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33-477: Grebe was developed as part of Project Kingfisher , a program administered by the National Bureau of Standards for the development of a family of torpedo-carrying missiles, allowing underwater-striking weapons to be delivered at stand-off distance from their launching platform. The program developed three air-launched weapons, initially designated Kingfisher C , D , and F ; the sole surface-launched member of

66-468: A Mark 21 Mod 2 torpedo ; the weapon was intended for use against surface targets in low-threat environments, where the attacking aircraft did not have to worry about defensive cover from fighter aircraft . Considered to be an interim design before fully powered missiles were available, the Kingfisher A design was used as a basis for glide tests to verify the aerodynamic properties of the Kingfisher family as

99-523: A sic' , emerged in 1889, E. Belfort Bax 's work in The Ethics of Socialism being an early example. On occasion, sic has been misidentified as an acronym (and therefore sometimes misspelled with periods): s.i.c. is said to stand for "spelled/said in copy/context", "spelling is correct", "spelled incorrectly", and other such folk etymology phrases. These are all incorrect and are simply backronyms from sic . Use of sic greatly increased in

132-441: A parenthetical sentence only when used after a complete sentence, like so: ( Sic. ) Some guides, including The Chicago Manual of Style , recommend "quiet copy-editing " (unless where inappropriate or uncertain) instead of inserting a bracketed sic , such as by substituting in brackets the correct word in place of the incorrect word or by simply replacing an incorrect spelling with the correct one. Alternatively, to show both

165-475: A plunge bomb, and the missile was fitted with a pulsejet engine for a range of up to 20 miles (32 km) from its launching aircraft at a speed of Mach 0.7, with guidance via active radar homing . Built by McDonnell Aircraft and given the designation AUM-N-6 Puffin , the missile began flight testing in 1948, and was considered for carriage by United States Air Force bombers as well as U.S. Navy aircraft. Trials demonstrated, however, that Puffin did not meet

198-406: A quotation did not arise from editorial errors in the transcription, but are intentionally reproduced as they appear in the source text being quoted; thus, sic is placed inside brackets to indicate it is not part of the quotation. Sic can also be used derisively to direct the reader's attention to the writer's spelling mistakes and erroneous logic, or to show disapproval of the content or form of

231-411: A quotation indicates that the quoted matter has been transcribed or translated as found in the source text, including erroneous, archaic, or unusual spelling, punctuation , and grammar . Sic also applies to any surprising assertion, faulty reasoning, or other matter that might be interpreted as an error of transcription . The typical editorial usage of Sic is to inform the reader that any errors in

264-481: A weapon only 2/3 the weight of the Bat guided bomb. Its payload was intended to be a plunge bomb , an unguided projectile that upon release would glide briefly along a ballistic trajectory before sinking alongside a target and detonating underwater. Unpowered, it was also cancelled in 1947 as no longer meeting requirements. Kingfisher C was the only member of the Kingfisher family to reach operational service. Developed from

297-557: A whole; these took place late in 1946 using the PB4Y-2 Privateer as a launch aircraft. The Kingfisher A itself was cancelled in early 1947 as no longer being required by the Navy, however the SWOD Mark 15 airframe design was used as a basis for the Kingfisher C. Kingfisher B, or SWOD Mark 21, was of similar design to Kingfisher A, but was designed to be lightweight, the design calling for

330-403: Is most often inserted into quoted or reprinted material to indicate meticulous accuracy in reproducing the preceding text, despite appearances to the reader of an incorrect or unusual orthography ( spelling , punctuation , grammar, syntax, fact, logic, etc.). Several usage guides recommend that a bracketed sic be used primarily as an aid to the reader, not as an indicator of disagreement with

363-749: Is on display at the United States Naval Undersea Museum in Keyport, Washington . Project Kingfisher Project Kingfisher was a weapons-development program initiated by the United States Navy during the latter part of World War II . Intended to provide aircraft and surface ships with the ability to deliver torpedoes to targets from outside the range of defensive armament, six different missile concepts were developed; four were selected for full development programs, but only one reached operational service. Project Kingfisher

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396-557: The Bureau of Ordnance (BuOrd) and the National Bureau of Standards , under the direction of Hugh Latimer Dryden and Edward Conden . Kingfisher was derived from the Pelican and Bat guided-bomb projects, and produced a series of six different missile designs, designated 'A' through 'F', using a variety of payload and guidance options. Of these designs, four – Kingfisher C through F – were determined to be suitable for full development; due to

429-707: The RUR-5 ASROC as its standard anti-submarine missile, the concept of an unpiloted torpedo-carrying aircraft-type missile was developed by other nations, with the French Malafon missile and Australian Ikara being markedly similar in concept to the Kingfisher E/Grebe. Sic We are prepared, under appropriate circumstances, to provide information bearing on the credibly [ sic ] and veracity of any such source. The Latin adverb sic ( / s ɪ k / ; thus , so , and in this manner ) inserted after

462-500: The Bureau of Standards, the missile was 16 feet 5 inches (5.00 m) in length, 21 inches (530 mm) in diameter and weighed 2,500 pounds (1,100 kg) at launch. Power was provided initially by a solid-propellant rocket , giving a range of 5,000 yards (2.8 mi; 4.6 km) at Mach 0.5 ; later in the design process a variant with a pulsejet sustainer engine was designed, weighing 3,000 pounds (1,400 kg) and boosting

495-554: The Navy's changing requirements, and it was cancelled in October 1949. Although Project Kingfisher largely failed to result in the operational weapons it had been intended to produce, with only Kingfisher C, the AUM-N-2 Petrel, seeing operational service, much was learned about the issues of aerodynamics and control of guided weapons; while the U.S. Navy chose to use fully ballistic rocket-powered weapons for antisubmarine use, developing

528-509: The SWOD Mark 15 airframe, and given the definitive designation AUM-N-2 Petrel , construction of the missile was contracted to the Guided Missiles Division of Fairchild Aircraft . As designed, Petrel was essentially a Mark 21 Mod 2 torpedo fitted with flying surfaces and a Fairchild J44 turbojet; the missile had a range of 20 nautical miles (23 mi; 37 km) at Mach 0.5, and used semi-active radar homing for guidance. By

561-509: The concept of a torpedo-carrying pilotless aircraft failed to find favor with the U.S. Navy, the later French Malafon and Australian Ikara missiles are remarkably similar in concept and configuration; the U.S. Navy would later develop the RUR-5 ASROC , a rocket-delivered torpedo (or a pure missile in the nuclear version), for attacking submarines at range. In 1972, one Grebe was refurbished for evaluation as part of studies into cruise missile development. A Grebe, in "Type IV" configuration,

594-444: The early 1960s. Kingfisher D was similar in concept to Kingfisher C, but was intended to utilize a new torpedo with a novel dual-purpose propulsion system; a solid-propellant rocket would provide thrust both during the flight of the missile and, following the release of the torpedo, underwater during its terminal run. Given the designation AUM-N-4 Diver , the torpedo's propulsion system proved too complex to successfully develop, and

627-407: The end of World War II, reducing the priority of the project, development was slowed, with flight testing of early, glider models of Kingfisher taking place in late 1946, and full development of the selected operational versions beginning during 1947. Kingfisher A, also known as SWOD (Special Warfare Ordnance Device) Mark 11, and later as SWOD Mark 15, was a glide bomb design, intended to carry

660-566: The family to reach the development stage was Kingfisher E, with development work beginning in 1946. Kingfisher E, redesignated SUM-2 in September 1947 and SUM-N-2 Grebe in 1948, was a bulky yet conventionally-configured missile resembling a small unmanned aircraft , with a high-mounted, straight wing of 14 feet (4.3 m) span and a twin tail empennage configuration. Constructed by the Goodyear Aircraft Company under subcontract to

693-494: The following example from Fred Rodell 's 1955 book Nine Men : [I]n 1951, it was the blessing bestowed on Judge Harold Medina 's prosecution [ sic ] of the eleven so-called 'top native Communists,' which blessing meant giving the Smith Act the judicial nod of constitutionality. Where sic follows the quotation, it takes brackets : [ sic ]. The word sic is often treated as a loanword that does not require italics, and

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726-633: The material. In the English language, the Latin adverb sic is used as an adverb, and derivatively as a noun and as a verb. The adverb sic , meaning 'intentionally so written', first appeared in English c.  1856 . It is derived from the Latin adverb sīc , which means 'so', 'thus', 'in this manner'. According to the Oxford English Dictionary , the verbal form of sic , meaning 'to mark with

759-627: The mid-20th century. For example, in United States state-court opinions before 1944, sic appeared 1,239 times in the Westlaw database; in those from 1945 to 1990, it appeared 69,168 times, over 55 times as many. Its use as a form of ridicule has been cited as a major factor in this increase. The immoderate use of sic has created some controversy, leading some editors, including bibliographical scholar Simon Nowell-Smith and literary critic Leon Edel , to speak out against it. The bracketed form [ sic ]

792-545: The missile was subsequently cancelled. The only surface-launched variant of the Kingfisher family, Kingfisher E evolved into the SUM-N-2 Grebe anti-submarine missile, intended to deliver a Mark 41 torpedo at ranges of up to 5,000 yards (2.8 mi; 4.6 km) from the launching ship. Construction of Grebe was contracted to the Goodyear Aircraft Company ; it was powered by a solid-propellant rocket in its base version, while pulsejet -powered variants were planned to extend

825-497: The missile's range to 40,000 yards (23 mi; 37 km) at a cruising speed of Mach 0.26. The original specification for the missile called for the Mark 35 torpedo to serve as the SUM-N-2's payload; later, to reduce weight, the design was changed to use the Mark 41 torpedo . Several forms of guidance were evaluated, although none had been definitively selected by the end of the program;

858-547: The original and the suggested correction (as they often are in palaeography ), one may give the actual form, followed by recte , then the correct form, in brackets. The Latin adverb recte means rightly . An Iraqi battalion has consumed [ recte assumed] control of the former American military base, and our forces are now about 40 minutes outside the city. According to the Journal of Seventeenth-Century Music Style Sheet , there should be no punctuation, for example no colon, before

891-450: The range of the weapon to 40,000 yards (23 mi; 37 km). Flight testing of the missile began in 1950, but it was soon cancelled as sonar systems of the time were incapable of detecting targets at sufficient range to utilize the full capabilities of the missile, rendering it impractical for operational use. Kingfisher F was in some respects a powered version of the Kingfisher B; the missile's intended payload was, like Kingfisher B,

924-420: The source. Sic may show that an uncommon or archaic expression is reported faithfully, such as when quoting the U.S. Constitution : "The House of Representatives shall chuse [ sic ] their Speaker ..." However, several writing guidebooks discourage its use with regard to dialect, such as in cases of American and British English spelling differences . The appearance of a bracketed sic after

957-533: The style manuals of New Zealand, Australian and British media outlets generally do not require italicisation. However, italicization is common in the United States, where authorities including APA Style insist upon it. Because sic is not an abbreviation, placing a full stop /period inside the brackets after the word sic is erroneous, although the California Style Manual suggests styling it as

990-574: The time Petrel entered operational service in 1956, the Mark 41 torpedo had been selected as its definitive warload; launched by the P2V Neptune patrol aircraft, Petrel was withdrawn from operational use by 1959, as it was useless against submerged submarines and the U.S. Navy placed a low priority on defense against surface vessels, considering them an insignificant threat by comparison. Surviving Petrels were repurposed as target drones, which were redesignated as AQM-41A shortly before leaving service in

1023-548: The torpedo utilized acoustic homing for terminal guidance. Given the cover designation of "AA Target Mk 52 Mod 2", testing of the XSUM-N-2 prototype missiles began in early 1950. Twenty airframes were constructed for use in the testing program; by 1953, however, the program had been cancelled; the stated reason for the cancellation was that the missile outranged the sonar equipment that was required to find targets for it, thus making it infeasible to use at its maximum range. Although

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1056-440: The word analyse in a book review led Bryan A. Garner to comment, "all the quoter (or overzealous editor) [sic] demonstrated was ignorance of British usage". Occasionally a writer places [ sic ] after their own words, to indicate that the language has been chosen deliberately for special effect, especially where the writer's ironic meaning may otherwise be unclear. Bryan A. Garner dubbed this use of sic "ironic", providing

1089-605: Was initiated in August 1944, in response to the increasing difficulty of torpedo bomber aircraft to successfully complete attacks in the face of the increasing defensive firepower of ships during late World War II. The program was intended to produce standoff delivery systems to allow for the release of torpedoes from outside of the range of enemy defenses, specifically calling for "radar-controlled, subsonic, self-homing, air-borne missiles...to deliver explosive charge [ sic ] below water line of floating targets". Developed by

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