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49-524: A number of steamships were named Mohawk , including Mohawk , a US passenger ship in service 1896–1948 Mohawk , a UK cargo ship in service 1900–1917, renamed Hungarian Prince in 1912 and Belgian Prince in 1915, and torpedoed by U-55 Mohawk , a US cargo ship in service 1908–25 with Clyde Steamship Company Mohawk , a US passenger cargo ship in service 1926–35 with Clyde Steamship Company [REDACTED] [REDACTED] List of ships with

98-415: A ' brewery horse ' could produce 32,400 foot-pounds [43,929 J] per minute." James Watt and Matthew Boulton standardized that figure at 33,000 foot-pounds (44,742 J) per minute the next year. A common legend states that the unit was created when one of Watt's first customers, a brewer, specifically demanded an engine that would match a horse, and chose the strongest horse he had and driving it to

147-438: A dozen other men still afloat, including a 16-year-old apprentice, who was shouting for help. Bowman him kept afloat until about midnight, when the boy died of hypothermia . Belgian Prince was carrying four teenage apprentices . Three were 17 years old. The 16-year-old was Edward Sharp. Silenski managed to swim back to Belgian Prince and re-board her. He reported that on the morning of 1 August, U-55 fired two rounds at

196-429: A group of engineers modified a dynometer to be able to measure how much horsepower a horse can produce. This horse was measured to 5.7 hp (4.3 kW). When torque T is in pound-foot units, rotational speed N is in rpm , the resulting power in horsepower is The constant 5252 is the rounded value of (33,000 ft⋅lbf/min)/(2π rad/rev). When torque T is in inch-pounds, The constant 63,025

245-526: A healthy human can produce about 1.2 hp (0.89 kW) briefly (see orders of magnitude ) and sustain about 0.1 hp (0.075 kW) indefinitely; trained athletes can manage up to about 2.5 hp (1.9 kW) briefly and 0.35 hp (0.26 kW) for a period of several hours. The Jamaican sprinter Usain Bolt produced a maximum of 3.5 hp (2.6 kW) 0.89 seconds into his 9.58 second 100-metre (109.4 yd) sprint world record in 2009. In 2023

294-572: A name beginning with "M", in most cases derived from the name of a place or people of the Indigenous peoples of the Eastern Woodlands of North America . It named Mohawk after the Mohawk people . Menantic registered Mohawk at Bristol . Her UK official number was 111307 and her code letters were SFPR. Menantic sold Manitoba almost as soon as she was built in 1901. In 1902 Menantic became

343-584: A senior officer in the SS , and died just after the Second World War . She was the third of three Prince Line ships to be called Belgian Prince . The first was launched in 1888 as Lady Ailsa , renamed Belgian Prince in 1890, and sold and renamed in 1897. The second was launched in 1885 as Hajeen , renamed Berriz in 1900 and Belgian Prince in 1907, and sold and renamed again in 1911. In 1900 and 1901 two Sunderland shipbuilders built four sister ships for

392-546: A torpedo that failed to explode. After the war it was proposed to try Werner at the Leipzig war crimes trials for the murder of the crew of Torrington , but he could not be found. He had fled to Brazil , but he returned to Germany in 1924, and the charges against him were dropped by a German court in 1926. Werner later joined the Nazi Party and served in the SS, and was promoted to

441-420: Is also used in many places to symbolize brake horsepower. Drawbar power (dbp) is the power a railway locomotive has available to haul a train or an agricultural tractor to pull an implement. This is a measured figure rather than a calculated one. A special railway car called a dynamometer car coupled behind the locomotive keeps a continuous record of the drawbar pull exerted, and the speed. From these,

490-460: Is equivalent to a boiler heat output of 33,469 Btu/h (9.809 kW). Present industrial practice is to define "boiler horsepower" as a boiler thermal output equal to 33,475 Btu/h (9.811 kW), which is very close to the original and revised definitions. Boiler horsepower is still used to measure boiler output in industrial boiler engineering in the US. Boiler horsepower is abbreviated BHP, which

539-450: Is equivalent to a boiler heat output of 33,485 Btu/h (9.813 kW). A few years later in 1884, the ASME re-defined the boiler horsepower as the thermal output equal to the evaporation of 34.5 pounds per hour of water "from and at" 212 °F (100 °C). This considerably simplified boiler testing, and provided more accurate comparisons of the boilers at that time. This revised definition

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588-481: Is in psi, and flow rate is in US gallons per minute. Drilling rigs are powered mechanically by rotating the drill pipe from above. Hydraulic power is still needed though, as 1 500 to 5 000 W are required to push mud through the drill bit to clear waste rock. Additional hydraulic power may also be used to drive a down-hole mud motor to power directional drilling . When using SI units, the equation becomes coherent and there

637-465: Is needed to pull a drawbar load of 2,025 pounds-force at 5 miles per hour? { P } h p = 2025 × 5 375 = 27. {\displaystyle \{P\}_{\mathrm {hp} }={\frac {2025\times 5}{375}}=27.} The constant 375 is because 1 hp = 375 lbf⋅mph. If other units are used, the constant is different. When using coherent SI units (watts, newtons, and metres per second), no constant

686-507: Is needed, and the formula becomes P = Fv . This formula may also be used to calculate the power of a jet engine, using the speed of the jet and the thrust required to maintain that speed. Example: how much power is generated with a thrust of 4000 pounds at 400 miles per hour? { P } h p = 4000 × 400 375 = 4266.7. {\displaystyle \{P\}_{\mathrm {hp} }={\frac {4000\times 400}{375}}=4266.7.} This measure

735-434: Is no dividing constant. where pressure is in pascals (Pa), and flow rate is in cubic metres per second (m ). Boiler horsepower is a boiler 's capacity to deliver steam to a steam engine and is not the same unit of power as the 550 ft lb/s definition. One boiler horsepower is equal to the thermal energy rate required to evaporate 34.5 pounds (15.6 kg) of fresh water at 212 °F (100 °C) in one hour. In

784-506: Is ordinarily stated in watts or kilowatts. In the United States, the power output is stated in horsepower which, for this purpose, is defined as exactly 746 W. Hydraulic horsepower can represent the power available within hydraulic machinery , power through the down-hole nozzle of a drilling rig , or can be used to estimate the mechanical power needed to generate a known hydraulic flow rate. It may be calculated as where pressure

833-738: Is the approximation of Assuming the third CGPM (1901, CR 70) definition of standard gravity , g n = 9.80665 m/s , is used to define the pound-force as well as the kilogram force, and the international avoirdupois pound (1959), one imperial horsepower is: Or given that 1 hp = 550 ft⋅lbf/s, 1 ft = 0.3048 m, 1 lbf ≈ 4.448 N, 1 J = 1 N⋅m, 1 W = 1 J/s: 1 hp ≈ 745.7 W The various units used to indicate this definition ( PS , KM , cv , hk , pk , k , ks and ch ) all translate to horse power in English. British manufacturers often intermix metric horsepower and mechanical horsepower depending on

882-760: The British Army in the First World War . In 1915 the youngest was killed at Ypres and the eldest was listed as missing in the Gallipoli campaign . On 1 July 1916 the middle son was killed on the first day of the Battle of the Somme . In August 1916 James Knott sold Prince Line to Furness, Withy & Co . On 15 February 1917 the German auxiliary cruiser SMS  Möwe captured and scuttled French Prince . At 19:50 hrs on 31 July

931-749: The kilowatt as the official power-measuring unit in EEC directives. Other names for the metric horsepower are the Italian cavallo vapore (cv) , Dutch paardenkracht (pk) , the French cheval-vapeur (ch) , the Spanish caballo de vapor and Portuguese cavalo-vapor (cv) , the Russian лошадиная сила (л. с.) , the Swedish hästkraft (hk) , the Finnish hevosvoima (hv) ,

980-501: The 1926 Iowa State Fair , they reported that the peak power over a few seconds has been measured to be as high as 14.88 hp (11.10 kW) and also observed that for sustained activity, a work rate of about 1 hp (0.75 kW) per horse is consistent with agricultural advice from both the 19th and 20th centuries and also consistent with a work rate of about four times the basal rate expended by other vertebrates for sustained activity. When considering human-powered equipment ,

1029-820: The Estonian hobujõud (hj) , the Norwegian and Danish hestekraft (hk) , the Hungarian lóerő (LE) , the Czech koňská síla and Slovak konská sila (k or ks ), the Serbo-Croatian konjska snaga (KS) , the Bulgarian конска сила , the Macedonian коњска сила (KC) , the Polish koń mechaniczny (KM) ( lit.   ' mechanical horse ' ), Slovenian konjska moč (KM) ,

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1078-508: The Menantic Steamship Company. Sir James Laing & Sons launched Mineola and Mohawk at their Deptford shipyard in 1900. J.L. Thompson and Sons launched the almost identical Monomoy and Manitoba at their North Sands shipyard in 1901. Mohawk was launched on 8 November 1900 and completed on 4 February 1901. Her registered length was 391.1 ft (119.2 m), her beam was 51.2 ft (15.6 m) and her depth

1127-495: The North Atlantic Steamship Co, still with T Hogan & Sons managing its ships. In 1912 North Atlantic's entire fleet was sold. James Knott 's Prince Line bought Mineola , Mohawk and Monomoy , and renamed them Bulgarian Prince , Hungarian Prince , Austrian Prince respectively. It also bought a slightly smaller North Atlantic ship called Matteawan , and renamed her Highland Prince . Prince Line registered

1176-534: The U-boat motored away for about 2 nautical miles (4 km). At about 22:00 hrs U-55 submerged, plunging 41 of Belgian Prince ' s crew into the sea. 38 of the crew drowned overnight. Three men survived: Bowman, a Russian able seaman called George Silenski, and the Second Cook, an African American called William Snell. Bowman was dragged underwater as the U-boat submerged, but he resurfaced. He saw only about

1225-648: The Ukrainian кінська сила (к. с.) , the Romanian cal-putere (CP) , and the German Pferdestärke (PS) . In the 19th century, revolutionary-era France had its own unit used to replace the cheval vapeur (horsepower); based on a 100 kgf ⋅m/s standard, it was called the poncelet and was abbreviated p . Tax or fiscal horsepower is a non-linear rating of a motor vehicle for tax purposes. Tax horsepower ratings were originally more or less directly related to

1274-652: The early days of steam use, the boiler horsepower was roughly comparable to the horsepower of engines fed by the boiler. The term "boiler horsepower" was originally developed at the Philadelphia Centennial Exhibition in 1876, where the best steam engines of that period were tested. The average steam consumption of those engines (per output horsepower) was determined to be the evaporation of 30 pounds (14 kg) of water per hour, based on feed water at 100 °F (38 °C), and saturated steam generated at 70 psi (480 kPa). This original definition

1323-522: The engine's bore size, number of cylinders, and a (now archaic) presumption of engine efficiency. As new engines were designed with ever-increasing efficiency, it was no longer a useful measure, but was kept in use by UK regulations, which used the rating for tax purposes . The United Kingdom was not the only country that used the RAC rating; many states in Australia used RAC hp to determine taxation. The RAC formula

1372-499: The engine. The situation persisted for several generations of four- and six-cylinder British engines: For example, Jaguar's 3.4-litre XK engine of the 1950s had six cylinders with a bore of 83 mm (3.27 in) and a stroke of 106 mm (4.17 in), where most American automakers had long since moved to oversquare (large bore, short stroke) V8 engines . See, for example, the early Chrysler Hemi engine . The power of an engine may be measured or estimated at several points in

1421-402: The lifeboats, and damaged the two larger boats with axes to make them sink. The U-boat crew kept one small boat, with which five of them rowed to the damaged ship. Belgian Prince ' s Chief Engineer , Thomas Bowman, reported that he saw them board the ship and signal to U-55 with a flash lamp. U-55 then cast the damaged boats adrift, the U-boat crew went below and closed the hatch, and

1470-450: The limit. In that legend, Watt accepted the challenge and built a machine that was actually even stronger than the figure achieved by the brewer, and the output of that machine became the horsepower. In 1993, R. D. Stevenson and R. J. Wassersug published correspondence in Nature summarizing measurements and calculations of peak and sustained work rates of a horse. Citing measurements made at

1519-505: The origin of the engine in question. DIN 66036 defines one metric horsepower as the power to raise a mass of 75 kilograms against the Earth's gravitational force over a distance of one metre in one second: 75 kg × 9.80665 m/s × 1 m / 1 s = 75  kgf ⋅m/s = 1 PS. This is equivalent to 735.49875 W, or 98.6% of an imperial horsepower. In 1972, the PS was replaced by

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1568-670: The power generated can be calculated. To determine the maximum power available, a controllable load is required; it is normally a second locomotive with its brakes applied, in addition to a static load. If the drawbar force ( F ) is measured in pounds-force (lbf) and speed ( v ) is measured in miles per hour (mph), then the drawbar power ( P ) in horsepower (hp) is { P } h p = { F } l b f { v } m p h 375 . {\displaystyle \{P\}_{\mathrm {hp} }={\frac {\{F\}_{\mathrm {lbf} }\{v\}_{\mathrm {mph} }}{375}}.} Example: How much power

1617-665: The rank of Brigadeführer in Heinrich Himmler 's personal staff. Werner died in May 1945, shortly after the end of World War II in Europe . Horsepower#Nominal horsepower The term was adopted in the late 18th century by Scottish engineer James Watt to compare the output of steam engines with the power of draft horses . It was later expanded to include the output power of other power-generating machinery such as piston engines , turbines , and electric motors . The definition of

1666-597: The same or similar names This article includes a list of ships with the same or similar names. If an internal link for a specific ship led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended ship article, if one exists. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS_Mohawk&oldid=1154016804 " Categories : Set index articles on ships Ship names Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata All set index articles SS Belgian Prince SS Belgian Prince

1715-485: The same year Belgian Prince was steaming from Liverpool to Newport News carrying blue clay when U-55 torpedoed her in the Western Approaches , about 175 nautical miles (324 km) northwest by west of Tory Island , at position 55°50′N 13°20′W  /  55.833°N 13.333°W  / 55.833; -13.333 . The torpedo hit her port side aft, in way of her Number 5 hold. She did not sink, but

1764-451: The ship from her deck gun. Snell was one of the few who had managed to hide his lifejacket from the U-boat crew. He swam toward Belgian Prince , but in the morning, when he was still about 1 nautical mile (2 km) distant, he saw the ship explode, break in two, and sink. U-55 ' s log records that the boarding party sank her with scuttling charges. In daylight on 1 August a British patrol boat rescued Bowman, Silenski and Snell from

1813-582: The ships at Newcastle-upon-Tyne . In 1914 Austria-Hungary attacked Serbia , Germany invaded Belgium , and the UK declared war on the Central Powers . In October 1915 Bulgaria joined the Central Powers . Prince Line duly renamed Bulgarian Prince , Hungarian Prince , Austrian Prince as French Prince , Belgian Prince and Servian Prince respectively. James Knott had three sons, two of whom were senior managers of Prince Line. All three were commissioned into

1862-423: The size of the engine; but as of 2000, many countries changed over to systems based on CO 2 emissions, so are not directly comparable to older ratings. The Citroën 2CV is named for its French fiscal horsepower rating, "deux chevaux" (2CV). Nameplates on electrical motors show their power output, not the power input (the power delivered at the shaft, not the power consumed to drive the motor). This power output

1911-502: The transmission of the power from its generation to its application. A number of names are used for the power developed at various stages in this process, but none is a clear indicator of either the measurement system or definition used. In general: All the above assumes that no power inflation factors have been applied to any of the readings. Engine designers use expressions other than horsepower to denote objective targets or performance, such as brake mean effective pressure (BMEP). This

1960-668: The unit varied among geographical regions. Most countries now use the SI unit watt for measurement of power. With the implementation of the EU Directive 80/181/EEC on 1 January 2010, the use of horsepower in the EU is permitted only as a supplementary unit. The development of the steam engine provided a reason to compare the output of horses with that of the engines that could replace them. In 1702, Thomas Savery wrote in The Miner's Friend : The idea

2009-485: The water, and landed them at Londonderry , where a Sailors' Rest run by the British & Foreign Sailors' Society took care of them. On 8 April 1917 Werner and U-55 had sunk the British cargo ship Torrington , and had drowned 20 of her crew in the same way as the men from Belgian Prince . Later in the war Werner and U-55 sank the hospital ship HMHS  Rewa and fired at the hospital ship Guildford Castle with

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2058-604: Was 12 feet (3.7 m) in radius; therefore, the horse travelled 2.4 × 2π × 12 feet in one minute. Watt judged that the horse could pull with a force of 180 pounds-force (800 N). So: Engineering in History recounts that John Smeaton initially estimated that a horse could produce 22,916 foot-pounds (31,070 J) per minute. John Desaguliers had previously suggested 44,000 foot-pounds (59,656 J) per minute, and Thomas Tredgold suggested 27,500 foot-pounds (37,285 J) per minute. "Watt found by experiment in 1782 that

2107-434: Was 28.5 ft (8.7 m). Her tonnages were 4,765  GRT and 3,129  NRT . She had a single screw , driven by a three-cylinder triple expansion engine built by Blair & Co of Stockton-on-Tees . It was rated at 492 NHP and gave her a speed of 10.5 knots (19 km/h). She also had four masts. The Menantic Steamship Co was managed by T Hogan & Sons of New York . Menantic gave each of its ships

2156-505: Was a British cargo steamship that was launched in 1900 as Mohawk . She was renamed Hungarian Prince when she changed owners in 1912, and Belgian Prince after the United Kingdom declared war against Austria-Hungary and its allies in 1914. U-55 sank Belgian Prince in 1917. Her crew survived the sinking, but U-55 ' s commander Wilhelm Werner murdered most of them by drowning. Werner evaded prosecution, later became

2205-497: Was badly damaged and listing to port. All 42 of Belgian Prince ' s crew abandoned ship in three lifeboats. U-55 surfaced, started shelling the ship, and then came round to her starboard side and started machine-gunning her. The U-boat then approached the three lifeboats. Its commander, Wilhelm Werner, ordered survivors out of the boats and onto the deck of the U-boat. Belgian Prince ' s Master, Captain Henry Hassan,

2254-531: Was instituted by the Royal Automobile Club and was used to denote the power of early 20th-century British cars. Many cars took their names from this figure (hence the Austin Seven and Riley Nine), while others had names such as "40/50 hp", which indicated the RAC figure followed by the true measured power. Taxable horsepower does not reflect developed horsepower; rather, it is a calculated figure based on

2303-420: Was later used by James Watt to help market his improved steam engine. He had previously agreed to take royalties of one-third of the savings in coal from the older Newcomen steam engines . This royalty scheme did not work with customers who did not have existing steam engines but used horses instead. Watt determined that a horse could turn a mill wheel 144 times in an hour (or 2.4 times a minute). The wheel

2352-420: Was sometimes applied in British colonies as well, such as Kenya (British East Africa) . where Since taxable horsepower was computed based on bore and number of cylinders, not based on actual displacement, it gave rise to engines with "undersquare" dimensions (bore smaller than stroke), which tended to impose an artificially low limit on rotational speed , hampering the potential power output and efficiency of

2401-444: Was taken below. It was common for shipmasters to be taken for questioning, and sometimes kept prisoner. But Hassan was never seen again, and U-55 ' s log has no record of him being taken prisoner. Werner ordered Belgian Prince ' s crew to take off their lifejackets . His crew searched the survivors, and kicked most of their lifejackets into the sea. Under Werner's orders, the U-boat crew then removed emergency supplies from

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