41-581: SPSL may refer to: Society for the Protection of Science and Learning , now Council for At-Risk Academics Society for the Philosophy of Sex and Love South Puget Sound League , school sports league in Washington state, United States Southern Premier Soccer League , United States soccer league 2010-2011 Supplemental paid sick leave Topics referred to by
82-469: A closed chamber, describing the results of his slow poisoning. In the late 1890s, Haldane introduced the use of small animals for miners to detect dangerous levels of carbon monoxide underground, either white mice or canaries. With a faster metabolism, they showed the effects of poisoning before gas levels became critical for the workers, and so gave an early warning of the problem. The canary in British pits
123-737: A hundred were elected as Fellows of the British Academy or the Royal Society . Notably Ludwig Guttmann went on to found the Paralympics ; Max Born was a pioneer of quantum mechanics and one of the most prominent physicists to oppose the development of nuclear weapons; and Ernst Chain would be instrumental in the discovery of penicillin . The SPSL's work continued past the end of the Second World War. Beveridge would later explain in his A Defence of Free Learning (1959) how "although Hitler
164-490: A site of research into respiration. In addition to his work on mine atmospheres, he investigated the air in enclosed spaces such as wells and sewers. One surprising result of his analysis of the air in the sewers beneath the House of Commons was to show that the level of bacterial contamination was relatively low. During this research, he investigated fatalities of workmen in a sewer, and showed that hydrogen sulfide gas poisoning
205-460: A widely accepted method of decompressing divers from non-saturation exposures. In 1908, Haldane published the findings with A. E. Boycott and G. C. C. Damant in the paper "Prevention of Compressed-Air Illness" in the Journal of Hygiene . He also found by experiment that part of the cause for divers losing consciousness while working at around 120 feet in standard helmets was a buildup of carbon dioxide in
246-557: A ‘Virtual Lecture Hall’ at the University of Zimbabwe . This enabled Zimbabwean academics in exile and others to connect in real time with the colleges and faculties of health and veterinary sciences, to plug knowledge gaps, to improve standards of teaching and research and to facilitate increased networking and collaboration. In response to demand, a second, mobile, system was provided in October 2013. The equipment has been formally handed over to
287-609: Is allocated from the organisation's own resources. Cara assists in obtaining the appropriate visas for both the academic and, often, their families as well. Many of the academics supported by Cara are committed to returning to their home country to rebuild their societies when conditions allow, employing the skills and connections they have obtained during their international academic placement. Cara also supports academics unable to return home because of continuing dangers by offering employment advice alongside training and education opportunities that enable academics to rebuild their careers in
328-515: Is at risk or compromised. Cara offers academics support to continue their studies either by financially and logistically assisting scholars relocate to higher education institutions abroad or by assisting academics in their country of origin. The organisation was founded in 1933 as the Academic Assistance Council (AAC), to assist academics who were forced to flee the Nazi regime . In 1936 it
369-482: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Society for the Protection of Science and Learning The Council for At-Risk Academics (CARA) is a charitable British organisation dedicated to assisting academics in immediate danger, those forced into exile, and many who choose to remain in their home countries despite the serious risks they face. Cara also supports higher education institutions whose continuing work
410-563: The Friedrich Schiller University of Jena . He graduated in medicine from Edinburgh University Medical School in 1884, after which he was a Demonstrator at University College, Dundee. From 1907 to 1913 he was a Reader in Physiology at Oxford University where his uncle, John Burdon-Sanderson , was Waynflete Professor of Physiology. Haldane also published his philosophical ideas about the true significance of biology. Haldane
451-718: The Royal Society of Medicine . Haldane became a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1897, was a Royal Medallist of the Society in 1916, was appointed Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour in 1928 for work on industrial disease, and was a Copley Medallist in 1934. Haldane died in Oxford at midnight on the night of 14 March/15 March 1936 of pneumonia. He had just returned from a trip he had undertaken to investigate cases of heat stroke in
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#1733086210531492-452: The oxygen tent . Haldane helped determine the regulation of breathing, and discovered the Haldane effect in haemoglobin : Deoxygenated haemoglobin has a greater affinity for carbon dioxide than oxygenated haemoglobin, so the release of oxygen from the capillaries to the tissues facilitates the removal of carbon dioxide in those capillaries, and in the lung capillaries the high oxygenation of
533-485: The 1,500 academics assisted in the early years, sixteen went on to win Nobel Prizes , eighteen received Knighthoods, well over a hundred were elected as Fellows of the Royal Society and of the British Academy , and many more became leaders in their respective fields. Cara has a Council of Management of twenty-five, recruited predominantly from the world of academia. The Council of Management meets twice annually whilst
574-503: The 112 universities in the Cara Scholars at Risk UK Universities Network, as well as other institutions in the UK and abroad, to secure placements for academics. Cara checks the applicants’ background, qualifications and references and negotiates the details of the higher education placement. Fee waivers and financial and in-kind support are secured by Cara, whilst any additional funding needed
615-607: The Council's Finance & General Purposes Committee meets at least quarterly. Professor Sir Malcolm Grant CBE is the President of Cara. Anne Lonsdale is Chair of the Council and Professor Sir Deian Hopkin is Vice-Chair. The Executive Director, Stephen Wordsworth , is charged with the day-to-day management of Cara and its staff. Cara runs several programmes. The Fellowship Programme supports academics, often in immediate danger, to continue their work in safety. Cara works closely with
656-513: The Middle East, particularly Iraq and Iran, and to troubled regions of Africa. In 1999 SPSL was renamed Council for Assisting Refugee Academics (Cara). In 2014 Cara was renamed again, but retained its acronym, becoming the Council for At-Risk Academics. This change reflected the fact that Cara helps many who are at great risk but do not see themselves as ‘refugees’, and instead still hope to return to their home countries when conditions allow. Amongst
697-421: The UK. Cara's Country Programmes provide support to academics who are either working on in their country despite the risks or who have been forced into exile in the surrounding region. The Iraq Programme was launched in late 2006 in response to a targeted campaign of assassination and kidnap. Over 350 Iraqi academics were murdered between 2003 and 2012, with thousands driven into exile or internally displaced. At
738-533: The United States, spoke on the importance of academic freedom. Receiving wild cheers throughout his speech, he encouraged the audience to "resist the powers which threaten to suppress intellectual and individual freedom" and spoke of our duty to "care for what is eternal and highest amongst our possessions". In 1936 the AAC changed its name to the Society for Protection of Science and Learning (SPSL). This change reflected
779-502: The University of Zimbabwe, and continues to be in regular use, providing a long-lasting legacy John Scott Haldane John Scott Haldane CH FRS ( / ˈ h ɔː l d eɪ n / ; 2 May 1860 – 14/15 March 1936) was a Scottish physician physiologist and philosopher famous for intrepid self-experimentation which led to many important discoveries about the human body and the nature of gases. He also experimented on his son,
820-720: The biologist J.B.S. 'Jack' Haldane (born in 1892) and the writer Naomi Mitchison (born in 1897). After the birth of Naomi, the family lived for a time in a house at 10 Randolph Crescent in Edinburgh's New Town before returning to Oxford . They spent summers at the Haldane family's country house at Cloan in Perthshire . John Scott Haldane's nephew was the New Zealand doctor and public health administrator Robert Haldane Makgill . Haldane attended Edinburgh Academy , Edinburgh University and
861-650: The blood promotes the release of carbon dioxide to the plasma, which allows it to diffuse into the alveolar gas. Haldane was the founder of The Journal of Hygiene . In 1907 Haldane had a decompression chamber made at the Lister Institute for his experimental work which was to help make underwater diving safer and produced the first decompression tables using his concept of stage decompression after extensive experiments with animals, and with divers in Scottish deep-water lochs. The decompression experiments examined
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#1733086210531902-500: The celebrated and polymathic biologist J. B. S. Haldane , even when he was quite young. Haldane locked himself in sealed chambers breathing potentially lethal cocktails of gases while recording their effect on his mind and body. Haldane visited the scenes of many mining disasters and investigated their causes. When the Germans used poison gas in World War I , Haldane went to the front at
943-451: The depth and pressure exposure, duration, and the pattern of decompression. Initial experiments used rabbits, guinea pigs, rats and mice, but the difficulty of detecting symptoms in the smaller animals led to the choice of goats, which were the largest animals easily available that were conveniently manageable in the available facilities. The mathematical model on which these tables were based, though considerably revised and modified, remains
984-528: The dismissal of a number of leading professors from German universities on racial and/or political grounds and was moved to launch a ‘rescue operation’ for the increasing numbers of displaced academics. On his return to Britain Beveridge set about enlisting the support of prominent academics. By May 22, 1933, a founding statement had been produced and it was circulated amongst British universities, politicians and philanthropists. This initial rallying call focused on
1025-438: The gas created by combustion , after examining many bodies of miners killed in pit explosions. Their skin was coloured cherry-pink from carboxyhaemoglobin , the stable compound formed in the blood by reaction with the gas. It effectively displaces oxygen, and so the victim dies of asphyxia . As a result of his research, he was able to design respirators for rescue workers. He tested the effect of carbon monoxide on his own body in
1066-513: The height of the Iraq Programme, over 75 academics from 16 UK universities and 11 Iraqi universities collaborated on research of direct relevance to Iraq. Research focused on issues as diverse as: the impact of depleted uranium-contaminated soils ; bias in primary/secondary school curricula and texts; the development of child mental capacities in the absence of existing services; use of mobile phone technologies to enhance public health services; and
1107-465: The helmet caused by insufficient ventilation, and established a minimum flow rate of 1.5 cubic feet (42 L) per minute at ambient pressure. He investigated the principle of action of many different gases. He investigated numerous mine disasters , especially the toxic gases which killed most miners after firedamp and coal dust explosions. The toxic mixtures of gases found in mines included afterdamp , blackdamp and whitedamp . His description of
1148-488: The ideological development of the role of the organisation: from assisting individual academics, to the protection of academic freedom itself. Thousands of academics were helped by SPSL in the 1930s and 1940s; some, having escaped Nazi Germany and Austria, then needed further aid to be released from British internment on the Isle of Man as enemy aliens. Sixteen academics assisted became Nobel Laureates , eighteen were knighted and over
1189-528: The most prominent South African exiles, whom the SPSL helped in 1966 and again in 1988, was the anti-apartheid leader Albie Sachs , later a Justice in the South African Constitutional Court under Nelson Mandela . Sachs describes the "immense moral and emotional comfort" which SPSL's assistance provided and he continues to be a supporter of the charity. Since the 1990s SPSL's focus has shifted to
1230-448: The need for practical support, assistance escaping persecution and relocating in British universities, and deliberately avoided making any sort of political comment. The council was formed of 41 men and women active in British intellectual activities, and had as assistant secretary, the "redoubtable" Esther Simpson , with office accommodation provided by The Royal Society . The Nobel Prize-winning chemist and physicist Lord Rutherford
1271-812: The oil refineries in Persia . Sir Henry Newbolt wrote a poem called "For J. S. Haldane", published in his anthology A Perpetual Memory and other Poems in 1939. Haldane was an international authority on ether and respiration and the inventor of the Black Veil Respirator , an early gas mask, during World War I . He was also an authority on the effects of pulmonary diseases , such as silicosis caused by inhaling silica dust. After being forced out of combatting poison gases in World War I, through alleged German sympathies, he shifted into working with victims of gas warfare and developed oxygen treatment including
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1312-449: The request of Lord Kitchener and attempted to identify the gases being used. One outcome of this was his invention of a respirator, known as the black veil . Haldane's investigations into decompression sickness resulted in the concept of staged decompression , and the first reasonably reliable decompression tables , and his mathematical model is still used in highly modified forms for computing decompression schedules. Haldane
1353-405: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title SPSL . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SPSL&oldid=1020016988 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
1394-515: The status of female academics post-2003. Cara's Iraq Programme sought to ensure skills and expertise in Iraq and the wider region were developed rather than lost. The Zimbabwe Programme was launched in 2009 in response to a marked increase in the number of academics fleeing Zimbabwe, amid reports of a dramatic decline in the quality of higher education. The Programme offered grants and fellowships to pay for vital equipment and supplies, and in 2012 established
1435-429: The way a flame safety lamp can be used to detect firedamp by the increase in height of the flame, and chokedamp by the dying of the flame, is a classic exposition in his textbook, Respiration . Although electronic gas detectors are now used widely in all coal mines, flame lamps are still used extensively for their ease and simplicity of operation. He identified carbon monoxide as the lethal constituent of afterdamp,
1476-581: Was Gifford Lecturer in the University of Glasgow , Fellow of New College, Oxford , from October 1901, and Honorary Professor of the University of Birmingham . Haldane received numerous honorary degrees. He was also President of the English Institution of Mining Engineers, a Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour , a Fellow of the Royal Society , a member of the Royal College of Physicians and of
1517-641: Was born in Edinburgh to Robert Haldane, whose father was Scottish evangelist James Alexander Haldane , and Mary Elizabeth Burdon-Sanderson, daughter of Richard Burdon-Sanderson and the granddaughter of Sir Thomas Burdon. His maternal uncle was the physiologist John Scott Burdon-Sanderson . He was the brother of Elizabeth Haldane , William Haldane and Richard Haldane, 1st Viscount Haldane . On 12 December 1891 John Scott Haldane married Louisa Kathleen Coutts Trotter (1863–1961), daughter of Coutts Trotter FRGS and Harriet Augusta Keatinge. The couple had two children,
1558-679: Was chosen as the first President. A.V. Hill , another Nobel Prize-winning scientist, and also Cambridge University MP, became Vice-President.The council included J. S. Haldane and Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins , Lord Rayleigh , Sir William Henry Bragg . In October 1933 ten thousand people attended an event at the Royal Albert Hall in London organised by several organisations including the AAC. Albert Einstein , in his last major public address in Europe before taking up his post at Princeton University in
1599-627: Was consolidated and renamed the Society for the Protection of Science and Learning (SPSL). In 1999 it was renamed the Council for Assisting Refugee Academics (CARA). It changed to its current name in 2014. The charity is currently based on the premises of London Southbank University and continues to provide support to academics in danger. The Academic Assistance Council (AAC) was founded in April 1933 by William Beveridge . Whilst en route to Vienna he learnt of
1640-666: Was dead, intolerance was not" and "continued needs and the possible future crises" rendered the Society's services as necessary as ever, in Europe and across the world. In the 1940s and 1950s, the SPSL helped many academics seeking refuge from the Stalinist regimes in the USSR and Eastern Europe. As time passed, the SPSL's focus expanded, to include, among others, those fleeing the apartheid regime in South Africa and juntas in Chile and Argentina. One of
1681-440: Was replaced in 1986 by the electronic gas detector . Electronic gas detectors rely on a catalytic chip which can be poisoned by atmospheric impurities. Haldane pioneered the study of the reaction of the body to low air pressures, such as that experienced at high altitudes. He led an expedition to Pike's Peak in 1911, which examined the effect of low atmospheric pressure on respiration. Since then, Pike's Peak has continued to be