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38-489: SS Sirio was an Italian passenger steamer that was wrecked off the eastern Spanish coast on 4 August 1906, causing the deaths of at least two hundred Italian and Spanish emigrants bound for Brazil , Uruguay , and Argentina . The wreck had a profound effect on communities in northern Italy and was remembered in popular songs of the era. It was the second worst peacetime maritime disaster in Italian history, only surpassed by

76-487: A given hull size. Passenger ships are subject to two major International Maritime Organization requirements : to perform musters of the passengers (...) within 24 hours after their embarkation and to be able to perform full abandonment within a period of 30 minutes from the time the abandon-ship signal is given . Transportation Research Board research from 2019 reported passenger vessels, much more than freight vessels, are subject to degradations in stability as

114-472: A half miles east of Cape Palos, Cartagena, Spain . According to an eyewitness, the captain of the French steamer Marie Louise , she was "taking a dangerous course" when he saw her stop, her bow lifting. The boilers exploded, and "dead bodies began to float past the French steamer, and those on board could hear the shrieks of the drowning." Many passengers were trapped in the lower decks, which were quickly flooded;

152-924: A memorial "legend" about the disaster in a collection of eight pieces about the Mar Menor , the lagoon just north of Hormigas Island. 37°39′6.73″N 0°39′10.31″W  /  37.6518694°N 0.6528639°W  / 37.6518694; -0.6528639 Passenger ship While typically passenger ships are part of the merchant marine , passenger ships have also been used as troopships and often are commissioned as naval ships when used as for that purpose. Passenger Ship Types: Passenger ships include ferries , which are vessels for day to day or overnight short-sea trips moving passengers and vehicles (whether road or rail); ocean liners , which typically are passenger or passenger-cargo vessels transporting passengers and often cargo on longer line voyages; and cruise ships , which often transport passengers on round-trips, in which

190-558: A number of first class passengers were drowned soon after the grounding as their cabins were located in the stern, which was immediately submerged. Panic soon broke out onboard; some of the lifeboats had been damaged in the grounding, and several others were swarmed by the panicked passengers and swamped or capsized, resulting in the death of their occupants. Some passengers drowned while trying to swim ashore, whereas about twenty or thirty managed to swim to some rocks where they remained until next day, when they were rescued. Only one lifeboat

228-408: A result of increases in lightship weight. Passenger vessels appear to be more pressing candidates for lightship weight-tracking programs than freight vessels. Passengers on ships without backup generators suffer substantial distress due to lack of water, refrigeration, and sewage systems in the event of loss of the main engines or generators due to fire or other emergency. Power is also unavailable to

266-502: A ship's GRT and displacement were somewhat similar in number. For example, Titanic , put in service in 1912, had a GRT of 46,328 and a displacement reported at over 52,000 tons. Similarly, Cunard Line's mid-1930s RMS  Queen Mary and RMS Queen Elizabeth were of approximately 81,000 – 83,000 GRT and had displacements of over 80,000 tons. Today, due to changes in construction, engineering, function, architecture, and, crucially, measurement system – which measures functionally all of

304-522: A ship's internal volume, not just part of it – modern passenger ships' GT values are much higher than their displacements. The Cunard Queens' current successor, the 148,528 GT Queen Mary 2 , has been estimated to only displace approximately 76,000 tons. With the completion in 2009 of the first of the over 225,000 GT Oasis -class cruise ships, Oasis of the Seas , passenger ships' displacements rose to 100,000 tons, well less than half their GT. This new class

342-408: Is calculated based on "the moulded volume of all enclosed spaces of the ship", and is used to determine things such as a ship's manning regulations, safety rules, registration fees, and port dues. It is produced by a mathematical formula, and does not distinguish between mechanical and passenger spaces, and thus is not directly comparable to historic GRT measurements. Displacement , a measure of mass,

380-425: Is characteristic of an explosive growth in gross tonnage, which has more than doubled from the largest cruise ships of the late 1990s. This reflects the much lower relative weight of enclosed space in the comparatively light superstructure of a ship versus its heavily reinforced and machinery-laden hull space, as cruise ships have grown slab-sided vertically from their maximum beam to accommodate more passengers within

418-498: Is not commonly used for passenger vessels. While a high displacement can indicate better sea keeping abilities, gross tonnage is promoted as the most important measure of size for passenger vessels, as the ratio of gross tonnage per passenger – the Passenger/Space Ratio – gives a sense of the spaciousness of a ship, an important consideration in cruise liners where the onboard amenities are of high importance. Historically,

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456-653: The Atlantic Ocean between Europe and the United States or travel even further to South America or Asia while cruise ships typically serve shorter routes with more stops along coastlines or among various islands. Both the Queen Elizabeth 2 ( QE2 ) (1969) and her successor as Cunard's flagship RMS  Queen Mary 2 ( QM2 ), which entered service in 2004, are of hybrid construction. Like transatlantic ocean liners, they are fast ships and strongly built to withstand

494-631: The Bishop of São Paulo , José de Camargo Barros , and the Archbishop of São Pedro , Cláudio Gonçalves Ponce de Leon , as well as Boniface Natter , the first abbot of the rededicated Buckfast Abbey (a Benedictine abbey in England). While passing off Cape Palos, Sirio followed a course that passed too close to the coast, and ran aground at full speed on the Punta Hormigas , a reef off Hormigas Island, two and

532-546: The International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) requires passenger ships operating in international waters must either be constructed or upgraded to exclude combustible materials. It is believed some owners and operators of ships built before 1980, which are required to upgrade or retire their vessels, will be unable to conform to the regulations. Fred. Olsen Cruise Line 's Black Prince , built in 1966

570-496: The Sirio that "sailed away for America, and to its misfortune," "convey[ing] the agony of frantic parents looking for children who had gone under the waves." Another ballad, "Mamma Mia, Dammi Cento Lire", possibly refers to Sirio as well—it tells the story of a young man who asks his mother for 100 lire so he can sail to America, but "out on the ocean wide, / The great ship sank beneath the tide." The Spanish poet Santiago Delgado published

608-569: The Austro-Hungarian steamer Buda . José de Camargo Barros "went down with the ship while blessing the drowning passengers", while Cláudio Gonçalves Ponce de Leon survived. Boniface Natter drowned as well, whereas his fellow traveler Anscar Vonier survived and became the next abbot. The captains of Joven Miguel and Vicente Llicano were singled out for their heroism. Some of the rescuers were also reported to have drowned while saving passengers. Survivors were brought ashore and put up in

646-679: The Buckfast community. His solemn Blessing as Abbot of the restored Abbey took place at Buckfast on 24 February 1903. This date marked the anniversary of the Dissolution of the Abbey in 1539. At the solemn Blessing a telegram sent by the Pope was read in which his blessing was conveyed upon the new Abbot and all present at the ceremony. The new Abbot's first major task was to begin the works of restoring Buckfast Abbey. The Abbey had been dissolved in 1539 and at

684-541: The Community, still retained some fragments of colour and gilding. The statue was blessed in the temporary church at Buckfast on 24 May 1903. In May 1906, with the restoration of the Abbey foundation underway, Natter was elected as Abbot Visitor of the French Province. Abbot Boniface was a passenger with his brother monk, Anscar Vonier aboard the steamship SS Sirio sailing from Genoa, Italy to Brazil. On 4 August 1906

722-488: The Seas in October 2009. Because of changes in historic measurement systems, it is difficult to make meaningful and accurate comparisons of ship sizes. Historically, gross register tonnage (GRT) was a measure of the internal volume of certain enclosed areas of a ship divided into "tons" equivalent to 100 cubic feet (2.8 m ) of space. Gross tonnage (GT) is a comparatively new measure, adopted in 1982 to replace GRT. It

760-630: The clandestine embarkation of Spanish emigrants along the coast," in exchange for "large sums of money." This alleged "illicit traffic" was offered as one explanation for the captain's behavior, which "left much to be desired", and has also been cited as a reason to consider the official death toll as unreliable. 62-year-old Captain Piccone died in Genoa less than a year after the disaster, reportedly of "grief" and "a broken heart". Incorrect reports circulated that he had committed suicide. Among these shipwrecked ones

798-518: The command of captain Giuseppe Piccone, bound for Buenos Aires via Barcelona , Cadiz , Las Palmas , Cape Verde , Rio de Janeiro , Santos and Montevideo ; at the departure from Genoa she carried a crew of 127 and 570 passengers, and a further 75 passengers joined the ship in Barcelona. Most of the passengers were emigrants. Among the passengers were also number of Catholic prelates, including

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836-472: The crew of the ship to operate electrically powered mechanisms. Lack of an adequate backup system to propel the ship can, in rough seas, render it dead in the water and result in loss of the ship. The 2006 Revised Passenger Ship Safety Standards address these issues, and others, requiring that ships ordered after July, 2010 conform to safe return to port regulations; however, as of 2013 many ships remain in service which lack this capacity. After October 1, 2010,

874-480: The local poorhouse and a circus building. The ship broke in two and sank completely after being grounded for nine days, and "dozens of decomposing corpses were released in the turbulence" including "the body of a very young girl still clutching her toy bucket." While initial reports claimed three hundred had died, improper passenger lists made it difficult to determine the exact number, although some reports estimated that as many as four hundred died. The final death toll

912-442: The priests prayed to heaven, And they gave them their last benediction. Fathers and mothers, they kissed their dear children, And then they sank beneath the waves of the sea. "Il Sirio" 9-12 The wreck of Sirio had a major impact on the victims' communities. The effect on the northern Italian communities from which the emigrants came was profound, and the wreck was remembered in a popular ballad, "Il Sirio", which sings of

950-496: The rescue. The reports about Piccone having jumped ship were likely originated by the fact that the third officer, Mr Baglio, was indeed among the first to abandon ship along with some of the crew, and was apparently mistaken for the captain by some of the surviving passengers. One explanation for the ship's unusual course was given by the Spanish newspaper España Nueva : the ship was alleged to have sailed so close because it "engaged in

988-563: The restoration of the Community in 1882 only the foundations of the medieval Abbey remained. Dr Macnamara of Torquay presented the Abbot with a donation of £1000 to begin the rebuilding and work began on the West front of the Abbey. Boniface was also responsible for the restoration of the statue of Our Lady of Buckfast, which had been damaged at the time of the Reformation. This ancient statue, recovered by

1026-618: The rigors of the North Atlantic in line voyage service, but both ships are also designed to operate as cruise ships, with the amenities expected in that trade. QM2 was superseded by the Freedom of the Seas of the Royal Caribbean line as the largest passenger ship ever built; however, QM2 still hold the record for the largest ocean liner. The Freedom of the Seas was superseded by the Oasis of

1064-534: The same year, along with her two sisters. In 1887 she was briefly requisitioned as a troopship during the Eritrean War . In 1891 Sirio was modernized in Genoa and had her engine replaced by a more powerful Ansaldo steam engine of 5,012 horsepower, which increased her top speed to fifteen knots. She spent her entire life on the route between Italy and South America . Sirio sailed from Genoa on 2 August 1906 under

1102-575: The second Abbot of Buckfast. Boniface Natter's body was never recovered. There is a memorial to the Abbot within the Abbey Cemetery at Buckfast with a Latin inscription which reads as follows: In Memoriam Rmi. D. BONIFACII NATTER ABBATIS INSTAURATAE ABBATIAE PRAESULIS PRIMI APUD LITTUS HISPANICUM NAUFRAGUS 4 AUG. 1906 In alto quiescit donec Mare reddat mortuos. Absorpta est mors in Victoria. (Ex dono sororis Anscarius Abbas posuit) A photograph of Natter

1140-401: The ship and done their best to save lives (indeed, it was later noted that most of the crew survived as unlike the passengers, they had kept calm and remained on the still partially afloat ship instead of jumping overboard or rushing the lifeboats), with Piccone being the last to abandon ship, as was confirmed among others by the captain of the Austro-Hungarian steamer Buda which participated in

1178-522: The sinking of the Principessa Mafalda nineteen years later. Sirio was a 4,141-GRT passenger steamer built in 1883 by Robert Napier and Sons of Glasgow for Società Italiana di Trasporti Maritimi Raggio & Co. of Genoa . She was launched on 26 March 1883 and completed in June of the same year; she had two sister ships , Orione and Perseo . She was 115.81 meters long and 12.83 meters wide and

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1216-468: The steamship struck a reef off of the Hormigas Islands near the Spanish coast and over 400 people died, including Natter. When news of the sinking reached the Community at Buckfast it was believed that both Abbot and Vonier had perished and Requiem Masses were said for the repose of their souls. However, Vonier survived. Vonier on 14 September 1906 was elected by the Community to succeed Boniface as

1254-508: The trip itself and the attractions of the ship and ports visited are the principal draw. There are several main types: Although some ships have characteristics of both types, the design priorities of the two forms are different: ocean liners value speed and traditional luxury while cruise ships value amenities (swimming pools, theaters, ball rooms, casinos, sports facilities, etc.) rather than speed. These priorities produce different designs. In addition, ocean liners typically were built to cross

1292-786: Was a German Benedictine Monk who became the first Abbot of the newly reformed Benedictine Abbey of Buckfast in Devon , England . Boniface was born Anton Natter in Swabia , a province of the Kingdom of Württemberg . Boniface had been clothed as a novice at Buckfast in November 1882 and took his simple vows in November 1883. He was ordained as Priest by Bishop William Vaughan of Plymouth in 1890. Because at that time there were no monasteries in Swabia, Boniface made periodic trips to that province to recruit novices for

1330-592: Was one such ship, but was reported to be headed for inter-island service in Venezuelan waters. The International Ice Patrol was formed in 1914 after the sinking of the Titanic to address the long-outstanding issue of iceberg collision. Passengers and their luggage at sea are covered by the Athens Convention . Boniface Natter Boniface Natter (24 April 1866 – 4 August 1906), christened Anthony,

1368-537: Was originally propelled by a 850 HP steam engine that allowed a top speed of fourteen knots; she could carry 1,440 passengers, of whom 120 in first class, 120 in second class and 1,200 in third class. Sirio made her maiden voyage on the Genoa- Las Palmas - Montevideo - Buenos Aires line on 15 July 1883. In March 1885 she was chartered by Navigazione Generale Italiana of Genoa, which then bought her in September of

1406-480: Was put by authorities at 293 victims, but claims persisted about many unregistered stowaways having died as well, with claims of up to five hundred overall deaths. Newspaper reports quickly accused the captain and his crew of improper behavior. Initial newspaper reports claimed that the captain had been among the first to abandon ship, causing a panic among the passengers, but the enquiry later established that Piccone and most of his officers and crew had remained onboard

1444-462: Was successfully launched, with 29 passengers in it. The Marie Louise saved a further 25 people, while the bulk of the survivors were rescued by Spanish fishing vessels which soon raced to the scene; Joven Miguel , under the command of Vicente Buigues, came alongside Sirio and took off some three hundred people. A further two hundred survivors were rescued by the Vicente Llicano , and a few more by

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