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35-441: Sa Kaeo became a province in 1993, when the six districts Sa Kaeo, Khlong Hat, Wang Nam Yen, Aranyaprathet, Ta Phraya, and Watthana Nakhon of Prachinburi province were elevated to provincial status. It is thus one of the four newest provinces of Thailand, together with Amnat Charoen , Nong Bua Lamphu , and most recently, Bueng Kan . The province is overwhelmingly Theravada Buddhist (99.4 percent). In 1979 Sa Kaeo Refugee Camp

70-411: A dialect continuum . Thai language is spoken by over 69 million people (2020). Moreover, most Thais in the northern (Lanna) and the northeastern (Isan) parts of the country today are bilingual speakers of Central Thai and their respective regional dialects because Central Thai is the language of television, education, news reporting, and all forms of media. A recent research found that the speakers of

105-551: A second language among the country's minority ethnic groups from the mid-late Ayutthaya period onward. Ethnic minorities today are predominantly bilingual, speaking Thai alongside their native language or dialect. Standard Thai is classified as one of the Chiang Saen languages—others being Northern Thai , Southern Thai and numerous smaller languages, which together with the Northwestern Tai and Lao-Phutai languages, form

140-533: A four-way distinction among stops and affricates . The maximal four-way occurred in labials ( /p pʰ b ʔb/ ) and denti-alveolars ( /t tʰ d ʔd/ ); the three-way distinction among velars ( /k kʰ ɡ/ ) and palatals ( /tɕ tɕʰ dʑ/ ), with the glottalized member of each set apparently missing. The major change between old and modern Thai was due to voicing distinction losses and the concomitant tone split . This may have happened between about 1300 and 1600 CE, possibly occurring at different times in different parts of

175-983: A further 13 subdistrict municipalities ( thesaban tambon ). (Non-municipal areas are administered by 49 Subdistrict Administrative Organisations (SAO) ( ongkan borihan suan tambon ). Since 2003, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in Thailand has tracked progress on human development at sub-national level using the Human achievement index (HAI), a composite index covering all the eight key areas of human development. National Economic and Social Development Board (NESDB) has taken over this task since 2017. 13°47′49″N 102°8′14″E  /  13.79694°N 102.13722°E  / 13.79694; 102.13722 Prachinburi province Prachinburi province ( Thai : ปราจีนบุรี , RTGS :  Prachin Buri , pronounced [prāː.t͡ɕīːn bū.rīː] , lit.   ' City of

210-525: A syllable that formerly began with a voiceless consonant (including glottalized stops). An additional complication is that formerly voiceless unaspirated stops/affricates (original /p t k tɕ ʔb ʔd/ ) also caused original tone 1 to lower, but had no such effect on original tones 2 or 3. The above consonant mergers and tone splits account for the complex relationship between spelling and sound in modern Thai. Modern "low"-class consonants were voiced in Old Thai, and

245-598: Is Chaophraya Abhaibhubejhr Hospital . Since 2003, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in Thailand has tracked progress on human development at sub-national level using the Human achievement index (HAI), a composite index covering all the eight key areas of human development. National Economic and Social Development Board (NESDB) has taken over this task since 2017. 14°2′52″N 101°22′21″E  /  14.04778°N 101.37250°E  / 14.04778; 101.37250 Thai language Thai , or Central Thai (historically Siamese ; Thai: ภาษาไทย ),

280-519: Is "Frontier of the east, beautiful forests, splendid waterfalls, ancient civilisations, Thai-Cambodian commerce". Sa Kaeo is divided into nine districts ( amphoe ). The districts are further divided into 59 subdistricts ( tambons ) and 619 villages ( mubans ). As of 26 November 2019 the province had one Provincial Administration Organisation (PAO) ( ongkan borihan suan changwat ) and 16 municipalities ( thesaban ): Sa Kaeo, Aranyaprathet, and Wang Nam Yen had town ( thesaban mueang ) status, with

315-562: Is a Tai language of the Kra–Dai language family spoken by the Central Thai , Mon , Lao Wiang , Phuan people in Central Thailand and the vast majority of Thai Chinese enclaves throughout the country. It is the sole official language of Thailand . Thai is the most spoken of over 60 languages of Thailand by both number of native and overall speakers. Over half of its vocabulary

350-523: Is derived from or borrowed from Pali , Sanskrit , Mon and Old Khmer . It is a tonal and analytic language . Thai has a complex orthography and system of relational markers . Spoken Thai, depending on standard sociolinguistic factors such as age, gender, class, spatial proximity, and the urban/rural divide, is partly mutually intelligible with Lao , Isan , and some fellow Thai topolects . These languages are written with slightly different scripts, but are linguistically similar and effectively form

385-435: Is divided into seven districts ( amphoes ). These are further divided into 65 subdistricts ( tambons ) and 658 villages ( mubans ).   [REDACTED] The missing numbers 4 and 5 as well as 10-12 are districts split off to form Sa Kaeo province . As of 26 November 2019 there are: one Prachinburi Provincial Administration Organisation ( ongkan borihan suan changwat ) and 13 municipal ( thesaban ) areas in

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420-660: Is divided into two major parts, the low river valley of the Bang Pakong River , and the higher lands with plateaus and mountains of the Sankamphaeng Range , the southern prolongation of the Dong Phaya Yen mountains . The total forest area is 1,436 km (554 sq mi) or 28.6 percent of provincial area. There area two national parks, along with two other national parks, make up region 1 (Prachinburi) of Thailand's protected areas. The provincial seal shows

455-613: Is served by the State Railway of Thailand 's Eastern Line . Prachin Buri Railway Station , is the main railway station located 122 kilometres (76 mi) from Bangkok. Five trains go to Bangkok and five come to Prachinburi each day, with a commute time of around two and a half hours. A one-way ticket costs only 24 bahts. Tambon Hua Wa in Si Maha Phot District is the site of Rojana Industrial Park. Among other tenants of

490-511: The Bodhi tree . It symbolizes the first Bodhi tree planted about 2,000 years ago at Wat Si Maha Phot. The provincial colors are red and yellow. Red symbolises the land and yellow, Buddhism . The provincial tree is the Bodhi tree ( Ficus religiosa ). The provincial flower is the cork tree ( Millingtonia hortensis ). The cyprinid fish Cyclocheilichthys enoplos is the provincial fish. The province

525-657: The Khmer Empire in the late 1100s, although the Arogyasala was possibly constructed on an older Dvaravati shrine. Not much of the Arogyasala survives, but it most likely was designed in the standard layout. In the temple of Wat Morakot at the site contains the largest and oldest carvings of The Buddha 's footprints in Thailand. Created between the 600s and 800s, the footprints were made from natural laterite and hold significance to Buddhists. The site also contains two ancient reserviors, with Sra Boa being one of them. The province

560-459: The Northern Thai language (also known as Phasa Mueang or Kham Mueang) have become so few, as most people in northern Thailand now invariably speak Standard Thai, so that they are now using mostly Central Thai words and only seasoning their speech with the "Kham Mueang" accent. Standard Thai is based on the register of the educated classes by Central Thai and ethnic minorities in the area along

595-510: The Southwestern branch of Tai languages . The Tai languages are a branch of the Kra–Dai language family , which encompasses a large number of indigenous languages spoken in an arc from Hainan and Guangxi south through Laos and Northern Vietnam to the Cambodian border. Standard Thai is the principal language of education and government and spoken throughout Thailand. The standard is based on

630-584: The East ' ) is one of Thailand's seventy-seven provinces ( changwat ), it lies in eastern Thailand . Neighboring provinces are (from north clockwise) Nakhon Ratchasima , Sa Kaeo , Chachoengsao , and Nakhon Nayok . Located in Si Mahosot district, their existed an ancient Buddhist site at the Sra Morakot Archeological Site. The site contains an Arogyasala dating to the reign of Jayavarman VII of

665-547: The Khmer system first before the Thai borrowed. Old Thai had a three-way tone distinction on "live syllables" (those not ending in a stop), with no possible distinction on "dead syllables" (those ending in a stop, i.e. either /p/, /t/, /k/ or the glottal stop that automatically closes syllables otherwise ending in a short vowel). There was a two-way voiced vs. voiceless distinction among all fricative and sonorant consonants, and up to

700-484: The Thai-speaking area. All voiced–voiceless pairs of consonants lost the voicing distinction: However, in the process of these mergers, the former distinction of voice was transferred into a new set of tonal distinctions. In essence, every tone in Old Thai split into two new tones, with a lower-pitched tone corresponding to a syllable that formerly began with a voiced consonant, and a higher-pitched tone corresponding to

735-436: The country. With an annual clearance rate of about one km between 2011 and 2015 the problem will not soon disappear. The name Sa Kaeo , literally 'crystal pond', refers to two ponds ( Sa Kaeo Sa Khwan ) containing water thought to be sacred once used for the coronation ceremony . The name of the province originated with this place, now the ponds lie inside a public park next to Mueang Sa Kaeo Municipality Office. The north of

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770-541: The dialect of the central Thai people, and it is written in the Thai script . Hlai languages Kam-Sui languages Kra languages Be language Northern Tai languages Central Tai languages Khamti language Tai Lue language Shan language others Northern Thai language Thai language Southern Thai language Tai Yo language Phuthai language Lao language (PDR Lao, Isan language ) Thai has undergone various historical sound changes. Some of

805-515: The local patois as pronounced in Guangdong Ayutthaya , the old capital of Thailand from 1351 - 1767 A.D., was from the beginning a bilingual society, speaking Thai and Khmer . Bilingualism must have been strengthened and maintained for some time by the great number of Khmer-speaking captives the Thais took from Angkor Thom after their victories in 1369, 1388 and 1431. Gradually toward the end of

840-547: The most significant changes occurred during the evolution from Old Thai to modern Thai. The Thai writing system has an eight-century history and many of these changes, especially in consonants and tones, are evidenced in the modern orthography . According to a Chinese source, during the Ming dynasty , Yingya Shenglan (1405–1433), Ma Huan reported on the language of the Xiānluó (暹羅) or Ayutthaya Kingdom, saying that it somewhat resembled

875-624: The park, Honda Automobile (Thailand) has established a 17.2 billion baht plant there to manufacture sub-compact vehicles. The plant, opened in March 2016, has an initial production capacity of 60,000 vehicles per year. The plant is designed to build up to 120,000 vehicles per year. Honda produces hybrid electric vehicles and batteries for electric vehicles, at its factories in Prachinburi and Ayutthaya. Honda's Prachinburi factory has an annual capacity of 120,000 units. The main hospital of Prachinburi province

910-415: The period, a language shift took place. Khmer fell out of use. Both Thai and Khmer descendants whose great-grand parents or earlier ancestors were bilingual came to use only Thai. In the process of language shift, an abundance of Khmer elements were transferred into Thai and permeated all aspects of the language. Consequently, the Thai of the late Ayutthaya Period which later became Ratanakosin or Bangkok Thai,

945-585: The province is covered with the forested mountains of the Sankamphaeng Range and the Dangrek Mountains . The total forest area in 2021 is 1,506 km (581 sq mi) or 22 percent of provincial area. To the south are the foothills of the Cardamom Mountains , which are mostly deforested . There are two national parks, along with two other national parks, make up region 1 (Prachinburi) of Thailand's protected areas. The provincial seal shows

980-484: The province. Prachinburi has town ( thesaban mueang ) status. Further 12 subdistrict municipalities ( thesaban tambon ). The non-municipal areas are administered by 56 Subdistrict Administrative Organisations - SAO ( ongkan borihan suan tambon ). The main road through Prachinburi is Route 319. While Route 319 does not lead directly to other major centers, along with Route 33 it leads to Nakhon Nayok , and along with Routes 314 and 304 it leads to Bangkok . Prachinburi

1015-513: The ring surrounding the Metropolis . In addition to Central Thai, Thailand is home to other related Tai languages . Although most linguists classify these dialects as related but distinct languages, native speakers often identify them as regional variants or dialects of the "same" Thai language, or as "different kinds of Thai". As a dominant language in all aspects of society in Thailand, Thai initially saw gradual and later widespread adoption as

1050-484: The royal vocabulary according to their immediate environment. Thai and Pali, the latter from Theravada Buddhism, were added to the vocabulary. An investigation of the Ayutthaya Rajasap reveals that three languages, Thai, Khmer and Khmero-Indic were at work closely both in formulaic expressions and in normal discourse. In fact, Khmero-Indic may be classified in the same category as Khmer because Indic had been adapted to

1085-496: The sun rising over archaeological ruins, Prasat Khao Noi Si Chompu , a significant Khmer temple. The rising sun symbolizes the location of the province in the east. In the front is a Buddha image in a pond with lotus flowers. The provincial tree is Phyllanthus emblica . The provincial flower is the Orange Jessamine ( Murraya paniculata ). The provincial aquatic life is Leptobarbus hoevenii . The provincial slogan

Sa Kaeo province - Misplaced Pages Continue

1120-535: The terminology "low" reflects the lower tone variants that resulted. Modern "mid"-class consonants were voiceless unaspirated stops or affricates in Old Thai—precisely the class that triggered lowering in original tone 1 but not tones 2 or 3. Modern "high"-class consonants were the remaining voiceless consonants in Old Thai (voiceless fricatives, voiceless sonorants, voiceless aspirated stops). The three most common tone "marks" (the lack of any tone mark, as well as

1155-423: The two marks termed mai ek and mai tho ) represent the three tones of Old Thai, and the complex relationship between tone mark and actual tone is due to the various tonal changes since then. Since the tone split, the tones have changed in actual representation to the point that the former relationship between lower and higher tonal variants has been completely obscured. Furthermore, the six tones that resulted after

1190-449: Was a thorough mixture of Thai and Khmer. There were more Khmer words in use than Tai cognates. Khmer grammatical rules were used actively to coin new disyllabic and polysyllabic words and phrases. Khmer expressions, sayings, and proverbs were expressed in Thai through transference. Thais borrowed both the Royal vocabulary and rules to enlarge the vocabulary from Khmer. The Thais later developed

1225-686: Was established northwest of Sa Kaeo town. It closed in 1989, but the legacy of the border clashes of the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s is ever present. The largest land mine field in the world was planted along the Thai-Cambodia border according to some experts. Almost 4,000 people have been injured or killed by landmines in Thailand since the border battles—19 persons in 2017 alone. According to a survey conducted in 2001, 27 of Thailand's 76 provinces were plagued with land mines, impacting more than 530 communities and some 500,000 people. Thailand still has approximately 409 km of mined area to clear scattered around

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