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131-727: SS Willehad was a passenger and cargo steamship that was built in Germany in 1894 for Norddeutscher Lloyd (NDL). For her first few years she took emigrants from Bremen to the United States. In 1900 she made one round trip between Bremen and Australia via the Suez Canal . Between 1901 and 1903 her route was between Bremen and South America. For a few months in 1904 she sailed between Stettin in Germany (now Szczecin in Poland) and New York. From

262-657: A blowtorch near a box of flammable supplies. In 1918 the USSB renamed the ship Wyandotte . She was registered in New York, her US official number was 215297, and her code letters were LHMD. On 24 November that year she left Brest, France , and on 14 December she arrived in New York. On 23 February 1919 she left Bordeaux carrying men of the American Expeditionary Forces . One officer and 33 men were of Detachment C of Casual Company 33. Another officer and three men were

393-430: A gaslight , but the valve was not fully closed, and she was poisoned in her sleep. Her funeral was held on 16 August, and the next day Pahlmann left Baltimore aboard Willehad . A few hours after sailing, Pahlmann and another crewman were on deck when a great wave hit the ship and threw them against a bulkhead. Pahlmann was knocked unconscious, and his shipmate's leg was broken in two places. The ship's doctor treated

524-581: A submarine tender to the cargo submarines Deutschland and Bremen . The US government seized her in 1917 and gave her to the United States Shipping Board (USSB), who in 1918 renamed her Wyandotte . After the end of the First World War she made at last two round trip voyages between the US and France , and repatriated a few dozen US troops. In 1920 she tramped as a purely cargo ship . She

655-432: A German-owned restaurant there, and spent their wedding night in a room over the restaurant. The couple planned to move to Pahlmann's home city of Hanover , Germany, with the bride sailing as a passenger aboard Willehad . Early the next morning Pahlmann went to rejoin his ship, and his bride went back to bed for a few hours. A few hours later, the restauranteur found her dead from coal gas poisoning. She had turned off

786-579: A cargo of cotton, and left for Bremen on 15 May. She then returned to her route between Bremen and Baltimore. In 1898 an electrician in Willehad ' s crew, Adolph Pahlmann, had courted a Viennese passenger, Marie Brenner, and the couple had become engaged. Brenner went to stay with her uncle in Kansas, but the next year, on 13 August 1899, the couple were married in Baltimore. They held their wedding reception at

917-575: A city. On June 7, 1855, the 183-foot vessel Benjamin Franklin put into Hampton Roads for repairs. The ship had just sailed from the West Indies , where there had been an outbreak of yellow fever . The port health officer ordered the ship quarantined. After eleven days, a second inspection found no issues, so it was allowed to dock. A few days later, the first cases of yellow fever were discovered in Norfolk, and

1048-447: A female householder with no husband present, and 39.8% were non-families. 30.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.43 and the average family size was 3.06. The age distribution was 24.0% under the age of 18, 18.2% from 18 to 24, 29.9% from 25 to 44, 16.9% from 45 to 64, and 10.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age

1179-436: A fresh water supply for her third class passengers to bathe daily. In her third class dining saloon, the tables could be hoisted to the ceiling after dinner, clearing the floor for dancing. Her sick bay had five rooms, each with berths for ten patients. She had steel-hulled lifeboats. Willehad had a pair of three-cylinder triple-expansion engines . Their combined power was rated at 514 NHP or 1,100 ihp , and gave her

1310-487: A given hull size. Passenger ships are subject to two major International Maritime Organization requirements : to perform musters of the passengers (...) within 24 hours after their embarkation and to be able to perform full abandonment within a period of 30 minutes from the time the abandon-ship signal is given . Transportation Research Board research from 2019 reported passenger vessels, much more than freight vessels, are subject to degradations in stability as

1441-632: A guard-rail at Airlie ' s stern was damaged. She reached Nagasaki on 6 December, and continued via Moji and Kobe to Yokohama , where she arrived on 12 December. At each port the Japanese entertained Willehad ' s officers, and at Yokohama Emperor Meiji received them, and gave Willehad ' s Master , Captain Zurbonsen, an award. NDL planned a new mail service between Yokohama and Sydney via Kobe, Hong Kong , German New Guinea , New Britain , and Brisbane . Willehad started on

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1572-447: A large internal market for slavery. The invention of the cotton gin in the late-eighteenth century had made profitable the cultivation of short-staple cotton in the uplands, which was widely practiced. The American Colonization Society proposed to " repatriate " free blacks and freed slaves to Africa by establishing the new colony of Liberia and paying for transportation. But most African Americans wanted to stay in their birthplace of

1703-487: A long history tied to the Chesapeake Bay . The city's revitalization in recent decades has transformed neighborhoods such as Downtown , Ghent and Fairmount Park . Popular residential neighborhoods include Ghent, Colonial Place, Larchmont, North Shore, Edgewater, and Lafayette Shores. Narrative below is based on climate data from the 1991–2020 period. Norfolk has a humid subtropical climate and its USDA Hardiness Zone

1834-404: A machinist died from the disease on July 8. By August, several people were dying per day, and a third of the city's population had fled in the hopes of escaping the epidemic. No one understood how the disease was transmitted. With both Norfolk and Portsmouth being infected, New York banned all traffic from those sites. Neighboring cities also banned residents from Norfolk. The epidemic spread through

1965-954: A medical detachment. She arrived in New York on 12 March. On 7 August 1919 she arrived in Boston from New York. On 14 August she left Boston for London, England. On 9 April 1920 Wyandotte was reported to have arrived in Vlissingen , the Netherlands, from New York. On 17 April she left Antwerp in ballast for the Black Diamond Steamship Company , and on 3 May she reached New York. Still under charter to Black Diamond, she left New York on 7 May and reached Philadelphia on 10 May. On 18 May she left Philadelphia, and on 3 June she reached Rotterdam. On 12 June she left Rotterdam for Wilmington, Delaware . On 21 August she left Savannah , Georgia. On 3 November she left Charleston , South Carolina. Wyandotte

2096-464: A policy of " massive resistance ". (At this time, most black citizens were still disfranchised under the state's turn-of-the-century constitution and discriminatory practices related to voter registration and elections.) The Virginia General Assembly prohibited state funding for integrated public schools. In 1958, United States district courts in Virginia ordered schools to open for the first time on

2227-662: A racially integrated basis. In response, Governor J. Lindsay Almond ordered the schools closed. The Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals declared the state law to be in conflict with the state constitution and ordered all public schools to be funded, whether integrated or not. About ten days later, Almond capitulated and asked the General Assembly to rescind several "massive resistance" laws. In February 1959, seventeen black children entered six previously segregated Norfolk public schools. Virginian-Pilot editor Lenoir Chambers editorialized against massive resistance and earned

2358-408: A result of increases in lightship weight. Passenger vessels appear to be more pressing candidates for lightship weight-tracking programs than freight vessels. Passengers on ships without backup generators suffer substantial distress due to lack of water, refrigeration, and sewage systems in the event of loss of the main engines or generators due to fire or other emergency. Power is also unavailable to

2489-502: A ship's GRT and displacement were somewhat similar in number. For example, Titanic , put in service in 1912, had a GRT of 46,328 and a displacement reported at over 52,000 tons. Similarly, Cunard Line's mid-1930s RMS  Queen Mary and RMS Queen Elizabeth were of approximately 81,000 – 83,000 GRT and had displacements of over 80,000 tons. Today, due to changes in construction, engineering, function, architecture, and, crucially, measurement system – which measures functionally all of

2620-522: A ship's internal volume, not just part of it – modern passenger ships' GT values are much higher than their displacements. The Cunard Queens' current successor, the 148,528 GT Queen Mary 2 , has been estimated to only displace approximately 76,000 tons. With the completion in 2009 of the first of the over 225,000 GT Oasis -class cruise ships, Oasis of the Seas , passenger ships' displacements rose to 100,000 tons, well less than half their GT. This new class

2751-416: A simple construction. In the early nineteenth century, Neoclassical architectural elements began to appear in the federal style row homes, such as ionic columns in the porticoes and classic motifs over doorways and windows. Many Federal-style row houses were modernized by placing a Greek-style porch at the front. Greek and Roman elements were integrated into public buildings such as the old City Hall,

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2882-416: A speed of 12 knots (22 km/h). She had a crew of 70. NDL registered Willehad at Bremen. Her code letters were QFVL. On 24 May 1894 Willehad left Bremen with 432 passengers on her maiden voyage. On 7 June she reached Hoboken after a voyage of 13 days and 13 hours. She remained on this route until October, and then on 10 November left Bremen on a voyage to South America. By March 1895 she

3013-762: A suburb. Additionally, Norfolk is part of the Virginia Beach-Norfolk, VA-NC Combined Statistical Area , which includes the Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC MSA, the Elizabeth City, North Carolina Micropolitan Statistical Area , and the Kill Devil Hills, NC Micropolitan Statistical Area. The CSA is the 32nd largest in the nation with an estimated population in 2013 of 1,810,266. In addition to extensive riverfront property, Norfolk has miles of bayfront resort property and beaches in

3144-562: A town until the 1700s. When the establishment of the House of Burgesses introduced representative government to the colony in 1619, governor Sir George Yeardley divided the developed portion the colony into four incorporated jurisdictions, termed citties. The land on which Norfolk now sits fell under Elizabeth Cittie incorporation. In 1634 King Charles I reorganized the colony into a system of shires , and Elizabeth Cittie became Elizabeth City Shire . After persuading 105 people to settle in

3275-644: Is 8a. Spring arrives in March with mild days and cool nights, and by late May, the temperature has warmed up considerably to herald warm summer days. Summers are consistently warm and humid, but the nearby Atlantic Ocean often exercises a slight cooling effect on daytime high temperatures, but a slight warming effect on nighttime low temperatures (compared to areas farther inland). As such, temperatures reach 90 °F (32 °C) or higher on an average 35 days annually, and 100 °F (37.8 °C) are uncommon, occurring in fewer than one-third of all years. On average, July

3406-660: Is a major military center, particularly for the United States Navy , and Norfolk serves as the home for Naval Station Norfolk , the world's largest naval installation. Located on Sewell's Point Peninsula , in the northwest corner of the city, the station is the headquarters of the United States Fleet Forces Command (formerly known as the Atlantic Fleet), which compromises over 62,000 active-duty personnel, 75 ships, and 132 aircraft. The base also serves as

3537-581: Is an independent city in Virginia , United States. As of the 2020 census , Norfolk had a population of 238,005, making it the third-most populous city in Virginia after neighboring Virginia Beach and Chesapeake , and the 96th-most populous city in the nation . Norfolk holds a strategic position as the historical, urban, financial, and cultural center of the Hampton Roads region (sometimes called " Tidewater "), which has more than 1.8 million inhabitants and

3668-648: Is attributable to increases in defense spending. After the military, the second largest and most important industry for Hampton Roads and Norfolk based on economic impact are the region's cargo ports. Headquartered in Norfolk, the Virginia Port Authority (VPA) is a Commonwealth of Virginia owned entity that, in turn, owns and operates three major port facilities in Hampton Roads for break-bulk and container type cargo. In Norfolk, Norfolk International Terminals (NIT) represents one of those three facilities and

3799-408: Is calculated based on "the moulded volume of all enclosed spaces of the ship", and is used to determine things such as a ship's manning regulations, safety rules, registration fees, and port dues. It is produced by a mathematical formula, and does not distinguish between mechanical and passenger spaces, and thus is not directly comparable to historic GRT measurements. Displacement , a measure of mass,

3930-425: Is characteristic of an explosive growth in gross tonnage, which has more than doubled from the largest cruise ships of the late 1990s. This reflects the much lower relative weight of enclosed space in the comparatively light superstructure of a ship versus its heavily reinforced and machinery-laden hull space, as cruise ships have grown slab-sided vertically from their maximum beam to accommodate more passengers within

4061-575: Is home to the world's largest and fastest container cranes. Together, the three terminals of the VPA handled a total of over 2 million TEUs and 475,000 tons of breakbulk cargo in 2006, making it the second busiest port on the east coast of North America by total cargo volume after the Port of New York and New Jersey. In addition to NIT, Norfolk is home to the Lambert's Point docks, the largest coal trans-shipment point in

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4192-498: Is not commonly used for passenger vessels. While a high displacement can indicate better sea keeping abilities, gross tonnage is promoted as the most important measure of size for passenger vessels, as the ratio of gross tonnage per passenger – the Passenger/Space Ratio – gives a sense of the spaciousness of a ship, an important consideration in cruise liners where the onboard amenities are of high importance. Historically,

4323-496: Is the 37th-largest metropolitan area in the U.S., with ten cities. Norfolk was incorporated in 1705. Bordered to the west by the Elizabeth River and to the north by the Chesapeake Bay , the city shares land borders with the independent cities of Chesapeake to its south and Virginia Beach to its east. With coastline along multiple bodies of water, Norfolk has many miles of riverfront and bayfront property, including beaches on

4454-422: Is the warmest month, with a normal mean temperature of 81.1 °F (27.3 °C). On average, July and August are the wettest months, due to frequent summer thunderstorm activity. In August and September, rainfall remains high, due to rising frequency of tropical activity (hurricanes and tropical storms), which can bring high winds and heavy rains. These usually brush Norfolk and only occasionally make landfalls in

4585-400: Is very vulnerable to sea level rise , with water levels expected to rise by more than 5.5 feet (1.7 meters) by the end of the 21st century. The city has a long history as a strategic military and transportation point, where many railroad lines started. It is linked to its neighbors by an extensive network of interstate highways , bridges , tunnels , and three bridge-tunnel complexes. In

4716-678: The American Revolution but were insufficient to allow the Royal Governor of Virginia John Murray, 4th Earl of Dunmore to make Norfolk his new capital after fleeing Williamsburg in 1775. On New Year's Day, 1776, Lord Dunmore's fleet of three ships shelled the city of Norfolk for more than eight hours. The gunfire, combined with fires started by the British and spread by the Patriots, destroyed more than 800 buildings, constituting nearly two-thirds of

4847-653: The Atlantic Ocean between Europe and the United States or travel even further to South America or Asia while cruise ships typically serve shorter routes with more stops along coastlines or among various islands. Both the Queen Elizabeth 2 ( QE2 ) (1969) and her successor as Cunard's flagship RMS  Queen Mary 2 ( QM2 ), which entered service in 2004, are of hybrid construction. Like transatlantic ocean liners, they are fast ships and strongly built to withstand

4978-621: The Battle of Fort Sumter , another vote occurred on April 17, where Blow voted for secession, the vote passed and Virginia seceded from the Union . In the spring of 1862, the Battle of Hampton Roads took place off the northwest shore of the city's Sewell's Point Peninsula , marking the first fight between two ironclads , the USS Monitor and the CSS Virginia . The battle ended in a stalemate but changed

5109-546: The International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) requires passenger ships operating in international waters must either be constructed or upgraded to exclude combustible materials. It is believed some owners and operators of ships built before 1980, which are required to upgrade or retire their vessels, will be unable to conform to the regulations. Fred. Olsen Cruise Line 's Black Prince , built in 1966

5240-488: The Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Writing . With new suburban developments beckoning, many white middle-class residents moved out of the city along new highway routes, and Norfolk's population declined, a pattern repeated in numerous cities during the postwar era independently of segregation issues. In the late-1960s and early-1970s, the advent of newer suburban shopping destinations along with freeways spelled demise for

5371-471: The Willoughby Spit and Ocean View communities. Being low-lying and largely surrounded by water, Norfolk is particularly vulnerable to rising sea levels caused by climate change . In addition, the land on which it is built is slowly subsiding . Some areas already flood regularly at high tide, and the city commissioned a study in 2012 to investigate how to address the issue in the future: it reported

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5502-491: The "Towne of Lower Norfolk County" in 1680. In 1691, a final county subdivision took place when Lower Norfolk County split to form Norfolk County (included in present-day cities of Norfolk, Chesapeake , and parts of Portsmouth ) and Princess Anne County (present-day Virginia Beach ). Norfolk was incorporated in 1705. In 1730, a tobacco inspection site was located here. According to the Tobacco Inspection Act ,

5633-519: The 87th most dangerous city larger than 75,000 inhabitants. In 2010, 4,727 people of Filipino ancestry lived in Norfolk. Chinese immigration occurred after 1885, and in 1995 300 families were members of the Chinese Community Association. Since Norfolk serves as the commercial and cultural center for the unusual geographical region of Hampton Roads (and in its political structure of independent cities), it can be difficult to separate

5764-512: The Baltimore route. She made two trips to Hoboken in early November and early December 1896. She then reverted to the Baltimore route, and on 1 January 1897 ran aground off Cape Henry when leaving Baltimore for Bremen in dense fog. The steam pilot boat from Norfolk, Virginia helped to refloat her at high tide. In April 1897 she made another trip to Hoboken, but in August and November 1897, and April 1898, her voyages were to Baltimore. By July 1898 NDL

5895-535: The Chesapeake Bay. The coastal zones are important for the economy. The largest naval base in the world, Naval Station Norfolk , is located in Norfolk along with one of NATO 's two Strategic Command headquarters . Additionally, Norfolk is an important contributor to the Port of Virginia . It is home to Maersk Line, Limited , which manages the world's largest fleet of US-flag vessels . This low-lying coastal infrastructure

6026-611: The City of Norfolk), chiefly on Thoroughgood's recommendation. This area of Virginia became known as the place of entrepreneurs, including men of the Virginia Company of London . Norfolk developed in the late-seventeenth century as a "Half Moone" fort was constructed and 50 acres (200,000 m ) were acquired from local natives of the Powhatan Confederacy in exchange for 10,000 pounds of tobacco. The House of Burgesses established

6157-471: The King . She reached Bremen on 15 November. NDL transferred Willehad to its route between Bremen and South America. She made 12 voyages on this route, the last of which began from Bremen on 23 May 1903. In March 1904 NDL and Hamburg America Line (HAPAG) announced a joint service between Scandinavian ports and New York. Two ships would serve the route: NDL's Willehad and HAPAG's Adria . The service

6288-541: The NDL liner Großer Kurfürst took them to Fremantle, where on 21 November 1904 they were transferred to Willehad . They also disagree as to whether the number of refugees was 707 or 832. Either way, Willehad took the Japanese via Singapore , where on 26 November, as she was leaving her wharf, she collided with the Burns, Philp steamship Airlie . Two plates on the starboard bow of Airlie ' s hull were damaged, and

6419-596: The New London Chamber of Commerce hosted a dinner for König; and for Captain Jachens of Willehad ; seven members of their respective crews; and 300 guests. König was presented with a gold watch, engraved with the seal of New London. EFC employed 60 African American stevedores to load Deutschland . They loaded a cargo estimated to be worth more than $ 2 million, comprising 360 tons of nickel; 180 tons of crude rubber; and bars of zinc and silver. The nickel

6550-554: The Northern Hemisphere, with an annual capacity of approximately 48,000,000 tons. Bituminous coal is primarily sourced from the Appalachian mountains in western Virginia, West Virginia , and Kentucky . The coal is loaded onto trains and sent to the port where it is unloaded onto large breakbulk cargo ships and destined for New England, Europe, and Asia. Between 1925 and 2007, Ford Motor Company operated Norfolk Assembly ,

6681-774: The Peninsula , Portsmouth , and Virginia Beach . In 1952, the Downtown Tunnel opened to connect Norfolk with the city of Portsmouth. The highways also stimulated the development of new housing suburbs, leading to the population spreading out. Additional bridges and tunnels included the Hampton Roads Bridge-Tunnel in 1957, the Midtown Tunnel in 1962, and the Virginia Beach-Norfolk Expressway ( Interstate 264 and State Route 44 ) in 1967. In 1991,

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6812-475: The Post Office building downtown. Art Deco consisted of streamlined concrete faced appearance with smooth stone or metal, with terracotta , and trimming consisting of glass and colored tiles . Norfolk has a variety of historic neighborhoods, notably Freemason and West Freemason. Some neighborhoods, such as Berkley , were formerly cities and towns. Others, including Willoughby Spit and Ocean View , have

6943-545: The Revolutionary War's burning, Norfolk and its citizens struggled to rebuild. In 1804, another serious fire along the city's waterfront destroyed some 300 buildings and the city suffered a serious economic setback. In the War of 1812 between America and Great Britain, Norfolk saw action between American militia led by Richard Lawson and the British navy. On July 13, 1813. A British landing party of 8 marines and 16 sailors landed at

7074-488: The Seas in October 2009. Because of changes in historic measurement systems, it is difficult to make meaningful and accurate comparisons of ship sizes. Historically, gross register tonnage (GRT) was a measure of the internal volume of certain enclosed areas of a ship divided into "tons" equivalent to 100 cubic feet (2.8 m ) of space. Gross tonnage (GT) is a comparatively new measure, adopted in 1982 to replace GRT. It

7205-451: The Tidewater, where it had been the primary commodity crop for generations. Virginia made some attempts to phase out slavery and manumissions increased in the two decades following the war. Thomas Jefferson Randolph gained passage of an 1832 resolution for gradual abolition in the state. However, by that time the increased demand from the settlement of the lower South states had created

7336-553: The US Navy's Norfolk Naval Shipyard is just across the Downtown Tunnel in Portsmouth . Most contracts fulfilled by these shipyards are issued by the Navy, though some private commercial repair also takes place. Over 35% of Gross Regional Product (which includes the entire Norfolk-Newport News-Virginia Beach MSA), is attributable to defense spending, and that 75% of all regional growth since 2001

7467-495: The US prepared to enter World War I , the Naval Air Station Hampton Roads had been constructed on the former exposition grounds. In the first half of the twentieth century, the city of Norfolk expanded its borders through annexation. In 1906, the city annexed the incorporated town of Berkley , making the city cross the Elizabeth River . In 1923, the city expanded to include Sewell's Point, Willoughby Spit ,

7598-536: The USSB to take possession and title of 87 German ships, including Willehad . On 8 May Willehad left New London, and on 25 May Collector McGovern auctioned perishable merchandise that had been removed from her before she left. Early in June it was reported that work to recondition and fit out Willehad and other seized ships "will go along steadily", and that she would be ready for US war service in July. However, on

7729-486: The United States and achieve freedom and rights there. For a period, many emigrants to Liberia from Virginia and North Carolina embarked from the port of Norfolk. Joseph Jenkins Roberts , a free person of color native to Norfolk, emigrated via the American Colonization Society and later was elected as the first president of Liberia , establishing a powerful family. In 1845, Norfolk was incorporated as

7860-526: The area; the highest-risk period is mid-August to the end of September. Fall is marked by mild to warm days and cooler nights. Winter is usually mild in Norfolk, with average winter days featuring lows near or slightly above freezing and highs in the upper-40s to mid-50s (8 to 13 °C). On average, the coldest month of the year is January, with a normal mean temperature of 42.2 °F (5.7 °C), Snow occurs sporadically, with an average winter accumulation of 6.2 in (15.7 cm). Norfolk's record high

7991-487: The beaches of Norfolk to construct a well and gather water. Richard Lawson concealed his company of militia behind a benign looking sandhill. Richard Lawson and his militia sprang their ambush by opening fire from their concealment behind the Sandhills. The British landing party who suffered 3 marines killed surrendered. Richard Lawson who suffered none killed had his militia destroy the British boat, take all provisions, and take

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8122-515: The brass cannon. The American militia under Lawson returned to town with their prisoners. During the 1820s, agrarian communities across the American South suffered a prolonged recession, which caused many families to migrate to other areas. Many moved west into the Piedmont , or further into Kentucky and Tennessee . This migration also followed the exhaustion of soil due to tobacco cultivation in

8253-602: The city via mosquitoes and poor sanitation, affecting every family and causing widespread panic. The number of infected reached 5,000 in September, and by the second week, 1,500 had died in Norfolk and Portsmouth. As the weather cooled, the outbreak began to wane, leaving a final tally of about 3,200 dead. It took the city some time to recover. On April 4, 1861, Norfolk city delegate to the Virginia Secession Convention , George Blow, voted against secession. Following

8384-460: The city was $ 17,372. About 15.5% of families and 19.4% of the population were below the poverty line , including 27.9% of those under age 18 and 13.2% of those ages 65 or over. For the year of 2007, Norfolk had a total crime index of 514.7 per 100,000 residents. This was above the national average of 320.9 that year. For 2007, the city experienced 48 homicides, for a murder rate of 21.1 per 100,000 residents. Total crime had decreased when compared to

8515-483: The city was 47.1% White , 43.1% African American , 0.5% Native American , 3.3% Asian , 0.2% Pacific Islander , 2.2% from other races , and 3.6% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 6.6% of the population. Non-Hispanic Whites were 44.3% of the population in 2010, down from 68.5% in 1970. There were 86,210 households, out of which 30.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 36.9% were married couples living together, 18.8% had

8646-494: The city. Patriot forces destroyed the remaining buildings for strategic reasons the following month. Ultimately, Colonel Woodford drove Dunmore into exile, ending more than 168 years of British rule in Virginia. Only the walls of Saint Paul's Episcopal Church survived the bombardment and subsequent fires. A cannonball from the bombardment (fired by the Liverpool ) remains within the wall of Saint Paul's. Following recovery from

8777-617: The colony, Adam Thoroughgood (who had immigrated to Virginia in 1622 from King's Lynn , Norfolk , England ) was granted a large land holding, through the head rights system, along the Lynnhaven River in 1636. When the South Hampton Roads portion of the shire was separated, Thoroughgood suggested the name of his birthplace for the newly formed New Norfolk County . One year later, it was divided into two counties, Upper Norfolk and Lower Norfolk (the latter now incorporated into

8908-492: The cost of dealing with a sea-level rise of one foot would be around $ 1,000,000,000. Since then, scientists at the Virginia Institute of Marine Science in 2013 have estimated that if current trends hold, the sea in Norfolk will rise by 5 and 1/2 feet or more by the end of this century. When Norfolk was first settled, homes were made of wood and frame construction, similar to most medieval English-style homes. These homes had wide chimneys and thatch roofs . Some decades after

9039-409: The counties of Gloucester , Isle of Wight , James City , Mathews , and York , as well as the North Carolina counties of Currituck and Gates . The city of Norfolk is recognized as the central business district, while the Virginia Beach oceanside resort district and Williamsburg are primarily centers of tourism. Virginia Beach is the most populated city within the MSA though it functions more as

9170-439: The course of naval warfare; from then on, warships were fortified with metal. In May 1862, Norfolk Mayor William Lamb surrendered the city to Union General John E. Wool and his forces. They held the city under martial law for the duration of the Civil War. Thousands of slaves from the region escaped to Union lines to gain freedom; they quickly set up schools in Norfolk to start learning how to read and write, years before

9301-472: The crew of the ship to operate electrically powered mechanisms. Lack of an adequate backup system to propel the ship can, in rough seas, render it dead in the water and result in loss of the ship. The 2006 Revised Passenger Ship Safety Standards address these issues, and others, requiring that ships ordered after July, 2010 conform to safe return to port regulations; however, as of 2013 many ships remain in service which lack this capacity. After October 1, 2010,

9432-485: The cruiser USS  Columbia at 01:45 hrs. Columbia and several passenger ships pointed searchlights at Deutschland , and blew their whistles. However, one of the tugs, T. A. Scott, Jr. , turned across the submarine's bow. Deutschland unintentionally rammed the tug; sinking her; and killing all five of the tug's crew. The only survivor was EFC's Captain Hinsch, who was a passenger. Deutschland ' s bow

9563-534: The economic characteristics of Norfolk from that of the region as a whole. The waterways which almost completely surround the Hampton Roads region play an important part in the local economy. As a strategic location at the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay , its protected deep-water channels serve as a major trade artery for the import and export of goods from across the Mid-Atlantic , Mid-West , and internationally. In addition to commercial activities, Hampton Roads

9694-473: The end of 1904 to the beginning of 1907 she was a mail ship between Japan and Australia. From 1911 until 1914 she ran transatlantic services between Hamburg and the United States, and also between Hamburg and Canada. When the First World War began in 1914 she sheltered in Boston . In 1916 she became the first foreign ship to use the recently-built Cape Cod Canal , as she moved to New London, Connecticut to be

9825-603: The end of July 1914 she was in Montreal, loading a cargo that included wheat, barley, flour, and oil cake. In response to the July Crisis , 200 Austro-Hungarian reservists in Canada booked to sail on her to return home. However, on the eve of war the German government ordered her to leave Montreal and seek refuge in neutral Boston, to avoid being seized in Canada. She left Montreal early on

9956-517: The end of May, US armed forces were ordered to fire upon any German or Austro-Hungarian ship that tried to leave a US port, and to sink her if she did not heave to. In August 1916 the Eastern Forwarding Company (EFC), agents for the cargo submarines Deutschland and Bremen , chartered Willehad . On 23 August she left dry dock , bunkered several hundred tons of coal, ice and stores, and returned to her pier. An application

10087-793: The end of the war. 1907 brought both the Virginian Railway and the Jamestown Exposition to Sewell's Point . The large Naval Review at the Exposition demonstrated the peninsula's favorable location and laid the groundwork for the world's largest naval base. Southern Democrats in Congress gained its location here. Commemorating the tricentennial anniversary of the founding of Jamestown, the exposition featured many prominent officials, including President Theodore Roosevelt , members of Congress , and diplomats from twenty-one countries. By 1917, as

10218-453: The evening of 29 August fire was discovered aboard her, when she was moored at "Army Pier 6" in Hoboken, which was part of the former HAPAG liner terminal. Eight Hoboken Fire Department companies turned out to fight the fire, and extinguished it within an hour. An investigation found the fire had started in oneof her cargo holds, where plumbers had been working, and one of them had carelessly used

10349-494: The first foreign ship to use it. A tug of the T.A. Scott Towing Company, Alert , put out of New London to try to meet Willehad and convoy her into port, but ran into thick fog. Alert carried Captain Hinsch, EFC's Marine Superintendent, who was previously Master of the NDL liner Neckar . At 16:00 hrs on 24 August Willehad passed Hen and Chickens Light in Buzzard's Bay , but ran into afog an hour later, and anchored for

10480-508: The fortunes of downtown's Granby Street commercial corridor, located just a few blocks inland from the waterfront. The opening of malls and large shopping centers drew off retail business from Granby Street. People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) has been based in Norfolk since 1996. Norfolk's city leaders began a long push to revive its urban core . While Granby Street underwent decline, Norfolk city leaders focused on

10611-558: The headquarters to NATO 's Allied Command Transformation . The region also plays an important role in defense contracting, with particular emphasis in the shipbuilding and ship repair businesses for the city of Norfolk. Major private shipyards located in Norfolk or the Hampton Roads area include: Huntington Ingalls Industries (formerly Northrop Grumman Newport News) in Newport News, BAE Systems Norfolk Ship Repair , General Dynamics NASSCO Norfolk, and Colonna's Shipyard Inc., while

10742-621: The inspection was "At Norfolk Town, upon the fort land, in the County of Norfolk; and Kemp's Landing , in Princess Anne, under one inspection." In 1736 George II granted it a royal charter as a borough. It was an important port for exporting goods to the British Isles and beyond. Mercantile ties with the British Empire bolstered Norfolk's base of Loyalist support during the early part of

10873-583: The junction of the Elizabeth River and the Chesapeake Bay . The Hampton Roads Metropolitan Statistical Area (officially known as the Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC MSA ) is the 37th largest in the United States, with an estimated population of 1,716,624 in 2014. The area includes the Virginia cities of Norfolk, Virginia Beach , Chesapeake , Hampton , Newport News , Poquoson , Portsmouth , Suffolk , Williamsburg , and

11004-538: The late nineteenth century when structures such as the current Commodore Maury Hotel and the Royster Building were constructed to form the initial Norfolk skyline. Past styles were revived during the early years of the twentieth century. Bungalows and apartment buildings became popular for those living in the city. As the Great Depression wore on, Art Deco emerged as a popular building style, as evidenced by

11135-601: The late sixteenth century, the area that is now Norfolk was inhabited by the Chesepian people, who referred to the land as "K'che-sepi-ack." According to historical accounts from William Strachy, the Chesepian settlements were destroyed by the Powhatan shortly before the establishment of Jamestown in 1607. Norfolk's lands were some of the first to draw settlers from the Virginia Colony , although Norfolk would not be incorporated as

11266-513: The morning of 1 August. War was declared on 3 August, but Willehad evaded the cruiser HMS  Essex , and reached Boston on 5 August. Willehad stayed at anchor near Boston's quarantine station until 27 August, when she moved to Charlestown, Boston to discharge her cargo into bonded storage, including 57,671 bushels of wheat and 29,950 bushels of barley to the Boston and Maine Railroad 's grain elevator . The DDG Hansa cargo ship Ockenfels also reached Boston on 5 August. In

11397-586: The new Downtown Tunnel / Berkley Bridge complex opened a new system of multiple lanes of highway and interchanges connecting Downtown Norfolk and Interstate 464 with the Downtown Tunnel tubes. In 1954 the Supreme Court ruled in Brown v. Board of Education that segregated public schools were unconstitutional , as the public system was supported by all taxpayers. It ordered integration , but Virginia pursued

11528-582: The next few days and weeks they were joined by the HAPAG liners Amerika and Cincinnati ; the Austro-Hungarian steamship Erny ; and three other NDL ships: the cargo liner Köln ; Willehad ' s sister ship Wittekind ; and later the liner Kronprinzessin Cecilie . In order to save on port dues, the ships moved to anchorages after discharging their cargo. They moved back into Boston Harbor for

11659-576: The night. The next morning she got underway at 05:00 hrs, and docked in New London just before 10:00 hrs. Willehad was moored to piling in the Thames River , with her stern against the river bank. About 50 feet (15 m) to one side of her was the State Pier, which had recently been built at a cost of $ 1 million. The EFC had hurriedly built a corrugated iron shed, 400 by 25 feet (122 by 8 m), on

11790-588: The old Norfolk Academy, and the Customs House. Greek-style homes gave way to Gothic Revival in the 1830s, which emphasized pointed arches , steep gable roofs, towers and tracer-lead windows. The Freemason Baptist Church and St. Mary's Catholic Church are examples of Gothic Revival. Italianate elements emerged in the 1840s including cupolas , verandas , ornamental brickwork , or corner quoins . Norfolk still had simple wooden structures among its more ornate buildings. High-rise buildings were first built in

11921-430: The park was named the finest facility in minor league baseball by Baseball America . Norfolk's efforts to revitalize its downtown have attracted acclaim from economic development and urban planning circles throughout the country. Downtown's rising fortunes helped to expand the city's revenues and allowed the city to direct attention to other neighborhoods. The city is located at the southeastern corner of Virginia at

12052-528: The parties for Deutschland to leave port, and her crew returned from Willehad to their submarine. On 21 November Deutschland left New London for Bremen; accompanied by Captain Hinsch aboard the T.A. Scott tug Alert , but this time in daylight. Deutschland safely reached her home port in the Weser by 11 December. In January 1917 Willehad remained prepared for either Deutschland or another cargo submarine to visit New London. There

12183-400: The pier. Between the pier and Willehad ' s bow, EFC built a floating gate 30 feet (9 m) high. This enclosed a space between the ship and the pier large enough for a cargo submarine to dock, and then be secluded when the floating gate was closed. The piling under the pier, and the piling to which the ship was moored, was electrically wired to an alarm bell in an office attached to

12314-618: The rigors of the North Atlantic in line voyage service, but both ships are also designed to operate as cruise ships, with the amenities expected in that trade. QM2 was superseded by the Freedom of the Seas of the Royal Caribbean line as the largest passenger ship ever built; however, QM2 still hold the record for the largest ocean liner. The Freedom of the Seas was superseded by the Oasis of

12445-508: The route from Yokohama on 31 December 1904, and reached Sydney on 1 February 1905. Her running mates on the route were Prinz Waldemar and Prinz Sigismund . By April 1906, Willehad ' s ports of call also included Manila in the Philippines . On 15 December 1906 she left Melbourne, for a voyage via Sydney, Newcastle , Manila, and Java . She then returned to Bremen, where she arrived on 20 March 1907. By June 1910 Willehad

12576-401: The same day, fire broke out on the State Pier in New London, where cargo was stored for Deutschland ' s expected return. On 6 February more cargo arrived at the State Pier, mostly copper and crude rubber. Also on 6 February, Bridgeport 's Collector of Customs, James McGovern, announced that Willehad ' s crew would be removed and treated as immigrants. However, no such action

12707-673: The seizure of all German ships in US-controlled ports. At 03:30 hrs on 6 April a force from the United States Coast Guard Academy in New London boarded Willehad . A captain, four lieutenants, 30 enlisted men, and 14 Coast Guard cadets took over the ship, and Collector McGovern requisitioned her. They caught Willehad ' s crew asleep, which prevented any of them from trying to scuttle her. Bureau of Immigration officers brought 36 members of Willehad ' s crew were brought ashore, leaving aboard one man who

12838-498: The shed. On 28 August 1916 the submarine Bremen left Bremerhaven on her maiden voyage. She was headed for a port on the East Coast of the United States , but never arrived. On 29 September a life jacket , stained with oil, was found at Maiden Cove on Cape Elizabeth, Maine . Stencilled on it was the word "Bremen", and printed on it were a small crown, with "Schutzmarke" above, and "V-Epping-Hoven, Willhelmshaven" below. The life jacket

12969-470: The shed: including synthetic dyes, pharmaceuticals, gems, and financial stocks and bonds. On Sunday 5 November Willehad hosted a Lutheran service for the submariners, led by a minister from Hartford, Connecticut . On 8 November, 2,000 New London townspeople attended a reception at the Municipal Building for Deutschland ' s Master, Paul König , and his officers. After the reception,

13100-660: The town of Campostella, and the Ocean View area. The city included the Navy Base and miles of beach property fronting on Hampton Roads and the Chesapeake Bay . After a smaller annexation in 1959, and a 1988 land swap with Virginia Beach , the city assumed its current boundaries. The establishment of the Interstate Highway System following World War II brought new highways to the region. A series of bridges and tunnels, constructed during fifteen years, linked Norfolk with

13231-567: The town was first laid out in 1682, the Georgian architectural style , which was popular in the South at the time, was used. Brick was considered more substantial construction; patterns were made by brick laid and Flemish bond . This style evolved to include projecting center pavilions, Palladian windows, balustraded roof decks, and two-story porticoes . By 1740, homes, warehouses, stores, workshops, and taverns began to dot Norfolk's streets. Norfolk

13362-508: The trip itself and the attractions of the ship and ports visited are the principal draw. There are several main types: Although some ships have characteristics of both types, the design priorities of the two forms are different: ocean liners value speed and traditional luxury while cruise ships value amenities (swimming pools, theaters, ball rooms, casinos, sports facilities, etc.) rather than speed. These priorities produce different designs. In addition, ocean liners typically were built to cross

13493-469: The two men, but 20 minutes later Pahlmann was dead. At 17:00 hrs on 18 August, Willehad stopped in mid-ocean and lowered her colors . Pahlmann's funeral was held, and he was buried at sea . Willehad remained on NDL's Baltimore route until November 1899, and then in December 1899 and January 1900 made two voyages between Bremen and Hoboken. In 1900 Willehad ' s passenger accommodation

13624-677: The waterfront and catalyze further downtown redevelopment. Waterside was redeveloped in 2017. Additionally, the waterfront area hosts the Nauticus maritime museum and science center , Hampton Roads Naval Museum , Half-Moone Cruise and Celebration Center , and the USS Wisconsin . Other facilities opened in the ensuing years, including the Harbor Park baseball stadium, home of the Norfolk Tides Triple-A minor league baseball team. In 1995,

13755-453: The waterfront and its collection of decaying piers and warehouses. Many obsolete shipping and warehousing facilities were demolished. In their place, planners created a new boulevard, Waterside Drive, along which many of the high-rise buildings in Norfolk's skyline have been erected. In 1983, the city and The Rouse Company developed the Waterside festival marketplace to attract people back to

13886-557: The winter of 1914–15, and then returned to their anchorages near Boston's quarantine station at the end of March 1915. The US Navy positioned the cruiser USS  Brooklyn to keep all of the anchored ships under constant surveillance. In 1915, events such as the Thrasher incident at the end of March and the Sinking of RMS Lusitania early in May increased tension between the US and Germany. At

14017-617: The year 2000, which the city had a total crime index of 546.3. The highest murder rate Norfolk has experienced for the 21st century was in 2005 when its rate was 24.5 per 100,000 residents. For the year 2007 per 100,000, Norfolk experienced 21.1 murders, 42.6 rapes, 399.3 robberies, 381.3 assaults, 743.3 burglaries, and 450.6 automobile thefts. According to the Congressional Quarterly Press '2008 City Crime Rankings: Crime in Metropolitan America, Norfolk, Virginia, ranked as

14148-476: Was 105 °F (41 °C) on August 7, 1918, and July 24 and 25, 2010, and the record low was −3 °F (−19 °C) recorded on January 21, 1985 . As of the census of 2010, there were 242,803 people, 86,210 households, and 51,898 families residing in the city. The population density was 4,362.8 people per square mile (1,684.5 people/km ). There were 94,416 dwelling units at an average density of 1,757.3 per square mile (678.5/km ). The racial makeup of

14279-438: Was 30 years. For every 100 females, there were 104.6 males. For every 100 females aged 18 and over, there were 104.8 males. This large gender imbalance is due to the military presence in the city, most notably Naval Station Norfolk. The median income for a household in the city was $ 31,815, and the median income for a family was $ 36,891. Males had a median income of $ 25,848 versus $ 21,907 for females. The per capita income for

14410-837: Was also swept to the main deck. One of her steam winches was torn from its mountings, and its steam pipe ripped up. About 20 feet (6 m) of the railing of her fo'c's'le was swept away. One of the doors of her third class accommodation burst open, causing flooding with water 3 feet (1 m) deep. Willehad reached Baltimore on 10 January, six days late. On 19 March 1899 Willehad left Bremen with 850 passengers. On 24 March, at position 48°N 25°W  /  48°N 25°W  / 48; -25 , her starboard propeller shaft broke, and she lost her starboard propeller. She turned back, and on 28 March reached Falmouth, Cornwall . After repairs she resumed her voyage, and on 11 April she reached Hoboken. She then continued to Galveston , where she arrived shortly after 3 May. She loaded

14541-494: Was back on the Bremen – Hoboken route, on which she remained until September 1895. In October 1895 NDL transferred her to its route between Bremen and Baltimore. For the rest of the 1890s her usual route was between Bremen and Baltimore, apart from three voyages between Bremen and Hoboken in 1896, and another three in 1899–1900. In January 1896 Willehad sailed to Hoboken, arriving on 1 February, but by mid-March she had reverted to

14672-742: Was burned down during the Revolutionary War . After the Revolution , Norfolk was rebuilt in the Federal style, based on Roman ideals. Federal-style homes kept Georgian symmetry, though they had more refined decorations to look like New World homes. Federal homes had features such as narrow sidelights with an embracing fanlight around the doorway, giant porticoes, gable or flat roofs, and projecting bays on exterior walls. Rooms were oval, elliptical or octagonal. Few of these federal rowhouses remain standing today. A majority of buildings were made of wood and had

14803-415: Was damaged, so she returned to port for repairs. The T.A. Scott Towing Company libelled the submarine for $ 12,000 for the loss of the tug, so Deutschland ' s crew had to leave the submarine. They were quartered aboard Willehad while the legal dispute was resolved. The families of the five tugboatmen killed also filed lawsuits. On 20 September enough of a legal agreement was reached between

14934-624: Was described as "a shapely vessel" that was "bound to establish herself in the public favour". On 12 September she berthed in Woolloomooloo Bay in Sydney. On 22 September she left Sydney on her return voyage to Bremen. She called at the same ports as on her outward voyage. As she left Adelaide on 29 September, she saluted the Australia Station flagship HMS  Royal Arthur by lowering her German ensign , and by her band playing God Save

15065-512: Was equipped with submarine signalling , and by June 1911 she was also equipped with wireless telegraphy . In November 1911 she made a voyage from Rotterdam to Baltimore. By May 1912 she was serving a route between Hamburg and Montreal via Rotterdam. In January 1913 she arrived in Philadelphia . By 1914 Willehad ' s wireless call sign was DWH. On 10 July 1914 she left Hamburg on her twenty-fourth voyage to Quebec and Montreal. By

15196-615: Was found undamaged. Later it was reported that they had sabotaged her, but "the damage inflicted on the machinery by the now interned crew is not as bad as at first imagined". A Californian, Harry S Bates, claimed that in October 1915 NDL had contracted to sell him Wittekind and Willehad for $ 900,000, but had refused to fulfil the contract. On 3 May 1917 he filed a suit at the United States District Court in Boston for possession of both ships. On 30 June President Woodrow Wilson issued an executive order authorising

15327-559: Was imported from Canada via a company in New Jersey; stored in the warehouse of another company in New York; and transported via a railroad yard in Baltimore. At 22:00 hrs on 16 November the lights on the EFC pier were switched off, and a launch from Willehad went down the harbor. Deutschland left her dock at 01:30 hrs on 17 November, and two tugs towed her down the harbor. A launch full of news reporters followed them. The flotilla passed

15458-496: Was made for two ships to use the Cape Cod Canal. Permission was granted for Willehad , but the other ship, whose name was not disclosed, was larger, and permission for her was denied. She embarked a full crew, and early on 24 August was piloted out of Boston. A tugboat met her off Plymouth, Massachusetts and accompanied her to the mouth of the Cape Cod Canal. The canal had opened on 29 July 1914, and Willehad became

15589-639: Was mixed. On 30 August she reached Western Australia , where she was greeted as "the smallest vessel of the Norddeutscher Lloyd that has visited Fremantle ". One Perth newspaper said "From outward appearances the vessel does not give a favorable impression not being up to the standard of the Norddeutscher Lloyd liners in cleanliness or beauty". On 5 September she anchored in Largs Bay, South Australia with 236 passengers, of whom 40 were for Adelaide . On 8 September she reached Melbourne , Victoria , where she

15720-469: Was offering weekly sailings between Bremen and Baltimore, with each ship completing a round trip on the route every six weeks. On one westbound crossing, Willehad was slowed by gale-force winds from 26 December 1898 until 1 January 1899. Her passengers were kept below decks for days. A wave swept the stock of an anchor, weighing 800 to 1,000 pounds (360 to 450 kg), from her fo'c's'le to her main deck. A reel with 100 feet (30 m) of steel cable

15851-600: Was one such ship, but was reported to be headed for inter-island service in Venezuelan waters. The International Ice Patrol was formed in 1914 after the sinking of the Titanic to address the long-outstanding issue of iceberg collision. Passengers and their luggage at sea are covered by the Athens Convention . Norfolk, Virginia Norfolk ( locally / ˈ n ɔːr f ʊ k / NOR -fuuk )

15982-729: Was refitted. Instead of a two-class ship with more than 1,000 third class and no first class , she became a three-class ship with berths for only 230 passengers: 150 in first class, 40 in second class, and 40 in third class. She made one round trip on the Reichspostdampfer route between Bremen and Sydney , New South Wales via the Suez Canal, as a temporary substitute for the liner Gera . She left Bremerhaven on 18 July 1900, and called at Antwerp , Southampton , Genoa , Naples , Port Said , Suez , and Colombo . Her reception in Australia

16113-588: Was scheduled to leave New York for the return voyage on 17 September. During the Russo-Japanese War , the Russian Empire expelled several hundred Japanese from Vladivostok , Port Arthur (now Dalian in China), and Outer Manchuria . Two railway trains had taken the refugees to Bremen, and from there NDL took them to Japan. Sources differ as to whether Willehad took them all the way from Bremen to Japan, or

16244-667: Was scrapped in Baltimore, starting on 31 March 1924. Passenger ship While typically passenger ships are part of the merchant marine , passenger ships have also been used as troopships and often are commissioned as naval ships when used as for that purpose. Passenger Ship Types: Passenger ships include ferries , which are vessels for day to day or overnight short-sea trips moving passengers and vehicles (whether road or rail); ocean liners , which typically are passenger or passenger-cargo vessels transporting passengers and often cargo on longer line voyages; and cruise ships , which often transport passengers on round-trips, in which

16375-721: Was scrapped in the US in 1924. In 1894 Blohm+Voss in Hamburg built a pair of twin- screw steamships for NDL. Wittekind was launched on 3 February and completed in April. Willehad was completed in May. Willehad ' s registered length was 383.4 ft (116.9 m), her beam was 46.0 ft (14.0 m), and her depth was 27.2 ft (8.3 m). Her tonnages were 4,761  GRT and 3,012  NRT . She had berths for 1,114 passengers: 105 in second class, and 1,009 in third class. Her ballast tanks carried 600 tons of fresh water, instead of sea water. This gave her enough of

16506-459: Was smaller than those normally carried on steamships, and was said to be similar to those carried on submarines. Bremen never did reach port, and no other wreckage of her was ever found. Willehad remained at New London, and her wireless was sealed in accordance with US neutrality regulations. On 25 October the British government claimed to have intercepted two letters from members of her crew to relatives in Germany, claiming that Willehad

16637-490: Was speculation about "a submersible, said to be larger than Deutschland", but no such craft existed. Nor did Deutschland return, as U-boat attacks on merchant ships caused relations between the US and Germany to deteriorate. In February 1917 the Imperial German Navy took Deutschland over and had her converted for combat as U-155 . On 3 February 1917 the US broke off diplomatic relations with Germany. On

16768-401: Was taken. On 2 April 1917 the submarine USS  D-1 came from New York to New London, and anchored near Willehaid to guard her and the State Pier. On 3 April, guards "from a United States warship" were deployed on the pier. Willehad ' s charter expired, and the EFC did not renew it, so control of her reverted to NDL. On 6 April the US declared war on Germany, and ordered

16899-816: Was to be called "Scandia Line" – not to be confused with the Danish Scandinavian America Line . HAPAG and NDL aimed to undercut Cunard Line , which also served this route. Fares were $ 18 from Scandinavia to New York, and $ 16 from New York to Scandinavia. Willehad worked the route from Stettin, from which she made her first Scandia Line sailing on 3 May 1904. She called at Helsingborg and Gothenburg in Sweden, and Kristiansand in Norway. She arrived in New York on 19 May, carrying 218 steerage class passengers. She made three round trips on this route. Her final Scandia Line voyage began from Stettin in August, and she

17030-427: Was to put to sea to operate as a wireless station for U-boats from within US territorial waters . The submarine Deutschland left Bremen on 10 October, and reached New London early on the morning of 1 November. She docked between Willehad and the pier, and Deutschland ' s 25 crew moved into the best cabins aboard Willehad . Cargo worth $ 10 million was discharged from Deutschland to

17161-515: Was too ill with rheumatism to travel. He was later taken off to hospital. The 36 were given breakfast in New London, and later the Immigration officers took them by Shore Line Express train to New York, on their way to Ellis Island . They were interned with the crews of other seized German ships in a camp at Mountain Park, North Carolina . At first it was reported that Willehad ' s machinery

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