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61-682: HMS Engadine was a seaplane tender which served in the Royal Navy during the First World War . Converted from the cross- Channel packet ship SS Engadine , she was initially fitted with temporary hangars for three seaplanes for aerial reconnaissance and bombing missions in the North Sea . She participated in the Cuxhaven Raid in late 1914 before she began a more thorough conversion in 1915 that increased her capacity to four aircraft. Engadine

122-471: A tender is a vessel that is used to support the operation of other vessels. In British usage, the term tender was used for small craft, with the term depot ship being used for large seagoing vessels. Flying boats and float planes even when based at home in ports and harbour had a need for small support vessels to operate. British tenders were small craft of launch to pinnace size. These were used to ferry crews, stores and supplies between shore and

183-462: A base ship for the fleet's seaplanes. On 30 May 1916, Engadine was attached to the 3rd Light Cruiser Squadron , commanded by Rear Admiral Trevylyan Napier , and carried two Short Type 184 and two Sopwith Baby floatplanes aboard. The two-seat Type 184s were intended for observation and were fitted with a low-power wireless while the Babies were intended to shoot down Zeppelins. Engadine accompanied

244-401: A bronze palm. A unit can also be mentioned in dispatches. The unit standard is then decorated with the corresponding Croix. After two mentions, the men of the unit are entitled to wear a fourragère . Since 2004, mentions for bravery not involving actual combat with the enemy are awarded with a gold Médaille de la Défense nationale (National Defence Medal) and with the same attachments as

305-722: A change introduced in 2014, up to three devices may be worn on a single campaign medal and ribbon bar for those with multiple mentions, backdated to 1962. Prior to this change, even if the serviceman was mentioned in despatches more than once, only a single such device was worn. Prior to 1979, a mention in despatches was one of three awards that could be made posthumously , the others being the Victoria Cross and George Cross . The 1979 reform allowed all gallantry decorations to be awarded posthumously. Soldiers can be mentioned multiple times. The British First World War Victoria Cross recipient John Vereker , later Field Marshal Viscount Gort,

366-614: A citation certificate. Master Corporal Graham Ragsdale 's performance During Operation Anaconda in Southeast Afghanistan, earned him Mention in Dispatches. Mention in dispatches has been used since 1947, in order to recognize distinguished and meritorious service in operational areas and acts of gallantry which are not of a sufficiently high order to warrant the grant of gallantry awards. Eligible personnel include all Army , Navy and Air Force personnel including personnel of

427-645: A mention in despatches, although sometimes a medal for gallantry could be awarded in its place. For 1914–1918 and up to 10 August 1920, the device consisted of a spray of oak leaves in bronze worn on the ribbon of the Victory Medal . Those who did not receive the Victory Medal wore the device on the British War Medal . Established in 1919, it was retrospective to August 1914. It was not a common honour with, for example, only twenty-five (out of 1,000) members of

488-512: A navigator and observer and participated in the raid, for which he was mentioned in despatches . Engadine was purchased in February 1915 by the Admiralty and she was modified by Cunard at Liverpool from 10 February to 23 March 1915 with a permanent, four-aircraft, hangar in the rear superstructure and a pair of cranes were mounted at the rear of the hangar to hoist the seaplanes in and out of

549-497: A senior commander for acts of brave or meritorious service, normally in the field. The Mention in dispatches is among the list of awards presented by the governor general of Canada . Recipients receive a bronze oak leaf insignia, worn on the ribbon of the relevant mission medal. Historically, MID was awarded during both World Wars and the Korean War , later reintroduced in 1990. To date, 283 MIDs have been awarded, each accompanied by

610-694: A take off attempt. She would also have to come to a complete stop to hoist her aircraft over the side and prepare it for launch, a process that took at least 20 minutes at anchor. Thus she could launch her floatplane in unruffled water and then fall back among the main body of the fleet. Beatty ordered Engadine to make a search to the north-northeast at 14:40 and she sailed through the BCF before turning north-east to find calmer water. At 15:07 Lieutenant Frederick Rutland took off in his Type 184 and his observer signalled Engadine that they had spotted three German cruisers and five destroyers at 15:30. These were ships from

671-750: The Australian Honours System was established, the MiD has been replaced by the Australian decorations: the Commendation for Gallantry and the Commendation for Distinguished Service. Similarly, the equivalents of the MiD for acts of bravery by civilians and by soldiers not engaged with the enemy have also been reformed. The reformed and comprehensive system is now as follows: A mention in dispatches – in French, Citation à l'ordre du jour – gives recognition from

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732-565: The Battle of Tsingtao , from 5 September 1914, the Imperial Japanese Navy seaplane carrier Wakamiya conducted the world's first naval-launched air raids from Kiaochow Bay . The four Maurice Farman seaplanes bombarded German-held land targets (communication centers and command centers) and damaged a German minelayer in the Tsingtao peninsula from September 1914 until that November, when

793-488: The Corregidor entered the minefield, there was a large explosion on the starboard side of the vessel. The overcrowded ship quickly began to sink, with many people trapped below-deck. Survivors stated that the ship sank so quickly that there was no time for large-scale panic to set in. Searchlights from Corregidor Island illuminated the scene which aided the rescue effort. Sailors of MTB Squadron 3 posted at Sisiman Cove heard

854-580: The First World War for valuable services in action. The emblem, which was regarded as a decoration, was worn on the ribbon of the Victory Medal (Union of South Africa) . Only one emblem was worn, irrespective of the number of times a recipient had been mentioned. The Afrikaans rendition of mentioned in dispatches is Eervolle Vermelding in Berigte . In 1943, the Union Defence Force confirmed

915-670: The George Cross , and the King's Commendation (South Africa). The oak leaf emblem was worn on the ribbon of the War Medal 1939–1945 . The King's Commendation (South Africa) (1939–45) was denoted by a bronze King Protea flower emblem worn on the ribbon of the Africa Service Medal , for valuable services in connection with the Second World War . It could be awarded posthumously and was

976-493: The II Scouting Group , leading the battlecruisers of Vice Admiral Franz von Hipper . This was the first time that a heavier-than-air aircraft had carried out a reconnaissance of an enemy fleet in action. After a few other spot reports were transmitted, the aircraft's fuel line ruptured around 15:36 and Rutland was forced to put his aircraft down. He was able to repair it and signalled that he was ready to take off again, but he

1037-734: The Ministry of Defence . Under the current Pakistani military honours system, the Imtiazi Sanad is conferred upon any member of the Pakistan Armed Forces who is mentioned in dispatches for an act of gallantry that does not qualify for a formal gallantry award. In 1920 the Minister of Defence of the Union of South Africa was empowered to award a multiple-leaved bronze oak leaf emblem to all servicemen and servicewomen mentioned in dispatches during

1098-591: The Reserve Forces , Territorial Army , Militia and other lawfully constituted armed forces , members of the Nursing Service and civilians working under or with the armed forces. Personnel can be mentioned in dispatches posthumously and multiple awards are also possible. A recipient of a mention in a dispatch is entitled to wear an emblem, in the form of a lotus leaf on the ribbon of the relevant campaign medal. They are also issued with an official certificate from

1159-576: The River Ems and lure out a Zeppelin so that it could be attacked. Of Engadine ' s three Sopwith Schneider floatplanes that she attempted to launch, two wrecked on takeoff and the third was badly damaged. She was transferred to Vice Admiral David Beatty 's Battlecruiser Fleet (BCF), based at Rosyth in October. Later that month Engadine carried out trials on high-speed towing of kite balloons for gunnery observations, although she generally served as

1220-586: The Royal Newfoundland Regiment in the First World War mentioned in despatches. In all, 141,082 mentions were recorded in the London Gazette between 1914 and 1920. From 1920 to 1993, the device consisted of a single bronze oak leaf, worn on the ribbon of the appropriate campaign medal, including the War Medal for a mention during the Second World War. The Canadian Armed Forces still use

1281-734: The Second World War , both the American and the Japanese Navies built a number of seaplane tenders to supplement their aircraft carrier fleets. However, these ships often had their catapults removed, and were used as support vessels that operated seaplanes from harbours rather than in a seaway. These aircraft were generally for long-range reconnaissance patrols. The tenders allowed the aircraft to be rapidly deployed to new bases because their runways did not have to be constructed, and support facilities were mobile much like supply ships for submarines or destroyers . Nazi Germany 's Kriegsmarine , in

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1342-631: The Visayan-Mindanao Force of the Philippine Army . The owners of the ship failed to inform the Navy's Inshore Patrol of the ship's plan to leave Manila Bay . Although Captain Apolinar Calvo of the Corregidor had prior experience navigating the mined entrance to Manila Bay (the mines had been in place since July), the Navy had changed its procedures on that day. Rather than post a gunboat near

1403-399: The waterline as the former ship rolled in the moderate seas, but this was quickly patched. About 675 officers and ratings successfully made it to the much smaller Engadine which had to quickly distribute them to prevent her from capsizing . Among these were about 30 seriously wounded men who were transferred across in their stretchers; one man fell off his stretcher between the ships, but

1464-547: The "Hein Mat" – a sheet towed behind the vessel, once the aircraft was on the mat it was effectively stationary with respect to the ship and could be hoisted aboard. In the inter-war years, it was common for cruisers and battleships to be equipped with catapult -launched reconnaissance seaplanes . A few navies – especially those without true aircraft carriers – also acquired catapult-equipped seaplane carriers for fleet reconnaissance. During

1525-528: The "Run to the South", during which time her two escorts were detached and again when they reversed course during the "Run to the North". The 14,000-long-ton (14,000 t) armoured cruiser Warrior had been crippled by numerous hits by German battleships around 18:30 and fell in with Engadine 10 minutes later. The former's rudder had been jammed full over and she continued to turn in tight circles until her steam

1586-483: The '98 Insurrection, Col. Bunker said 'No!' My first knowledge of this affair came when my duty watch called me at 12:55 AM. The Corregidor had struck one of our mines and in the four or five minutes it took to reach my battery command post, the vessel had sunk. ... Thereafter, we had no trouble with unauthorized Filipino boats attempting to traverse the channel" Captain George Steiger: A POW Diary [1] When

1647-645: The Cuxhaven Raid on hangars housing Zeppelin airships. Seven of the nine seaplanes successfully took off for the attack, but they inflicted little damage. Only three of the aircraft returned to be recovered, but the crews of the other three ditched safely and were recovered by a British submarine and the Dutch trawler Marta van Hattem . A notable member of Engerdine's crew was Robert Erskine Childers who served as an instructor in coastal navigation to newly trained pilots. He managed to extend his duties to include flying as

1708-682: The Germans surrendered. On Christmas Day 1914, the British carried out the Cuxhaven Raid ; seaplanes carried within range of their targets attacked German naval targets in the Heligoland Bight . These carriers had hangars for storing and maintaining the aircraft, but no flight deck as in a true aircraft carrier. Instead, they used cranes to lower the aircraft into the sea for takeoff and to recover them after landing. The ships were normally converted merchant vessels rather than specially constructed for

1769-462: The Second World War, did not operate any seaplane tenders. However, the Luftwaffe had nineteen seaplane tenders. These ships were mostly converted from existing civilian seaplane tenders, and were capable of carrying 1–3 seaplanes. The French and Italian Navies also had seaplane tenders. Seaplane carriers became obsolete at the end of the Second World War. A few remained in service after the war but by

1830-522: The UK Mention in Dispatches or Military Cross and, formerly, the Military Medal . Mentions made during the two World Wars or colonial conflicts were accompanied with awards of a Croix de Guerre or a Croix de la Valeur Militaire , with attachments on the ribbon depending on the mention's degree : the lowest degree is represented by a bronze star while the highest degree is represented by

1891-558: The aircraft, to maintain the buoys used to mark out "taxiways" and "runways" and to keep these clear of debris to prevent foreign object damage , and in the case of emergency to act as rescue craft and airport crash tenders . All those functions that on land would require wheeled ground support equipment had a need for a watercraft equivalent. When deploying flying boat squadrons, bases could rapidly be established in areas lacking infrastructure by sending flying boat depot ships in addition to small craft tenders. These ships could carry out

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1952-400: The availability of the British award, the bronze oak leaf, for acts of bravery, in contact with the enemy, which fell just short of the standard required for the granting of a decoration, or for valuable services not necessarily in immediate contact with the enemy. The mention in dispatches (MiD) was one of only four awards which could be made posthumously. The others were the Victoria Cross ,

2013-580: The bronze oak leaf device. Since 1993 changes have been made in respect of United Kingdom armed forces: For awards made from September 1993, the oak leaf has been in silver. The criteria were also made more specific, it now being defined as an operational gallantry award for acts of bravery during active operations. From 2003, in addition to British campaign medals, the Mentioned in Despatches device can be worn on United Nations , NATO and EU medals. In

2074-540: The cruisers when the Battlecruiser Fleet sortied from Rosyth that evening to intercept the German High Seas Fleet . For a time on 31 May she was actually leading the BCF and may have been one of the first ships to spot the oncoming Germans. Her position in the vanguard was dictated by the requirement for smooth water to successfully launch her aircraft; turbulent water from ships' wakes was enough to ruin

2135-400: The drag and weight of the floats. Seaplane tenders had largely been superseded by aircraft carriers in the battle fleet by the end of the First World War, although aircraft were still of minor importance compared to the firepower of naval artillery. The British HMS  Ark Royal was a seaplane tender with a flying-off deck. Seaplanes could be recovered while the ship was under way through

2196-583: The equivalent of a mention in dispatches for services rendered away from the battlefield. The MiD and the King's Commendation (SA) were the only decorations that could be approved by the South African Minister of Defence without reference to the King. Since the French Revolution, France has had the custom of declaring deserving citizens or groups to have bien mérité de la Patrie ("well deserved

2257-458: The explosion and left on three PT boats ( PT-32 , PT-34 and PT-35 ) to investigate. When the boats arrived they found survivors in the water and were able to retrieve 282 survivors. Seven of the rescued passengers later died from their injuries. The incident was never investigated due to the Japanese invasion. Later, some Army officers reported that the remote-controllable mines were set to

2318-540: The face of the enemy is described. In some countries, a service member's name must be mentioned in dispatches as a condition for receiving certain decorations. Servicemen and women of the United Kingdom or the Commonwealth who are mentioned in despatches are not awarded a medal for their actions, but receive a certificate and wear an oak leaf device on the ribbon of the appropriate campaign medal. A smaller version of

2379-543: The function of barracks, workshops and control towers, i.e. those functions which in a land based airfield would be fulfilled by buildings. The first seaplane carrier appeared in 1911 with the French Navy La Foudre , following the invention of the seaplane in 1910 with the French Fabre Hydravion . La Foudre carried float-equipped planes under hangars on the main deck, from where they were lowered on

2440-486: The gallantry of an action performed some time before. There are two kinds of mentions: mentions with cross, for bravery in presence of the enemy, and mentions without cross, for bravery not in presence of the enemy. The citations are given for acts of gallantry by any member of the French military or its allies and are, depending on the degree, roughly the equivalent of the US Bronze Star Medal or Silver Star and

2501-419: The late 1950s most had been scrapped or converted to other uses such as helicopter repair ships. Examples of seaplane tenders include: Mentioned in despatches To be mentioned in dispatches (or despatches , MiD ) describes a member of the armed forces whose name appears in an official report written by a superior officer and sent to the high command, in which their gallant or meritorious action in

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2562-511: The minefield without asking clearance. This request would have been granted. The Lieutenant who was on watch in the mine casement, on sighting the SS Corregidor called his superior, who in turn, called the seaward defense commander, Col. Bunker, requesting information as to whether he should de-activate the contact mines in the channel. With a lifetime of experience with the Filipino, going back to

2623-557: The oak leaf device is attached to the ribbon when worn alone. Prior to 2014, only one device could be worn on a ribbon, irrespective of the number of times the recipient was mentioned in despatches. Where no campaign medal is awarded, the oak leaf is worn directly on the coat after any medal ribbons. In the British Armed Forces , the despatch is published in the London Gazette . Prior to 1914, no decoration existed to signify

2684-535: The recognition of the Country"). This sentiment is continued to this day in the formulation of the citations that accompany medals. In the French military, mentions in dispatches – or more accurately, mention in orders ( citation dans les ordres ) – are made by senior commanders, from the level of a Regimental commanding officer to the Commander-in-Chief, in the orders they give to their unit, recognizing

2745-852: The remainder of the war. She was sold back to her original owners, the South Eastern and Chatham Railway, in December 1919 and resumed her former role as a cross-Channel ferry. Engadine was transferred to the Southern Railway in 1923 when the British railways were consolidated. Passing through the hands of a ship broker, she was sold to Fernandez Hermanos, Inc. in the Philippines in 1933 and renamed SS Corregidor . At 22:00 on 16 December 1941, Corregidor left its dock in Manila in total darkness, loaded to overcapacity with Filipino civilians seeking to escape to

2806-474: The safe channel as they had in days previous, lighted buoys were used to guide boats through. As the Corregidor sailed close to the island of Corregidor to pass through the channel at around 01:00, the ship was observed turning toward the electrically-controlled minefield . Some officers posted at the Army's Seaward Defense Command headquarters on the island recommended that the mines be temporarily disarmed so that

2867-539: The safety position immediately after the explosion occurred. The total number of victims is unknown. It has been estimated that 900–1,200 lost their lives. Among the dead were the captain and most of the crew, two of the legislators, and one of the American passengers. At the time, the sinking of the Corregidor was the most significant maritime disaster in Philippine history . Seaplane tender In maritime parlance

2928-450: The sea with a crane. La Foudre was further modified in November 1913 with a 10 m (32 ft 10 in)-long flat deck to launch her seaplanes. Another early seaplane carrier was HMS  Hermes , an old cruiser converted and commissioned with a flying-off deck in mid-1913. However, HMS Ark Royal was the first ship in history designed and built as a seaplane carrier in 1914. In

2989-452: The ship could pass through the minefield. A number of accounts state that Seaward Defense Commander Colonel Paul Bunker ordered that the mines be kept active. "The Army and the Filipino skippers had long been butting heads. All the channels out of Manila Bay had been mined for many months. At this time, the mining was strictly up to date and operational. At 1 AM on 16 December, the SS Corregidor , carrying 760 refugees, attempted to go thru

3050-476: The ship's three sets of direct-drive steam turbines drove one propeller shaft . The ship's six boilers generated enough steam to produce 13,800 shaft horsepower (10,300 kW) from the turbines, enough for a designed speed of 21.5 knots (39.8 km/h; 24.7 mph). Engadine carried 400 tonnes (390 long tons) of coal, enough to give her a range of 1,250 nautical miles (2,320 km; 1,440 mi) at 15 knots (28 km/h; 17 mph). SS Engadine

3111-408: The southern Philippines after the war had started. It has been estimated that between 1,200 and 1,500 people were on board, including approximately 150 Philippine soldiers, 7 Americans, 5 Philippine legislators, and hundreds of college students who were traveling home after their schools had closed. Also aboard were military supplies as well most of the artillery complement ( 2.95-inch mountain guns ) of

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3172-520: The task. As aircraft improved, the problems of using seaplanes became more of a handicap. The aircraft could only be operated in a smooth sea and the ship had to stop for launching or recovery, both of which took around 20 minutes. The tender was often stationed 10  mi (8.7  nmi ; 16  km ) or so in front of the main battle fleet with the cruiser screen so that it would not fall significantly behind when it launched its aircraft. Seaplanes also had poorer performance than other aircraft because of

3233-516: The water. Four quick-firing (QF) 12-pounder 12 cwt guns , each with 130 rounds, and two Vickers QF 3-pounder anti-aircraft guns , each with 65 rounds, were fitted for self-defence. She also carried a pigeon loft that housed carrier pigeons to be used by her aircraft if their wireless was broken. Upon completion of the conversion, she rejoined the Harwich Force; on 3 July, Engadine and Riviera attempted to launch aircraft to reconnoitre

3294-609: Was laid down by William Denny and Brothers at their Dumbarton , Scotland shipyard as a fast packet for the South East and Chatham Railway 's Folkestone - Boulogne run. The ship was launched on 23 September 1911 and completed later that year. She was requisitioned for service by the Admiralty on 11 August 1914, and was commissioned on 1 September after she was modified to handle seaplanes by Chatham Dockyard . Three canvas hangars were installed, one forward and two aft, and there

3355-620: Was exhausted. At 19:45 Engadine attempted to take her in tow, but the jammed rudder prevented that until it was trained amidships. By 21:30 she was making 8 knots (15 km/h; 9.2 mph) while her turbines were making revolutions for 19 knots (35 km/h; 22 mph). Early the following morning Warrior ' s progressive flooding had worsened and she was sinking. Captain Vincent Molteno ordered his ship abandoned after Engadine came alongside to take them off at 08:00. One of Warrior ' s guns punctured Engadine ' s hull below

3416-500: Was mentioned in despatches nine times, as was the Canadian general Sir Arthur Currie . The Australian general Gordon Bennett was mentioned in despatches a total of eight times during the First World War, as was Field Marshal Sir John Dill . Below are illustrations of thedevice being worn on a variety of campaign medal ribbons: Australian service personnel are no longer eligible to be mentioned in dispatches. Since 15 January 1991, when

3477-523: Was no flight deck, the aircraft being lowered onto the sea for takeoff and recovered again from the sea after landing by newly installed derricks . In 1918 her crew numbered 197 officers and ratings, including 53 aviation personnel. Upon completion of the modifications on 1 September, Engadine was assigned to the Harwich Force along with the seaplane tenders Empress and Riviera . On Christmas Day 1914, nine aircraft from all three ships took part in

3538-450: Was ordered to taxi to the carrier on the surface. The aircraft reached the ship at 15:47 and it was hoisted aboard by 16:04. By this time, a pair of destroyers, Moresby and Onslow , that had been ordered to protect Engadine while she was stationary had reached her. Engadine attempted to relay the spot reports to Beatty's flagship and the flagship of the 5th Battle Squadron , but was unsuccessful. She trailed Beatty's force during

3599-630: Was rescued by Rutland against orders. For his bravery he was awarded the First Class Albert Medal for Lifesaving in gold and briefly became the only living recipient. The transfer was completed before 09:00 and Warrior sank shortly afterwards. Engadine remained with the Battlecruiser Force until early 1918 when she was transferred to the Mediterranean Fleet . She was based out of Malta , conducting anti-submarine patrols, for

3660-437: Was sunk with heavy loss of life by a mine in December 1941 during the invasion of the Philippines at the beginning of the Pacific War . Engadine had an overall length of 323 feet (98.5 m), a beam of 41 feet (12.5 m), and a mean draught of 13 feet 8 inches (4.2 m). She displaced 2,550 long tons (2,590 t) at deep load and was rated at 1,676  gross register tons  (GRT). Each of

3721-432: Was transferred to the Battle Cruiser Fleet in late 1915 and participated in the Battle of Jutland in 1916 when one of her aircraft flew the first heavier-than-air reconnaissance mission during a naval battle. She was transferred to the Mediterranean in 1918. She was sold back to her original owners in 1919 and resumed her prewar role. Engadine was sold in 1933 to a Philippine company and renamed SS Corregidor . She

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