used words in everyday use keep it genealogically classified under the Germanic branch. It exists on a dialect continuum with Scots and is then most closely related to
8330-474: The southern dialects. Theoretically, as late as the 900s AD, a commoner from certain (northern) parts of England could hold a conversation with a commoner from certain parts of Scandinavia. Research continues into the details of the myriad tribes in peoples in England and Scandinavia and the mutual contacts between them. The translation of Matthew 8:20 from 1000 shows examples of case endings ( nominative plural, accusative plural, genitive singular) and
8428-455: The study of English as an auxiliary language. The trademarked Globish uses a relatively small subset of English vocabulary (about 1500 words, designed to represent the highest use in international business English) in combination with the standard English grammar. Other examples include Simple English . The increased use of the English language globally has had an effect on other languages, leading to some English words being assimilated into
8526-873: The vocabularies of other languages. This influence of English has led to concerns about language death , and to claims of linguistic imperialism , and has provoked resistance to the spread of English; however the number of speakers continues to increase because many people around the world think that English provides them with opportunities for better employment and improved lives. Kalyanji-Anandji Kalyanji – Anandji were an Indian composer duo: Kalyanji Virji Shah (30 June 1928 – 24 August 2000) and his brother Anandji Virji Shah (born 2 March 1933). The duo are known for their work on Hindi film soundtracks, with many evergreen songs being composed by them. Some of their best-known works are Don , Bairaag , Saraswatichandra , Qurbani , Muqaddar Ka Sikandar , Laawaris , Tridev , Safar , and many more. They won
8624-473: The word bite was originally pronounced as the word beet is today, and the second vowel in the word about was pronounced as the word boot is today. The Great Vowel Shift explains many irregularities in spelling since English retains many spellings from Middle English, and it also explains why English vowel letters have very different pronunciations from the same letters in other languages. English began to rise in prestige, relative to Norman French, during
8722-785: The world may include no native speakers of English at all, even while including speakers from several different countries. This is particularly true of the shared vocabulary of mathematics and the sciences. English is a pluricentric language , which means that no one national authority sets the standard for use of the language. Spoken English, including English used in broadcasting, generally follows national pronunciation standards that are established by custom rather than by regulation. International broadcasters are usually identifiable as coming from one country rather than another through their accents , but newsreader scripts are also composed largely in international standard written English . The norms of standard written English are maintained purely by
8820-539: The world, but the number of English speakers in India is uncertain, with most scholars concluding that the United States still has more speakers of English than India. Modern English, sometimes described as the first global lingua franca , is also regarded as the first world language . English is the world's most widely used language in newspaper publishing, book publishing, international telecommunications, scientific publishing, international trade, mass entertainment, and diplomacy. English is, by international treaty,
8918-438: The worldwide influence of the British Empire and the United States. Through all types of printed and electronic media in these countries, English has become the leading language of international discourse and the lingua franca in many regions and professional contexts such as science, navigation , and law. Its modern grammar is the result of a gradual change from a dependent-marking pattern typical of Indo-European with
9016-509: Was a folk musician of some eminence. They spent most of their formative years in the Mumbai locality of Girgaum amidst Marathi and Gujarati environs and among some eminent musical talent that resided in the vicinity. Kalyanji started his career as a musician, with a new electronic instrument called the clavioline . which was used for the famous "Nagin Been," used in the film Nagin (1954) which had
9114-405: Was adopted in parts of North America, parts of Africa, Oceania, and many other regions. When they obtained political independence, some of the newly independent states that had multiple indigenous languages opted to continue using English as the official language to avoid the political and other difficulties inherent in promoting any one indigenous language above the others. In the 20th century
9212-760: Was followed by his composing music scores for more films like Post Box 999 before Anandji who was assisting him, joined him officially to form the Kalyanji-Anandji duo in Satta Bazaar and Madari (1959). Chhalia (1960) was their earliest major hit. In 1965, two decisive scores, Himalay Ki God Mein and Jab Jab Phool Khile , established them as composers to reckon with. Both Kalyanji and Anandji worked as music composers for over 250 films, 17 of which were golden jubilees and 39 silver jubilees . They organised many charitable concerts for NGOs and several charitable institutions in India and abroad with some of
9310-511: Was fully developed, integrating both Norse and French features; it continued to be spoken until the transition to early Modern English around 1500. Middle English literature includes Geoffrey Chaucer 's The Canterbury Tales , and Thomas Malory 's Le Morte d'Arthur . In the Middle English period, the use of regional dialects in writing proliferated, and dialect traits were even used for effect by authors such as Chaucer. The next period in
9408-500: Was lost except in personal pronouns, the instrumental case was dropped, and the use of the genitive case was limited to indicating possession . The inflectional system regularised many irregular inflectional forms, and gradually simplified the system of agreement, making word order less flexible. The transition from Old to Middle English can be placed during the writing of the Ormulum . The oldest Middle English texts that were written by
9506-533: Was only used in question constructions, and even then was not obligatory. Now, do-support with the verb have is becoming increasingly standardised.) The use of progressive forms in -ing , appears to be spreading to new constructions, and forms such as had been being built are becoming more common. Regularisation of irregular forms also slowly continues (e.g. dreamed instead of dreamt ), and analytical alternatives to inflectional forms are becoming more common (e.g. more polite instead of politer ). British English
9604-808: Was used in an episode of The Simpsons . Remixed version of the song "Apni Toh Jaise Taise," originally from the 1981 film Laawaris was used in 2010 Bollywood film Housefull . The Calcutta High Court restrained producer Sajid Nadiadwala from the cinematic use of the song. Kishore Kumar : The duo composed 270 songs for Kishore Kumar . Their superhit songs with Kishore Kumar included all-time hit "Zindagi ka safar" from Safar (1970), "O Saathi Re" from Muqaddar Ka Sikandar (1978), Mera Jeevan Kora Kagaz from Kora Kagaz (1974), Jeevan se bhari teri aankhein from Safar (1970), "Pal pal dil ke paas" from Blackmail (1974), "Neele neele ambar par " from Kalakaar (1985), "Samjhauta gamon se kar lo" from Samjhauta (1973), "Apne jeevan ki uljhan ko" from Uljhan (1975) and
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