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47-510: CAASPP includes four components: The Smarter Balanced Summative Assessments cover English language arts (ELA) and mathematics for third grade through eighth grade in addition to eleventh grade. CAA tests are the equivalent of Smarter Balanced Summative Assessments for "students with the most significant cognitive disabilities" who are therefore unable to take the Smarter Balanced Summative Assessments. CAST tests are

94-610: A Literacy test. Students in grades 9–12 learn the skills of critical thinking and analysis by practicing close reading . Students are asked to draw connections from the texts they are assigned with ideas discussed in class. They are also taught how to analyze fiction and nonfiction works and answer questions using citations from the texts. Overall, most high school English programs follow the Common Core Standards, which require students to meet objectives in reading, writing, speaking and listening. In European secondary schools,

141-525: A communication tool. English is used as a communication tool, as opposed to literature analysis. This research looks at how a method called TSLT can help in English classes for people who speak English as a foreign language. It studies how students, teachers, and textbooks are important in this method. It also looks at how this method works in a typical Japanese high school class. The Japan Association for Language Teaching focuses on Japanese high school students in

188-546: A critical manner. However, the methods of teaching a text, the manner of engaging with a text, and the selection of texts are all widely-debated subjects within the English studies field. Another unifying commonality is that this engagement with the text will produce a wide variety of skills, which can translate into many different careers. See also Literature and linguistics , along with List of academic disciplines Some fields may cover works in languages other than English. The works studied in these fields only fall within

235-547: A language-focused discipline, and a literature-focused discipline. At universities in non-English-speaking countries, one department often covers all aspects of English studies as well as English taught as a foreign language and English linguistics. It is common for departments of English to offer courses and scholarships in all areas of the English language, such as literature, public speaking and speech-writing , rhetoric , composition studies , creative writing , philology and etymology , journalism , poetry , publishing ,

282-488: A measure to recognize their Spanish-specific reading, writing mechanics, and listening skills"; students do not have to be enrolled in any Spanish course to take the CSAs. Each spring, California students in grades 2 through 11 must take a series of tests that comprise the state's STAR program. These must be completed 10 days before or after 85% of a school's year has passed. The California Standards Tests (CSTs) are designed to match

329-713: A new test aligned to the National Governors Association and College Board's Common Core Initiative. The bill ended up being overwhelmingly endorsed by the Senate and was expected to pass the assembly. It was passed on September 11, 2013 and signed by the Governor on October 2, 2013. The MAPP was renamed as the California Assessment of Student Performance and Progress (CAASPP) in emergency regulations effective on February 3, 2014 because "a private company has informed

376-452: A number of elective multidisciplinary topics such as history , courses in the social sciences , and studies in a foreign language. To the end of studying these disciplines, many degree programs also offer training in professional writing with relations to rhetoric , literary analysis , an appreciation for the diversity of cultures, and an ability to clearly and persuasively express their ideas in writing. The history of English studies at

423-498: A practice of reading pre-modern texts, became the preferred scholarly paradigm. However, English-speaking countries distanced themselves from philological paradigms soon after World War I. At the end of this process, many English departments refocused their work on various forms of writing instruction (creative, professional, critical) and the interpreting of literary texts. The English major rose to prominence in American colleges during

470-710: A variety of career opportunities for college graduates entering the job market. Since students who graduate with an English degree are trained to ask probing questions about large bodies of texts and then to formulate, analyze, and answer those questions in coherent, persuasive prose —skills vital to any number of careers—English majors have much to choose from after graduation. Typical career choices for English majors include positions in writing, publishing, teaching, journalism, and human resources. However, there are also career opportunities in fields such as advertising , public relations , acting , law , business , marketing , information assurance , and directing. An Anglicist

517-415: Is no current standard methodology regarding teaching and creating English studies. In removing this standardization, many scholars are reconsidering the function of experts in teaching English studies. While the predominant pedagogy focused on a hierarchical approach, with expert Anglicists advising teachers how to teach English studies, emerging discussions call for approaches that value diversity and with it

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564-505: Is not to be confused with English taught as a foreign language , which is a distinct discipline. The English studies discipline involves the study, analysis, and exploration of English literature through texts . English studies include: English linguistics ( syntax , morphology , phonetics , phonology , etc.) is regarded as a distinct discipline, taught in a department of linguistics. The North American Modern Language Association (MLA) divides English studies into two disciplines:

611-401: Is someone who works in the field of English studies. Historically, the term Anglicist has been very loosely defined, with the term mistakenly used in the same vein as Anglist, a label meant for historians and their studies. However, there have been very specific terms used to describe the different disciplines of English studies and those who study them, such as grammarian; a grammarian focused on

658-458: Is typically covered in English studies regarding the written analysis of English literature, an emphasis is placed particularly on the prestige of British literature and its importance as a foundational part of English studies. Additionally, as is present in the overall discussion of English studies, British educators continue to debate the relevance of Shakespeare for contemporary teens, with some arguing for more modern texts and others upholding

705-533: The Mexican Cession following the Mexican–American War . Unlike most other states, it was never organized as a territory and was admitted as the 31st state on September 9, 1850. The original California Constitution of 1849 called for elections every two years, with no set start date for the term. An amendment ratified in 1862 increased the term to four years. The 1879 constitution set the term to begin on

752-418: The philosophy of language , and theater and play-writing , among many others. In most English-speaking countries, the study of texts produced in non-English languages takes place in other departments, such as departments of foreign language or comparative literature . English studies is taught in a wide variety of manners, but one unifying commonality is that students engage with an English-language text in

799-786: The CAT/6 Survey to grades three and seven. During 2005, the SBE designated the Aprenda: La prueba de logros en español, Tercera edición (Aprenda 3) to replace the SABE/2 as the designated primary language test (DPLT) for the STAR Program. The Standards-based Tests in Spanish (STS) were developed to replace the DPLT and are required for the same population of students who took the DPLT. Those tests were first administered in

846-607: The CDE that it believes the name MAPP may confuse members of the public with evaluation services that they offer." The regulations are in California Code of Regulations (CCR) Title 5, Division 1, Chapter 2, Subchapter 3.75 (5 CCR § 850 et seq. ). Language arts English studies (or simply, English ) is an academic discipline taught in primary , secondary , and post-secondary education in English-speaking countries . This

893-721: The CST or the CMA in a subject area; for example, a student in grade five may take the CST for ELA and take the CMA for mathematics and science. The CMA was first administered in the spring of 2008 to students in grades three through five. Beginning in 2011, the CMA was available to students in grades three through eleven. In March 2013 it was announced that the STAR testing system was set to expire in July 2014, and California would replace STAR tests with more in-depth exams in two years in 2015. These new exams would follow

940-527: The CSTs and CAT/6 Survey even with modifications. The CAPA assessed the California ELA, mathematics, and science content standards that were identified as appropriate for students with significant cognitive disabilities. The CAPA was first administered during spring 2003. In August 2004, Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger signed legislation reauthorizing the STAR Program through 2011. The reauthorized program reduced

987-522: The California High School Exit Exam (CAHSEE), taken by 10th graders in the 2001-02 school year, are part of high school APIs. English/language arts scores count for 10% and math for 5%. The Golden State Exams provide an opportunity for graduating students to earn a distinction of merit on their high school diploma. To save testing time, these examinations will be combined with the high school California Standards Tests. The STAR Program

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1034-773: The English studies discipline if the object of study is an English-language work. The English major (alternatively "English concentration") is a term in the United States and several other countries for an undergraduate university degree focused around reading, analyzing, and writing texts in the English language . The term also can be used to describe a student who is pursuing the degree. Prospective English majors can expect to take college courses in academic writing , creative writing , literary theory , British and American literature, multicultural literature, several literary genres (such as poetry , drama , and film studies ), and

1081-562: The L1 and L2 low writing and reading levels. Their low reading and writing levels in both English and Japanese could be due to them not being taught how. List of governors of California The governor of California is the head of government of California , whose responsibilities include making annual State of the State addresses to the California State Legislature , submitting

1128-469: The STAR (Standardized Testing and Reporting) program began in 1998. Under this program almost all students in grades 2 through 11 took the California Standards Test that reflect the state's academic content standards and a standardized test every year. Each school must report individual students' scores to their parents, and group results were released in mid-August. The legislature reauthorized

1175-702: The STAR Program during 2002, and the SBE selected the California Achievement Tests, Sixth Edition Survey (CAT/6 Survey) to replace the Stanford 9 as the national norm-referenced test for the STAR Program beginning with the spring 2003 test administration. The SBE also authorized the development of the California Alternate Performance Assessment (CAPA), an individually administered assessment for students with significant cognitive disabilities whose disabilities precluded them from taking

1222-585: The United States , won an election with the nominations of the three major parties – the only person to run essentially unopposed for governor of California. Ronald Reagan , who was president of the Screen Actors Guild and later president of the United States , and Arnold Schwarzenegger both came to prominence through acting. Gray Davis , the 37th governor of California, was the second governor in American history to be recalled by voters. The shortest tenure

1269-402: The ancient Greek and Latin classics. In the 1990s, there was a collective effort by Anglicists to standardize the academic discipline to follow similar methods of analysis and self-evaluation of both English literature and the criticism of said literature. However, after backlash described this standardization as restricting, Anglicists decided to de-standardize the field, meaning that there

1316-493: The budget, and ensuring that state laws are enforced. The governor is also the commander-in-chief of the state's military forces . The current governor is Gavin Newsom , who has been in office since 2019. 39 people have served as governor, over 40 distinct terms. Many have been influential nationwide in areas far-flung from state politics. Leland Stanford founded Stanford University in 1891. Earl Warren , later chief justice of

1363-600: The federal regulations the CDE has developed the California Modified Assessment (CMA), an alternate assessment of the California content standards based on modified achievement standards for children with an individualized education program (IEP) who meet the eligibility criteria adopted by the State Board of Education. The CMA includes assessments for ELA, mathematics, and science. Eligible students may take either

1410-456: The first Monday after January 1, following an election. In 1990, Proposition 140 led to a constitutional amendment implementing a term limit of two terms. Prior to this limit, only one governor, Earl Warren , served more than 2 terms. Jerry Brown was elected to a 3rd term in 2010, and then to a fourth and final term in 2014, because his previous terms were before the term limit was officially enacted. The 1849 constitution officially created

1457-538: The first half of the 1970s. It provided an opportunity for students to develop critical skills in analytical reading with the aim of improving their writing. It focused on exercises in rhetoric and persuasive expression that had been traditionally only taught in classical studies . Outside the United States (originating in Scotland and then rippling out into the English-speaking world) the English major became popular in

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1504-466: The identities that students of English studies bring to experts. The absence of a clearly defined disciplinary identity and the increasingly utilitarian goals in U.S. society present a challenge to those academic units still mostly focusing on the printed book and the traditional division in historical periods and national literatures, and neglecting allegedly non-theoretical areas such as professional writing, composition, and multimodal communication. In

1551-499: The latter half of the 19th century, during a time when religious beliefs were shaken in the face of scientific discoveries. Literature was thought to act as a replacement for religion in the retention and advancement of culture, and the English Major thus provided students with the chance to draw moral , ethical , and philosophical qualities and meanings of older studies from a richer and broader source of literature than that of

1598-492: The modern university in Europe begins in the eighteenth century. Initially, English studies comprised a wide variety of content: the practice of oratory, the study of rhetoric and grammar, the composition of poetry, and the appreciation of literature (mostly by authors from England, since American literature and language study was only added in the twentieth century). In Germany and several other European countries, English philology ,

1645-458: The new Common Core State Standards and have requirements for in-depth essays and projects that students will complete on computers. AB 484, introduced on September 4, 2013 in the state Legislature, would end the use of STAR tests in math and English for the school year already under way – a year earlier than planned, and introduce the Measurement of Academic Performance and Progress (MAPP) tests,

1692-492: The past, an academic degree in English usually meant an intensive study of British and American literary masterpieces. Now, however, an English Major encompasses a much broader range of topics which stretch over multiple disciplines. While the requirements for an English Major vary from university to university, most English departments emphasize three core skills: analyzing texts (a process which requires logic and reflective analysis), creativity and imagination with regard to

1739-556: The production of good writing, including a good understanding of the rhetorical situation ; and an understanding of different cultures , civilizations , and literary styles from various time periods. Graduates with English degrees develop critical thinking skills essential to a number of career fields they pursue after graduation. Such careers that graduates pursue can include, but are not limited to, writing , editing , publishing , teaching , research , advertising , public relations , law , and finance . An English degree opens

1786-458: The spring of 2007 to students in grades two through four, and beginning in 2009, the STS was available for students in grades two through eleven. Students taking the STS are also required to take the CSTs and/or the California Modified Assessment (CMA). In April 2007, the U.S. Department of Education enacted regulations for an alternate assessment based on modified achievement standards, and in response to

1833-641: The state's academic content standards for each grade. Grades 2 through 8 tests cover mathematics and English/language arts (which includes writing in grades 4 and 7). Grades 9 through 11 cover English/language arts, mathematics, and science. History-social science tests are added for grades 8, 10 and 11 as well as science for grades 5 and 8. Except for writing, all questions are multiple-choice . The California Achievement Test, Sixth Edition (CAT/6), shows how well students are doing compared to students nationally in reading, language, spelling, and mathematics in grades 3 and 7 only. California's school accountability system

1880-472: The state's science tests that are to be taken in fifth grade, eighth grade, and once in high school (tenth, eleventh, or twelfth grade). The CAAs for Science are the equivalent of the CASTs for "students with the most significant cognitive disabilities" who are therefore unable to take the CASTs. CSA tests are optional Spanish tests that can be taken from third grade through twelfth grade by "students who are seeking

1927-768: The studies of the English language are integrated into regular curriculum. English education is so deeply embedded that Europe as a whole has 91% of secondary school students taking courses in English. This rate goes as high as 100% in Denmark , Sweden , Germany , Italy , Malta , North Macedonia , Slovenia , Liechtenstein , and Bosnia and Herzegovina . Furthermore, every European country (except Belgium ) have at least one test administered nationally to assess English proficiencies of its students. Most British children take English Language and English Literature as GCSE / National 5 or subjects, and many go on to study these at A Level / Higher and Advanced Higher . Along with what

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1974-793: The study of English grammar. English studies in secondary-schools vary depending on what country they are taught in. Further, English studies will differ between institutions within a country, as each school will have different teaching methods and curriculum. However, all countries share commonalities in their instruction via the teaching of literature analysis, reading comprehension , composition, and language arts, as well as writing skills. These skills are then expanded and built upon in post-secondary institutions. Students in high school have specific course requirements they must meet before they can graduate. In regards to English studies, students must take four full credits in English, one in each grade level. As well, Ontario high school students must also pass

2021-478: The virtues of the classics . See also O Level . In China, their school curriculum is more focused on drilling and multiple questions, rather than students understanding the language authentically. This is one method on how a preparatory English program in China teaches their international students. In Japan, there is another form of teaching called Task-supported language teaching (TSLT) that focuses on English used as

2068-616: Was originally based solely on scores from the CAT/6 . Through the Academic Performance Index (API), the scores drove the allocation of millions of dollars in intervention and award programs, depending on the health of the state’s budget. (The state has not funded award or intervention programs based on 2002 or 2003 test scores.) APIs now include results primarily from the California Standards Tests plus CAT/6. Results from

2115-603: Was replaced by CLAS (California Learning Assessment System), which was discontinued in 1994 because of controversy over portions of the test. Each school district continued to use their own tests known as the High School Competency Exams which had been established as a high school graduation requirement pursuant to California law in 1978. Although not statewide tests, the High School Competency Exams had to conform to state prescribed rules of content and reporting. These tests filled school accountability requirements until

2162-411: Was that of Milton Latham , who served only five days before being elected to fill a vacant United States Senate seat. The longest tenure is that of Jerry Brown , who served as governor from 1975 to 1983 and again from 2011 to 2019, the only governor to serve non-consecutive terms. He is the son of former governor Pat Brown who served from 1959 to 1967. California was obtained by the United States in

2209-632: Was the cornerstone of the California Public Schools Accountability Act of 1999 (PSAA). The primary objective of the PSAA is to help schools improve the academic achievement of all students. From the 1970s, California students took the same statewide test, called the California Assessment Program (CAP). Many districts required additional tests, such as CTBS (California Test of Basic Skills) during that time. In 1990, CAP

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