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93-752: SM UB-10 was a German Type UB I submarine or U-boat in the German Imperial Navy ( German : Kaiserliche Marine ) during World War I. UB-10 was ordered in October 1914 and was laid down at the AG Weser shipyard in Bremen in November. UB-10 was a little under 28 metres (92 ft) in length and displaced between 127 and 141 t (125 and 139 long tons), depending on whether surfaced or submerged. She carried two torpedoes for her two bow torpedo tubes and

186-517: A coup de grâce at the stricken ship and sent it down 20 nautical miles (37 km; 23 mi) east-northeast of the North Hinder Lightvessel. As UB-10 was returning to Zeebrugge in early April, she was attacked by a British submarine near the area where she had escaped from HMS  E54 the previous August. HMS  C7 , which had been waiting off the Schouwen gas buoy, launched

279-732: A false flag . The UB I boats of the Flanders Flotilla were initially limited to patrols in the Hoofden , the southern portion of the North Sea between the United Kingdom and the Netherlands. UB-4 made the first sortie of the flotilla on 9 April, and UB-10 departed on her first patrol soon after. On 14 April, Steinbrinck and UB-10 sank their first ship, the 2,040-ton Dutch steamer Katwijk , 6 nautical miles (11 km; 6.9 mi) west of

372-428: A knock down kit . Each boat was broken into approximately fifteen pieces and loaded onto eight railway flatcars . Type UB I boats destined for service with the Flanders Flotilla ( U-boote des Marinekorps U-Flottille Flandern ) made a five-day journey to Antwerp for the two- to three-week assembly process. After assembly at Antwerp the boats were towed by barge to Bruges for trials. Boats selected for service in

465-611: A minelayer by the replacement of her torpedo tubes with four mine chutes. UB-10 was seriously damaged in a British air raid on Flanders in July 1918, and was decommissioned in September 1918 in a worn out condition. She was not deemed seaworthy to sail to Germany when the bases in Flanders were being evacuated by the Germans in October 1918 and was scuttled off Zeebrugge in early October. After

558-416: A vibrator (a self-exciting relay) and a transformer to produce the higher voltages required for the vacuum tubes from the vehicle's 6 or 12 V battery. In the context of electric power generation and large fixed electrical power systems, a motor–generator consists of an electric motor mechanically coupled to an electric generator (or alternator ). The motor runs on the electrical input current while

651-514: A " sewing machine ". According to authors R. H. Gibson and Maurice Prendergast in their 1931 book The German Submarine War, 1914–1918 , the UBs did not have enough power to chase down steamers while surfaced and lacked the endurance to spend any extended amount of time underwater, exhausting their batteries after little over an hour's running. In-service use revealed another problem: with a single propeller shaft/engine combination, if either component failed,

744-515: A "motor–generator" is a single electric machine that can be used as an electric motor or a generator , converting between electrical power and mechanical power . From the 2014 season, Formula 1 racing cars will have two of what are described as 'motor-generator units' (MGU) This makes the cars more fuel-efficient by harvesting energy from the turbocharger and under braking . However these are not motor-generators as described here, but are more like dynamotors , single units which can act as either

837-439: A 1,106-ton steamer headed for Harlingen was sent down 20 nautical miles (37 km; 23 mi) off Ymuiden ; the sailing ship Elizabeth was sunk between Lowestoft and Zeebrugge the following day. On 20 August, UB-10 —with Oblt.z.S. Fritz Gregor at the helm—sank Edernian , a British vessel, 6 nautical miles (11 km; 6.9 mi) from Southwold . The 3,588-ton ship, sent down with her cargo of steel and 14 of her crew,

930-586: A 13-day span in July and August 1915, UB-10 sank 23 ships, and by herself accounted for nearly all of the tonnage sunk by the Flanders Flotilla in the latter month. She was also responsible for sinking the British destroyer HMS  Lassoo in August 1916. UB-10 had two close calls with British submarines near the Schouwen Bank off Zeebrugge in 1916 and 1917, but survived both. By 1918, UB-10 had been converted into

1023-520: A commander), came on 19 March when the U-boat torpedoed Port Dalhousie , a 1,744-ton Canadian steamer, 2 nautical miles (3.7 km; 2.3 mi) from the Kentish Knock Lightvessel. Nineteen men on the ship—headed from Middlesbrough to Nantes with a cargo of steel billets—were lost in the attack; the mate, a pilot, and five crewmen were rescued. About two weeks later, UB-10 torpedoed and sank

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1116-468: A deck-mounted machine gun . In 1918 four of the surviving German boats were converted into coastal minelayers . Of the seventeen boats in German service, two were sold to Austria-Hungary, one was sold to Bulgaria , and nine were lost during the war. One of the five Austro-Hungarian boats was sunk and another mined and not repaired. The five surviving German boats, the four surviving Austro-Hungarian boats, and

1209-706: A further three boats in April 1915 for a total of 20 UB Is built. Construction of the first boats for Germany began in early November 1914; all 20 were completed by October 1915. Several of the first boats underwent trials in German home waters, but the rest were assembled and tested at either Antwerp or Pola . The German boats operated primarily in the Flanders , Baltic , and Constantinople Flotillas . The boats were about 28 metres (92 ft) long and displaced 127 tonnes (125 long tons) when surfaced and 142 tonnes (140 long tons) while submerged. All had two bow torpedo tubes and two torpedoes , and were equipped with

1302-451: A heavy British air raid on German-held bases in Flanders. During other raids, considerable damage to harbour facilities delayed repairs and impaired the flotilla's ability to operate at full strength. Although sources do not indicate whether the damage to UB-10 ' s was repaired after this attack or not, by early September the boat was considered unfit for service and was decommissioned on

1395-404: A non-conductive shaft in facilities that need to closely control electromagnetic radiation, or where high isolation from transient surge voltages is required. Motor–generator sets have been replaced by semiconductor devices for some purposes. In the past, a popular use for MG sets was in elevators . Since accurate speed control of the hoisting machine was required, the impracticality of varying

1488-580: A series of small coastal submarines had already begun. The German Imperial Navy stipulated that the submarines must be transportable by rail, which imposed a maximum diameter of 3.15 metres (10 ft 4 in). The rushed planning effort —which had been assigned the name "Project 34"—resulted in the Type UB ;I design, created specifically for operation from Flanders. The boats were to be about 28 metres (92 ft) long and to displace about 125 tonnes (123 long tons) with two bow torpedo tubes. Boats of

1581-493: A shut down. The in-rush current during re-closure will depend on many factors, however. As an example, a 250 kVA motor generator operating at 300 ampere of full load current will require 1550 ampere of in-rush current during a re-closure after 5 seconds. This example used a fixed mounted flywheel sized to result in a 1 ⁄ 2  Hz per second slew rate . The motor–generator was a vertical type two-bearing machine with oil-bath bearings. Motors and generators may be coupled by

1674-541: A single 8 mm (0.31 in) machine gun affixed to the deck. None of the Type UB I boats had a deck gun . The German Imperial Navy ordered its first fifteen Type UB I boats on 15 October 1914. Eight boats—numbered UB-1 to UB-8 —were ordered from Germaniawerft of Kiel, and seven boats—numbered UB-9 to U-15 —from AG Weser of Bremen. After two of the class, UB-1 and UB-15 , were sold in February 1915 to ally Austria-Hungary (becoming U-10 and U-11 in

1767-481: A torpedo at a U-boat at 03:30 on 5 April. Although authors R. H. Gibson and Maurice Prendergast report that C7 sank UC-68 with that torpedo, C7 had in fact fired upon UB-10 , and the explosion noted by C7 was her own torpedo prematurely exploding; UB-10 was able to continue on and make port in Zeebrugge. Later in the month, von Rohrscheidt sank two Dutch ships on the 24th and 25th: Minister Tak Van Poortvliet ,

1860-756: A variable AC voltage. The DC voltage to the generators armature would be varied manually or electronically to control the output voltage. When used in this fashion, the MG set is equivalent to an isolated variable transformer. An Alexanderson alternator is a motor-driven, high-frequency alternator which provides radio frequency power. In the early days of radio communication, the high frequency carrier wave had to be produced mechanically using an alternator with many poles driven at high speeds. Alexanderson alternators produced RF up to 600 kHz, with large units capable of 500 kW power output. While electromechanical converters were regularly used for long wave transmissions in

1953-460: Is generally being replaced with smaller engines with conventional or MG transmission on each carriage. Long distance electric locomotives with high voltage overhead power supply used MG transmission, but this is generally being replaced with distributed motor drive on each carriage with electronic power control and conversion. Similarly, MG sets were used in the PCC streetcar to produce a 36VDC output from

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2046-591: Is not reported, but UB-12 was converted in late 1916. From late February to mid-May 1918, UB-10 was commanded by Oblt.z.S. Hans Joachim Emsmann . The 25-year-old Emmsman would later be notable as the commander of UB-116 , the last U-boat sunk during the war, and as the namesake of the 5th U-boat Flotilla ( German : 5. Unterseebootsflottille "Emmsman" ) of the Kriegsmarine in World War II. On 2 July, UB-10 and UB-88 were both seriously damaged during

2139-572: The English Channel . UB-2 , UB-5 , and UB-10 soon followed with patrols in the Channel, but were hampered by fog and bad weather. Even though none of the boats sank any ships, by successfully completing their voyages, they helped further prove the feasibility of defeating the British countermeasures in the Straits of Dover. On 30 June, Steinbrinck and the crew of UB-10 , which was back patrolling in

2232-614: The German Army 's rapid advance along the North Sea coast in the earliest stages of World War I, the German Imperial Navy found itself without suitable submarines that could be operated in the narrow and shallow seas off Flanders . Project 34, a design effort begun in mid-August 1914, produced the Type UB I design: a small submarine that could be shipped by rail to a port of operations and quickly assembled. Constrained by railroad size limitations,

2325-565: The Skagerrak ) and the failure of several of the U-boats stationed to the north to receive the coded message warning of the British advance caused Scheer's anticipated ambush to be a "complete and disappointing failure". UB-10 sighted the Harwich forces, but they were too far away to mount an attack. The failure of the submarine ambush to sink any British capital ships allowed the full Grand Fleet to engage

2418-525: The 12th. After the Meuse-Argonne Offensive started on 26 September and the Allies began to drive back the German lines, plans were made to evacuate Flanders and dismantle the naval facilities at Bruges, Zeebrugge, and Ostend . All the vessels that were seaworthy were ordered to depart Flanders for Germany on 1 October; those unable to make the journey under their own power were to be destroyed. UB-10

2511-456: The 1st. The same day, Fulgens , a 2,512-ton collier , was torpedoed one nautical mile (1.8 km) from Palling ; the crew of the ship— UB-10 ' s largest victim to-date—were all saved. On 8 August, UB-10 captured and sank two more smacks— Arbor Vitae and Xmas Rose —off Lowestoft, and followed that up by sinking the largest ship of her career two days later. The 4,243  GRT Rosalie , headed from North Shields for San Francisco ,

2604-414: The 600VDC traction supply. The low voltage output charges the streetcar's batteries and supplies current for control and auxiliary equipment (including headlights, gong ringers, door motors and electromagnetic track brakes). Motor-generator sets were often used to provide the high-current D.C. power for carbon arc lamps in large movie projectors in the 1950-60's era, before the carbon electrode arc light

2697-450: The 7th. Of the 23 persons on board the 1,886-ton ship, only 6 were saved. Menapier ' s master , his wife, and six-year-old daughter, the first mate, the pilot, and 12 other crewmen perished. After UB-10 ' s sister boat UB-6 pioneered a route through British anti-submarine nets and mines in the Straits of Dover on 21 and 22 June, boats of the flotilla began to patrol into

2790-484: The August tally for Steinbrinck and UB-10 was 7,309 tons, which accounted for nearly all of the 7,709 tons sunk by Flanders Flotilla boats that month. In addition, counting the ships sunk at the end of July, UB-10 sank 23 ships in a 13-day span, nearly half the 55 ships sunk by the flotilla in both July and August. On 18 August, the chief of the Admiralstab , Admiral Henning von Holtzendorff , issued orders suspending

2883-708: The Austro-Hungarian Navy the Type UB I boats were known as the U-10 class, which consisted of two former German Type UB I boats and three built specifically for Austria-Hungary. In addition, four Type UB Is (assigned to the Pola Flotilla based at the Austro-Hungarian Navy's main naval base at Pola were assigned Austro-Hungarian designations. . These were SM  UB-3 (as U-9 ), SM  UB-7 (as U-7 ), SM  UB-8 (as U-8 ), SM  UB-14 (as U-26 ). These four boats remained under commission in

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2976-648: The Austro-Hungarian Navy), the German Imperial Navy ordered UB-16 and UB-17 from Weser. A further three for Austria-Hungary — U-15 , U-16 , and U-17 —had been ordered from Weser by April, bringing the total number constructed to 20. UB-1 and UB-2 were laid down on 1 November 1914 at the Germaniawerft yard at Kiel. UB-1 was launched on 22 January 1915, just 75 working days later. UB-2 ' s launch followed on 13 February. Among

3069-459: The Austro-Hungarian Navy, the five boats operated primarily in the Adriatic in patrols off Italy and Albania . U-10 (ex UB-1 ) hit a mine in July 1918 and was beached, but had not been repaired by the end of the war. U-16 was sunk after she torpedoed an Italian destroyer in October 1916, and the remaining three (and the unrepaired U-10 ) were ceded to Italy at the end of the war. After UB-8

3162-485: The British to make peace. The new rules of engagement specified that no ship was to be left afloat. Under these new rules of engagement, UB-10 , now under the command of Kptlt. Erich von Rohrscheidt, first sank the Dutch steamer Amstelstromm on 27 March. When encountered by UB-10 , Amstelstromm was found "derelict and badly damaged" after shelling by German destroyers V44 , G86 , and G87 ; von Rohrscheidt launched

3255-524: The Bulgarian boat were all turned over to the Allies after the end of the war and were broken up . In the earliest stages of the First World War the German Army 's rapid advance along the North Sea coast found the German Imperial Navy without submarines suitable to operate in the narrow and shallow seas off Flanders . By 18 August 1914, two weeks after the German invasion of Belgium , the planning of

3348-738: The Constantinople Flotilla seem to have patrolled primarily in the Black Sea . UB-8 was transferred to the Bulgarian Navy in May 1916, and UB-7 disappeared in the Black Sea in October 1916, leaving UB-14 as the sole remaining German Type UB I in the flotilla; she was surrendered at Sevastopol in November 1918 to French armies stationed there during the Russian Civil War . UB-1 and

3441-515: The Constantinople Flotilla. ( U-boote der Mittelmeer Division in Konstantinopel ) All were sent to Pola for assembly and trials there as part of the Pola Flotilla ( Deutsche U-Halbflottille Pola ) before sailing on to join the Constantinople Flotilla. UB-3 disappeared en route to Constantinople in May 1915, but the other three arrived there by mid-June. The three Type UB I boats of

3534-495: The Dutch or other neutrals (primarily the United States), the German government issued an order on 18 April that no neutral vessels were to be attacked. The German government later paid compensation for the sinking of Katwijk . It was early June before UB-10 sank her next ship. The Belgian ship Menapier , carrying a load of iron ore from Algiers for Middlesbrough , was torpedoed and sunk off North Foreland by Steinbrinck on

3627-596: The German Admiralstab were that all enemy vessels in Germany's self-proclaimed war zone would be destroyed without warning, that enemy vessels outside the war zone would be destroyed only if armed, and—to avoid antagonizing the United States—that enemy passenger steamers were not to be attacked, regardless of whether in the war zone or not. UB-10 ' s first victim in the new offensive (and Saltzwedel's first as

3720-468: The German Imperial Navy and three for the Austro-Hungarian Navy. Two of the German submarines— UB-1 and UB-15 —were sold to Austria-Hungary and commissioned into the Austro-Hungarian Navy as U-10 and U-11 , respectively. Those two and a further three built by AG Weser comprised the virtually identical U-10 class for the Austro-Hungarian Navy. Another of the German submarines, UB-8 , was sold to Bulgaria in May 1916, becoming Podvodnik No. 18 . In

3813-427: The German Imperial Navy, retained German crews and commanders, and received orders from the German flotilla commander at Pola. Germany and Bulgaria negotiated the purchase of two UB I boats for the Bulgarian Navy, UB-7 and UB-8 , in 1916. Two crews of Bulgarian sailors were sent to Kiel for training. Before the purchase could be completed, UB-7 was sunk, leaving only one boat for Bulgaria. On 25 May 1916, UB-8

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3906-664: The Mediterranean were sent to the Austro-Hungarian port of Pola for assembly. The total time from departure of the railcars from the shipyard to operational readiness for the boats was about six weeks. By July 1915 all seventeen of the German Imperial Navy Type UB ;Is had been completed. During their trials the Type UB Is were found to be too small and too slow and had a reputation for being underpowered; one commander compared his Type UB I to

3999-496: The North Hinder Lightship. Although no one was killed in the attack, the attack on a neutral ship sailing between neutral ports— Katwijk was sailing from Rotterdam to Baltimore —provoked outrage among the Dutch population. The sinking of Katwijk and other Dutch ships sharply turned public opinion in the Netherlands against Germany. As a direct result of UB-10 ' s sinking of Katwijk , and to avoid further provoking

4092-529: The North Sea, had a busy day when they sank eight British fishing vessels ranging from 43  gross register tons  (GRT) while patrolling between 20 and 35 nautical miles (37 and 65 km; 23 and 40 mi) east of Lowestoft . All eight of the sunken ships were smacks —sailing vessels traditionally rigged with red ochre sails—which were stopped, boarded by crewmen from UB-10 , and sunk with explosives. UB-10 began August 1915 by capturing and burning Alert —another British fishing smack—off Lowestoft on

4185-539: The Norwegian steamer Peter Hanre in nearly the same location; fourteen men on the 1,081-ton cargo ship were lost. Near the end of April 1916, Admiral Reinhardt Scheer , the newest commander-in-chief of the High Seas Fleet , called off the merchant shipping offensive and ordered all boats at sea to return, and all boats in port to remain there. Port Dalhousie and Peter Hanre were the only ships sunk by UB-10 during

4278-710: The Type UB I design were built by two manufacturers, Germaniawerft of Kiel and AG Weser of Bremen, which led to some variations in boats from the two shipyards. The eight Germaniawerft-built boats at 28.10 metres (92 ft 2 in) length overall , were 22 centimetres (8.7 in) longer than twelve Weser-built boats. All were 3.15 metres (10 ft 4 in) abeam and had a draft of 3.03 metres (9 ft 11 in). The boats all displaced 127 tonnes (125 long tons) while surfaced, but differed slightly in displacement submerged. The slightly longer Germaniawerft boats displaced 142 tonnes (140 long tons) while submerged, as they weighed 1 tonne (0.98 long tons) more than

4371-500: The U-boat was almost totally disabled. Another reported problem with the Type UB Is was the tendency to break trim after the firing of torpedoes. The boats were equipped with compensating tanks designed to flood and offset the loss of the C/06 torpedo 's 1,700-pound (770 kg) weight, but this system did not always function properly; as a result, when firing from periscope depth the boat could broach after firing or, if too much weight

4464-515: The UB I design called for a boat about 28 metres (92 ft) long and displacing about 125 t (123 long tons) with two torpedo tubes . UB-10 was part of the initial allotment of seven submarines—numbered UB-9 to UB-15 —ordered on 15 October from AG Weser of Bremen , just shy of two months after planning for the class began. UB-10 was laid down by Weser in Bremen on 7 November. As built, UB-10

4557-461: The Weser boats, UB-9 was laid down first, on 6 November 1914, and launched on 6 February 1915, a week ahead of UB-2 . These first three boats launched underwent trials in home waters, but most of the other members of the class were shipped via rail and underwent trials at their assembly point. The process of shipping the submarines by rail involved breaking the submarines down into what was essentially

4650-667: The Weser boats. The drivetrain of the boats consisted of a single propeller shaft driven by a Daimler (Germaniawerft) or Körting (Weser) diesel engine on the surface, or a Siemens-Schuckert electric motor for underwater travel. The Weser boats were capable of nearly 7.5 knots (13.9 km/h; 8.6 mph) on the surface and a little more than 6 knots (11 km/h; 6.9 mph) submerged. The Germaniawerft boats were about 1 knot (1.9 km/h; 1.2 mph) slower than their Bremen-made counterparts. The boats were equipped with two 45-centimetre (17.7 in) bow torpedo tubes and carried just two torpedoes. They were also armed with

4743-479: The area between the United Kingdom and the Netherlands, but began patrolling the English Channel after UB-6 pioneered a route past British antisubmarine nets and mines in the Straits of Dover in late June. Over the Type UB Is' first year of service, UB-4 and UB-13 were both lost, and UB-2 and UB-5 were transferred to the Baltic Flotilla. In March 1917, UB-6 ran aground in Dutch waters and

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4836-627: The beginning of the First World War . Twenty boats were constructed, most of which went into service with the German Imperial Navy ( Kaiserliche Marine ) Boats of this design were also operated by the Austro-Hungarian Navy ( Kaiserliche und Königliche Kriegsmarine or K.u.K. Kriegsmarine) and the Bulgarian Navy . In the Austro-Hungarian Navy, it was called the U-10 class . Built to meet

4929-414: The bow section containing the pair of torpedo tubes from each U-boat and replacing it with a new bow containing four mine chutes capable of carrying two mines each. In the process, the boats were lengthened to 105 feet (32 m), and the displacement increased to 147 t (145 long tons) on the surface, and 161 t (158 long tons) below the surface. Exactly when this conversion was performed on UB-10

5022-445: The class served in three navies: the German Imperial Navy, the Austro-Hungarian Navy, and the Bulgarian Navy. In German service, they served primarily in the Flanders Flotilla, the Baltic Flotilla, and the Constantinople Flotilla. The first Type UB I to enter service was UB-10 , which formed the nucleus of the Flanders Flotilla, on 27 March 1915. By the end of April five more Type UB I boats had become operational. UB-10

5115-461: The end of the war. Saltzwedel's immediate replacement on UB-10 was Kapitänleutnant ( Kptlt. ) Gustav Buch, who led the boat in sinking her only warship, the British destroyer Lassoo on 13 August; Lassoo was torpedoed off the Maas Lightvessel and sank with the loss of six men. Later in August, UB-10 was fortunate enough to avoid attack by a British submarine when departing Zeebrugge. On

5208-675: The first U-boat attached to the Flanders Flotilla ( German : U-boote des Marinekorps U-Flotille Flandern ) when it was organized on 29 March. When UB-10 began operations, Germany was in the midst of its first submarine offensive , begun in February. During this campaign, enemy vessels in the German-defined war zone ( German : Kriegsgebiet ), which encompassed all waters around the United Kingdom, were to be sunk. Vessels of neutral countries were not to be attacked unless they definitively could be identified as enemy vessels operating under

5301-650: The first offensive. The suspension was in response to American demands after German submarines had sunk the Cunard Line steamer Lusitania in May 1915, along with other high-profile sinkings in August and September. Holtzendorff's directive ordered all U-boats out of the English Channel and the South-Western Approaches and required that all submarine activity in the North Sea be conducted strictly along prize regulations . UB-10 did not sink another ship for

5394-588: The first three decades of the 20th century, electronic techniques were required at higher frequencies. The Alexanderson alternator was largely replaced by the vacuum tube oscillator in the 1920s. Motor–generators have even been used where the input and output currents are essentially the same. In this case, the mechanical inertia of the M–G set is used to filter out transients in the input power. The output's electric current can be very clean (noise free) and will be able to ride-through brief blackouts and switching transients at

5487-406: The frequency to a high power AC motor meant that the use of an MG set with a DC hoist motor was a near industry-standard solution. Modern AC variable-frequency drive electronics with compatible motors have increasingly supplanted traditional MG-driven elevator installations, since electronic AC drives are typically more efficient by 50% or more than MG DC-powered machinery. Another use for MG sets

5580-424: The generator creates the electrical output current, with power flowing between the two machines as a mechanical torque ; this provides electrical isolation and some buffering of the power between the two electrical systems. One use is to eliminate spikes and variations in "dirty power" ( power conditioning ) or to provide phase matching between different electrical systems. Another use is to buffer extreme loads on

5673-424: The input to the M–G set. This may enable, for example, the flawless cut-over from mains power to AC power provided by a diesel generator set. The motor–generator set may contain a large flywheel to improve its ride-through; however, consideration must be taken in this application as the motor–generator will require a large amount of current on re-closure, if prior to the pull-out torque is achieved, resulting in

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5766-443: The load imposed on the electrical system: the motor side slowly accelerated a large flywheel to store energy , which was consumed rapidly during a fusion experiment as the generator side acted as a brake on the flywheel. Similarly, the next generation U.S. Navy aircraft carrier Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch System (EMALS) will use a flywheel motor–generator rig to supply power instantaneously for aircraft launches at greater than

5859-540: The morning of 21 August, the outbound UB-10 had a rendezvous with the homeward-bound UC-10 off the North Hinder Lightship and exchanged information. UC-10 parted company with UB-10 at about 13:30 and resumed her course for Zeebrugge, but was torpedoed and sunk by HMS  E54 , which had been lurking about the Schouwen Bank off Zeebrugge. Since the early stages of the war, the Royal Navy had blockaded Germany, preventing neutral shipping from reaching German ports. By

5952-599: The motor and generator therefore share the same outer field coils or magnets. Typically the motor coils are driven from a commutator on one end of the shaft, while the generator coils provide output to another commutator on the other end of the shaft. The entire rotor and shaft assembly is smaller, lighter, and cheaper than a pair of machines, and does not require exposed drive shafts. Low-powered consumer devices built before 1933, such as vacuum tube vehicle radio receivers, did not use expensive, noisy and bulky motor–generators. Instead, they used an inverter circuit consisting of

6045-472: The need for small maneuverable submarines able to operate in the narrow, shallow seas off Flanders , the vessels were intended to be quickly constructed, then shipped by rail and assembled at their port of operation. The design effort began in mid-August 1914 and by mid-October the first 15 boats were ordered from two German shipyards. The German Imperial Navy subsequently ordered an additional pair of boats to replace two sold to Austria-Hungary , who ordered

6138-441: The next four months. On 20 December, UB-10 sank the last two ships under Steinbrinck's command. The 512-ton Belford and the 1,153-ton Huntly were both torpedoed off Boulogne ; there were no casualties on Belford , but two men on Huntly died in the attack. The Huntly was the former German hospital ship Ophelia , which had been seized by English naval forces and renamed the previous year. On 13 January 1916, Steinbrinck

6231-468: The numerically inferior High Seas Fleet in the Battle of Jutland , which took place 31 May – 1 June. In mid-June, Saltzwedel was transferred to UC-10 , and—as was the case with Steinbrinck—went on become one of the top-scoring U-boat commanders of the war, placing eleventh on the list with 150,000 tons to his credit. After Saltzwedel, UB-10 was assigned a new commander about every two to three months through

6324-667: The power system. For example, tokamak fusion devices impose very large peak loads, but relatively low average loads, on the electrical grid. The DIII-D tokamak at General Atomics , the Princeton Large Torus (PLT) at the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory , and the Nimrod synchrotron at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory each used large flywheels on multiple motor–generator rigs to level

6417-471: The ship's installed generator capacity. In addition to the above specialized applications, flywheel-generator systems have been commercialized for use in data centers as an adjunct or alternative to more conventional battery or generator-based uninterruptible power supplies (UPS). Motor–generators may be used for various conversions including: Before solid state AC voltage regulation was available or cost effective, motor generator sets were used to provide

6510-497: The six-week offensive. In mid-May, Scheer completed plans to draw out part of the British Grand Fleet . The German High Seas Fleet would sortie for a raid on Sunderland , luring the British fleet across " 'nests' of submarines and mine-fields". In support of the operation, UB-10 and five other Flanders boats set out at midnight 30/31 May to form a line 18 nautical miles (33 km; 21 mi) east of Lowestoft. This group

6603-509: The still incomplete UB-15 were sold to the Austria-Hungary in February 1915; both were dismantled and shipped to Pola in May. After one cruise under the German flag, each boat was commissioned into the Austro-Hungarian Navy. The pair—renamed U-10 and U-11 , respectively—were joined by U-15 , U-16 , and U-17 in October. Known as the U-10 or the Okarina ( Ocarina ) class as a part of

6696-559: The surface before refueling, and up to 45 nautical miles (83 km; 52 mi) submerged before recharging her batteries. Like all boats of the class, UB-10 was rated to a diving depth of 50 meters (160 ft), and could completely submerge in 33 seconds. UB-10 was armed with two 45-centimeter (17.7 in) torpedoes in two bow torpedo tubes . She was also outfitted for a single 8-millimeter (0.31 in) machine gun on deck. UB-10 ' s standard complement consisted of one officer and thirteen enlisted men. After work on UB-10

6789-616: The thermally current-limited components of a large semiconductor inverter are solid-state switches massing a few grams with a thermal time constant to their heat sinks of likely more than 100 ms, whereas the thermally current limited components of an MG are copper windings massing sometimes hundreds of kilograms which are intrinsically attached to their own large thermal mass. They also have inherently excellent resistance to electrostatic discharge (ESD). In principle, any electrical generator can also serve as an electric motor, or vice versa. In hybrid vehicles and other lightweight power systems,

6882-453: The time of the so-called "turnip winter" of 1916–17, the blockade had severely limited imports of food and fuel into Germany. Among the results were an increase in infant mortality and as many as 700,000 deaths attributed to starvation or hypothermia during the war. With the blockade having such dire consequences, Kaiser Wilhelm II personally approved a resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare to begin on 1 February 1917 to help force

6975-405: The top-scoring German submarine commanders of the war. UB-10 was credited with sinking 37 ships, about two-thirds of them British fishing vessels. The first ship sunk, the neutral Dutch steamer Katwijk , provoked outrage in the Netherlands and helped turn Dutch public opinion against Germany. That sinking was also the impetus behind a renewed effort to avoid attacking neutral ships by U-boats. In

7068-661: Was 27.88 metres (91 ft 6 in) long, 3.15 metres (10 ft 4 in) abeam , and had a draft of 3.03 metres (9 ft 11 in). She had a single 60- metric-horsepower (44 kW) Körting 4-cylinder diesel engine for surface travel, and a single 120-metric-horsepower (88 kW) Siemens-Schuckert double-acting electric motor for underwater travel, both attached to a single propeller shaft . Her top speeds were 7.45 knots (13.80 km/h; 8.57 mph), surfaced, and 6.24 knots (11.56 km/h; 7.18 mph), submerged. At more moderate speeds, she could sail up to 1,500 nautical miles (2,800 km; 1,700 mi) on

7161-591: Was also armed with a deck-mounted machine gun . UB-10 was broken into sections and shipped by rail to Antwerp for reassembly. She was launched in February 1915 and commissioned as SM UB-10 in March. The U-boat was the first of her class to commence operations when she entered service on 27 March 1915. UB-10 was the first boat assigned to the Flanders Flotilla , the unit in which she spent her entire career. Her first two commanders were Otto Steinbrinck and Reinhold Saltzwedel , fifth and eleventh, respectively, among

7254-554: Was an eight-year veteran of the Kaiserliche Marine and a first-time U-boat commander. By early 1916, the British blockade of Germany was beginning to have an effect on Germany and her imports. The Royal Navy had stopped and seized more cargo destined for Germany than the quantity of cargo sunk by German U-boats in the first submarine offensive. As a result, the German Imperial Navy began a second offensive against merchant shipping on 29 February. The final ground rules agreed upon by

7347-424: Was assembled and launched on 20 February, she was loaded on a barge and taken through canals to Bruges where she underwent trials. The submarine was commissioned into the German Imperial Navy as SM UB-10 on 15 March 1915 under the command of Oberleutnant zur See ( Oblt.z.S. ) Otto Steinbrinck the 26-year-old former skipper of U-6 . On 27 March, UB-10 became the first UB I boat to begin operations, and

7440-425: Was complete at the Weser yard, she was readied for rail shipment. The process of shipping a UB I boat involved breaking the submarine down into what was essentially a knock down kit . Each boat was broken into approximately fifteen pieces and loaded onto eight railway flatcars . In early 1915, the sections of UB-10 were shipped to Antwerp for assembly in what was typically a two- to three-week process. After UB-10

7533-410: Was eventually joined in the Flanders Flotilla by UB-2 , UB-4 , UB-5 , UB-6 , UB-12 , UB-13 , UB-16 , and UB-17 ; of these, only UB-2 made the journey to Flanders by sea rather than rail. UB-4 departed on the first patrol from Flanders on 9 April, and was responsible for sinking the first ship sent down by the flotilla. The Type UB I boats of the Flanders Flotilla originally patrolled

7626-531: Was in the southern region of British Rail . They were used to convert the 600 V DC – 850 V DC line supply voltage from the third rail into 70 V DC to power the controls of the EMU stock in use. These have since been replaced with solid state converters on new rolling stock. MG locomotives have also commonly been used for long distance rail Diesel locomotive transmission throughout the world, due to reliability and wear issues with mechanical and fluid transmissions, but this

7719-479: Was initially assigned to the Baltic Flotilla,( U-boote der Ostseetreitkräfte V. U-Halbflottille ) and was joined by UB-2 and UB-5 in early 1916. All three became training boats at Kiel in 1916, joining UB-11 in that duty. Little information is available about the Type UB I boats operating in the Baltic . Four of the German Imperial Navy boats— UB-3 , UB-7 , UB-8 , and UB-14 —were selected for service with

7812-494: Was interned for the rest of the war, along with her crew. The four remaining Type UB Is in Flanders— UB-10 , UB-12 , UB-16 , UB-17 —were all converted to minelayers by 1918, having their torpedo tubes removed and replaced with chutes to carry up to eight mines. All but UB-10 were lost in 1918; UB-10 , in poor repair and out of service, was scuttled in October 1918 when the Germans evacuated from Flanders. UB-9

7905-494: Was officially transferred to Bulgaria for the remainder of the war and renamed Podvodnik No. 18. See also : List of ships of the Imperial German Navy Motor-generator While a motor–generator set may consist of distinct motor and generator machines coupled together, a single unit dynamotor (for dynamo –motor) has the motor coils and the generator coils wound around a single rotor; both

7998-553: Was one of four U-boats left behind. On 5 October, a maintenance crew scuttled UB-10 off the Zeebrugge Mole at position 51°21′N 3°12′E  /  51.350°N 3.200°E  / 51.350; 3.200 . Type UB I submarine The Type UB I submarine (sometimes known as the UB-1 class ) was a class of small coastal submarines ( U-boats ) built in Germany at

8091-402: Was replaced with modern xenon arc lamp projection systems (starting in 1963 in the U.S.). In industrial settings where harmonic cancellation, frequency conversion, or line isolation is needed, MG sets remain a popular solution. A useful feature of motor–generators is that they can handle large short-term overloads better than semiconductor devices of the same average load rating. Consider that

8184-415: Was succeeded by Oblt.z.S. Reinhold Saltzwedel in command of UB-10 . Steinbrinck, who went on to command three more U-boats during the war— UB-18 , UC-65 , and UB-57 —continued the successes he had in command of UB-10 . He was fifth among the top-scoring German submarine commanders of the war, with a tally of 210,000 tons of shipping to his credit. Saltzwedel, Steinbrinck's 26-year-old replacement,

8277-458: Was taken on, plunge to the depths. When UB-15 torpedoed and sank Medusa in June 1915, the tank failed to properly compensate, forcing the entire crew to run to the stern to offset the trim imbalance. Despite the problems, the "tin tadpoles", as the Germans referred to them, were in active service from March 1915 through the end of the war, with half of the 20 boats lost during the war. Boats of

8370-588: Was the second largest sunk by UB-10 . Early the next month, Gregor led the boat in sinking three more fishing vessels: the Belgian Jeannot and the British Unity on the 5th; and the British Rosary on the 6th. These were the last ships sunk by UB-10 . UB-10 and three sister boats, UB-12 , UB-16 , and UB-17 , were all converted to minelaying submarines by 1918. The conversion involved removing

8463-532: Was to intercept and attack the British light forces from Harwich , should they sortie north to join the battle. Unfortunately for the Germans, the British Admiralty had intelligence reports of the departure of the submarines which, coupled with an absence of attacks on shipping, aroused British suspicions. A delayed departure of the German High Seas Fleet for its sortie (which had been redirected to

8556-561: Was torpedoed 3 nautical miles (5.6 km; 3.5 mi) from the Blankeney Buoy. A contemporary news account reported that Rosalie had been beached, but was apparently irreparably damaged; all her crew, however, was saved. On 11 August, one day after sinking Rosalie , Steinbrinck and the crew of UB-10 bettered their 30 June activities by sinking ten fishing smacks off Cromer . All ten ships, which ranged in size from 41 to 62 tons, were boarded and sunk by explosives. With these ten ships,

8649-511: Was transferred to the Bulgarian Navy in May 1916, she was renamed Podvodnik No. 18 (in Cyrillic : Подводник No. 18 ). She was Bulgaria's first submarine, and was engaged primarily in coastal defense duties off Bulgaria's main Black Sea port of Varna . Podvodnik No. 18 survived the war and was ceded to France after the Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine . Twenty Type UB I submarines were built, 17 for

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