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81-544: SM City Pampanga is located along Jose Abad Santos Avenue (formerly Olongapo-Gapan Road), corner North Luzon Expressway , Barangay San Jose, City of San Fernando , and Barangay Lagundi, Mexico . The mall's east wing (Building 4) is located along the Jose Abad Santos Avenue, Barangay Lagundi, Mexico, Pampanga. On the rest of the mall complex, (Annex 1, Main Mall and Annex 2) is located on the same road but this time part of

162-614: A state of war in these provinces and placed them under martial law . These were Manila, Bulacan , Cavite, Pampanga, Tarlac , Laguna , Batangas , and Nueva Ecija . They would later be represented in the eight rays of the sun in the Filipino flag . Emilio Aguinaldo and the Katipuneros of Cavite were the most successful of the rebels and they controlled most of their province by September–October. They defended their territories with trenches designed by Edilberto Evangelista . Many of

243-615: A different alignment from Guagua to Mexico that currently exists as the San Antonio–Floridablanca Road, San Fernando–Lubao Road, Capitol Boulevard, and Consunji Road. After the end of the War, the Philippine Government rehabilitated and repaired the whole road, paving all of the highway. New bridges were constructed, shoulders were improved and some facilities were added. The highway's new alignment from Guagua to Mexico

324-814: A few meters after the said exit and continues on a zigzag pattern before passing through residential areas within Olongapo. The road then enters the city proper of Olongapo, where it is locally known as Rizal Avenue, and continues towards National Highway ( N306 ) at its terminus at the Ulo ng Apo Rotonda. This entire route is located in Central Luzon . Intersections are numbered by kilometer posts, with Rizal Park in Manila designated as kilometer zero .  The Jose Abad Santos Avenue spans for about 118 kilometers (73 mi), thus, many establishments and landmarks are built alongside

405-453: A general offensive on Manila and was defeated in battle at the town of San Juan del Monte . He regrouped his forces and was able to briefly capture the towns of Marikina , San Mateo and Montalbán . Spanish counterattacks drove him back and he retreated to the heights of Balara and Morong and from there engaged in guerrilla warfare . By August 30, the revolt had spread to eight provinces. On that date, Governor-General Ramón Blanco declared

486-583: A larger fleet comprising both Spanish and a majority Visayan force, taking a month to bring these forces to bear due to slow speed of local ships. This large force caused the surrender of neighboring Tondo . An attempt by some local leaders, known as the Tondo Conspiracy , to defeat the Spanish was repelled. Legazpi renamed Maynila Nueva Castilla , and declared it the capital of the Philippines, and thus of

567-574: A national identity. This was compounded by a Mexican of Filipino descent, Isidoro Montes de Oca , becoming captain-general to the revolutionary leader Vicente Guerrero during the Mexican War of Independence. The Insulares had become increasingly Filipino and called themselves Los hijos del país (lit. "sons of the country"). Among the early proponents of Filipino nationalism were the Insulares Padre Pedro Peláez , who fought for

648-575: A second settlement on the bank of the Panay River . In 1570, Legazpi sent his grandson, Juan de Salcedo , who had arrived from Mexico in 1567, to Mindoro to punish the Muslim Moro pirates who had been plundering Panay villages. Salcedo also destroyed forts on the islands of Ilin and Lubang , respectively south and northwest of Mindoro. In 1570, Martín de Goiti , having been dispatched by Legazpi to Luzon, conquered Maynila . Legazpi followed with

729-576: A single unified administration. From 1565 to 1821, the Philippines was governed as part of the Mexico-based Viceroyalty of New Spain, later administered from Madrid following the Mexican War of Independence . Administration of the Philippine islands were considered a drain on the economy of Spain, and there were debates about abandoning it or trading it for some other territory. However, this

810-482: A small river boat to Butuán . However, Dutch aid did not materialize or have objects to provide them. The authorities from Manila issued a general pardon, and many of the Filipinos in the mountains surrendered. The demands of these wars has been regarded as a potential cause of population decline. In August 1759, Charles III ascended the Spanish throne. At the time, Great Britain and France were at war, in what

891-608: A straight route, with its city proper being visible from the highway, with another flyover named Lazatin Flyover through Lazatin Boulevard. A few meters past the flyover is San Fernando Central Transport Terminal. The city's welcome sign could be located on this portion and after it, the highway enters Bacolor . Upon entering Bacolor, the road turns eastward and passes through the lahar -filled Pasig-Potrero River. It passes through Bacolor town proper, with its parish church being visible from

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972-669: Is designated as National Route 3 ( N3 ) of the Philippine highway network . Jose Abad Santos Avenue is named in honor of José Abad Santos , Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines , who was executed by the Japanese invading forces during World War II . Abad Santos was born in San Fernando, Pampanga , through which the road passes. The avenue's former names once varied, suggesting its segments between two adjacent provinces. It

1053-561: Is the biggest South Korean horror film , Train to Busan 2: Peninsula . Jose Abad Santos Avenue Jose Abad Santos Avenue ( JASA ), also known as the Olongapo–Gapan Road and the Gapan–San Fernando–Olongapo Road , is a two-to-thirteen-lane 118-kilometer (73 mi) major highway spanning the provinces of Bataan , Nueva Ecija , Pampanga , and Zambales in Central Luzon , Philippines. The highway

1134-563: Is the second branch of the said amusement park after its first branch in Tagaytay . Upon the closure of cinemas since March 2020 amidst the COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines , SM Cinema opened up a drive-in-cinema dubbed as SM Cinema: Movies at Sundown on July 31, 2020, located at the mall's amphitheater, with the ticket prices starting at 400 pesos, and must be purchased through SM Tickets website. The first film to be shown in this drive-in-cinema

1215-777: The City of San Fernando . The mall is adjacent to both the San Fernando Exit of the North Luzon Expressway and to the Robinsons Starmills Pampanga. The mall opened on November 11, 2000. An annex (building 2) was added in October 2002. Annex 3 (building 3), added 99,439 square meters to the mall's gross floor area. The newest annex (Building 4) opened in October 2007 with an additional 16,700 square meters of floor area. Sky Ranch Pampanga opened on November 30, 2014, and it

1296-620: The Dutch Republic , as part of the Eighty Years' War . Although the Spanish forces consisted of just two Manila galleons and a galley with crews composed mainly of Filipino volunteers, against three separate Dutch squadrons, totaling eighteen ships, the Dutch squadrons were severely defeated in all fronts by the Spanish-Filipino forces, forcing the Dutch to abandon their plans for an invasion of

1377-602: The Insulares came out with Indios agraviados , a manifesto defending the Filipino against discriminatory remarks. The tension between the Insulares and Peninsulares erupted into the failed revolts of Novales and the Cavite mutiny of 1872, which resulted in the deportation of prominent Filipino nationalists to the Marianas and Europe , who would continue the fight for liberty through

1458-512: The Katipunan . A rivalry developed between himself and Marcelo Hilario del Pilar for the leadership of La Solidaridad and the reform movement in Europe. Majority of the expatriates supported the leadership of del Pilar. Rizal then returned to the Philippines to organize La Liga Filipina and bring the reform movement to Philippine soil. He was arrested just a few days after founding the league. Rizal

1539-608: The New World , effectively legalizing a more oppressive conquest. Although slavery had been abolished in the Spanish Empire , it took around a century for it to be fully abolished in the Philippines due to the pre-colonial alipin system of slavery already existing in the islands. Due to conflict with the Portuguese , who blockaded Cebu in 1568 , and persistent supply shortages, in 1569 Legazpi transferred to Panay and founded

1620-527: The Pampanga River . Since Nueva Ecija, Bulacan, and Rizal (including cities now part of Metro Manila ) were readily accessible because the road networks to those locations existed, the empire could not access the provinces of Zambales and Bataan. Through the years, they developed land tracks accessible by foot and small wagons pulled by horses. When the Spanish colonials came in the Philippines, they developed

1701-551: The Peninsulares , whom the Insulares regarded as foreigners. The Spanish American wars of independence and renewed immigration led to shifts in social identity, with the term Filipino shifting from referring to Spaniards born in the Iberian Peninsula and in the Philippines to a term encompassing all people in the archipelago. This identity shift was driven by wealthy families of mixed ancestry, for which it developed into

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1782-470: The Propaganda Movement . The Cavite Mutiny implicated the priests Mariano Gomez , José Burgos , and Jacinto Zamora (see Gomburza ), whose executions would influence the subversive activities of the next generation of Filipino nationalists, among them José Rizal, who then dedicated his novel El filibusterismo to these priests. A national public school system was introduced in 1863. After

1863-474: The Visayas at the time of the first Spanish missions is estimated as between 1 and 1.5 million, overall density being low. Philip II, whose name has remained attached to the islands, ordered and oversaw the conquest and colonization of the Philippines. On November 19 or 20, 1564, a Spanish expedition of a mere 500 men led by Miguel López de Legazpi departed Barra de Navidad (modern Mexican state of Jalisco ) in

1944-485: The 1570s, the Spanish traders were troubled to some extent by Japanese pirates, but peaceful trading relations were established between the Philippines and Japan by 1590. Japan's kampaku ( regent ) Toyotomi Hideyoshi , demanded unsuccessfully on several occasions that the Philippines submit to Japan's suzerainty . On February 8, 1597, Philip II, near the end of his 42-year reign, issued a Royal Cedula instructing Francisco de Tello de Guzmán , then Governor-General of

2025-457: The 17th century, far outnumbering civilian arrivals. Most of these soldiers were criminals and young boys rather than men of character. Hardship for the colonizing soldiers contributed to looting and enslavement, despite the entreaties of representatives of the church who accompanied them. In 1568, the Spanish Crown permitted the establishment of the encomienda system that it was abolishing in

2106-506: The 200-year-old fortifications in Manila did not see significant change after being first built by the early Spanish colonizers. Some Japanese ships visited the Philippines in the 1570s in order to export Japanese silver and import Philippine gold . Later, increasing imports of silver from New World sources resulted in Japanese exports to the Philippines shifting from silver to consumer goods. In

2187-572: The British confidence in eventual victory. The surrender by Archbishop Rojo was rejected as illegal by Don Simón de Anda y Salazar , who claimed the title of Governor-General under the statutes of the Council of the Indies . He led Spanish-Filipino forces that kept the British confined to Manila and sabotaged or crushed British-fomented revolts, such as the revolt by Diego Silang . Anda intercepted and redirected

2268-613: The European population, which before was reserved only for indigenous Filipinos. During its rule, Spain quelled various indigenous revolts , as well as defending against external military challenges. The Spanish considered their war with the Muslims in Southeast Asia an extension of the Reconquista . War against the Dutch from the west, in the 17th century, together with conflict with

2349-814: The Europeans as well, as the majority of Filipinos are native Austronesians. Spain maintained a presence in towns and cities. At the immediate south of Manila, Mexicans were present at Ermita and at Cavite , where they were stationed as sentries. In addition, men conscripted from Peru , were also sent to settle Zamboanga City in Mindanao , to wage war upon Muslim defenders. There were also communities of Spanish- Mestizos that developed in Iloilo , Negros , and Vigan . Interactions between indigenous Filipinos and immigrant Spaniards along with Latin Americans eventually caused

2430-519: The First, Second and Third Battles of Playa Honda . The second battle is the most famous and celebrated of the three, with nearly even forces (10 ships vs 10 ships), resulting in the Dutch losing their flagship and retreating. Only the third battle of 1624 resulted in a Dutch naval victory. In 1646, a series of five naval actions known as the Battles of La Naval de Manila was fought between the forces of Spain and

2511-680: The French and American Revolutions. The new economy gave rise to a new middle class in the Philippines. In the mid-19th century, the Suez Canal was opened which made the Philippines easier to reach from Spain. The small increase of Peninsulares from the Iberian Peninsula threatened the secularization of the Philippine churches . In state affairs, the Criollos , known locally as Insulares (lit. "islanders"), were displaced from government positions by

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2592-712: The Liberals won the Spanish Revolution of 1868 , Carlos María de la Torre was sent to the Philippines to serve as governor-general (1869–1871). He was one of the most loved governors-general in the Philippines because of the reforms he implemented. At one time, his supporters, including Padre Burgos and Joaquín Pardo de Tavera, serenaded him in front of the Malacañan Palace . Following the Bourbon Restoration in Spain and

2673-478: The Manila galleon trade to prevent further captures by the British. The failure of the British to consolidate their position led to troop desertions and a breakdown of command unity which left the British forces paralysed and in an increasingly precarious position. The Seven Years' War was ended by the Peace of Paris signed on February 10, 1763. At the time of signing the treaty, the signatories were not aware that Manila

2754-585: The Muslims in the south nearly bankrupted the colonial treasury. Moros from western Mindanao and the Sulu Archipelago also raided the coastal Christian areas of Luzon and the Visayas. Settlers had to fight off the Chinese pirates (who lay siege to Manila, the most famous of which was Limahong in 1573). There were three naval actions fought between Dutch corsairs and Spanish forces in 1610, 1617 and 1624, known as

2835-596: The Philippines (NGCP) to San Fernando Exit of North Luzon Expressway (NLEx) and Hermosa–Calaguiman line from NGCP Hermosa Substation in Hermosa to Layac Junction in Dinalupihan. The San Fernando segment of the Hermosa–Duhat–Balintawak line itself is undergoing relocation since February 2011 to alleviate heavy traffic along the avenue due to the presence of its electric poles standing on the highway itself, and to pave

2916-829: The Philippines from 1565 to 1898 is known as the Spanish colonial period , during which the Philippine Islands were ruled as the Captaincy General of the Philippines within the Spanish East Indies , initially under the Viceroyalty of New Spain , based in Mexico City , until the independence of the Mexican Empire from Spain in 1821. This resulted in direct Spanish control during a period of governmental instability there. The first documented European contact with

2997-432: The Philippines to fulfill the laws of tributes and to provide for restitution of ill-gotten taxes taken from indigenous Filipinos . The decree was published in Manila on August 5, 1598. King Philip died on September 13, just forty days after the publication of the decree, but his death was not known in the Philippines until middle of 1599, by which time a referendum by which indigenous Filipinos would acknowledge Spanish rule

3078-497: The Philippines had been prohibited from trading with nations other than Spain, the demand led Spain, under Governor-General José Basco, to open the ports to international trade as both as a source of raw materials and as a market for manufactured goods. Following the opening of Philippine ports to world trade in 1834, shifts started occurring within Filipino society. The decline of the Manila Galleon trade contributed to shifts in

3159-470: The Philippines was made in 1521 by Ferdinand Magellan in his circumnavigation expedition , during which he was killed in the Battle of Mactan . Forty-four years later, a Spanish expedition led by Miguel López de Legazpi left modern Mexico and began the Spanish conquest of the Philippines in the late 16th century. Legazpi's expedition arrived in the Philippines in 1565, a year after an earnest intent to colonize

3240-484: The Philippines. The mass deportation of nationalists to the Marianas and Europe in 1872 led to a Filipino expatriate community of reformers in Europe. The community grew with the next generation of Ilustrados studying in European universities. They allied themselves with Spanish liberals, notably Spanish senator Miguel Morayta Sagrario, and founded the newspaper La Solidaridad . During this time, Spain institutionalized

3321-467: The Philippines. On June 6, 1647, Dutch vessels were sighted near Mariveles Island. In spite of the preparations, the Spanish had only one galleon (the San Diego ) and two galleys ready to engage the enemy. The Dutch had twelve major vessels. On June 12, the armada attacked the Spanish port of Cavite. The battle lasted eight hours, and the Spanish believed they had done much damage to the enemy flagship and

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3402-532: The Spanish made peace with the Joloans, and then also withdrew. There was also an unsuccessful attack on Zamboanga in 1648. That year the Dutch promised the natives of Mindanao that they would return in 1649 with aid in support of a revolt against the Spanish. Several revolts did break out, the most serious being in the village of Lindáo. There most of the Spaniards were killed, and the survivors were forced to flee in

3483-419: The Spanish throne. Philip was in Brussels at the time and his return to Spain was delayed until 1559 because of European politics and wars in northern Europe. Shortly after his return to Spain, Philip ordered an expedition mounted to the Spice Islands , stating that its purpose was "to discover the islands of the west". In reality its task was to conquer the Philippines for Spain. The population of Luzon and

3564-469: The Viceroyalty of New Spain , arriving off Cebu on February 13, 1565, conquering it despite Cebuano opposition. Approximately 200-400 of these men were Tlaxcallan soldiers, having allied themselves with Spain during the Spanish conquest of Mexico . Some of the Tlaxcallans settled permanently on the islands, and numerous Nahuatl words were absorbed into the Filipino languages . More than 15,000 soldiers arrived from New Spain as new migrants during

3645-487: The avenue is commonly referred to by its acronym JASA ; however, its old name is still used. However, the avenue's segment in Olongapo city proper is a part of and locally known as Rizal Avenue, after the Philippine national hero Dr. José Rizal , for being the road that leads to Manila . Jose Abad Santos Avenue traces its roots to the pre-colonial period . The Kapampangan empire expanded their trade throughout Central Luzon, but were forced to create roads adjacent to

3726-586: The avenue, the highway underwent widening which added more lanes to accommodate more vehicles using the road. Today, Olongapo–Gapan Road, now called Jose Abad Santos Avenue and designated as National Route 3 of the Philippine highway network , is the most significant toll-free road that connects Nueva Ecija , Pampanga , Bataan , and Zambales . The road passes to Gapan , San Isidro , and Cabiao in Nueva Ecija, Arayat , Santa Ana , Mexico , City of San Fernando , Bacolor , Guagua , and Lubao in Pampanga, Hermosa and Dinalupihan in Bataan, and finally to

3807-408: The business of human zoos against Filipinos, adding flame to the call of revolution, as indigenous Filipinos were taken by the Spanish and displayed as animals for white audiences. Among the reformers was José Rizal, who wrote two novels while in Europe. His novels were considered the most influential of the Illustrados' writings, causing further unrest in the islands, particularly the founding of

3888-498: The city of Olongapo in Zambales. The highway also serves a major utility corridor, carrying various high voltage overhead power lines through densely populated areas where acquisition and designation of right of way or power line alignment and lands for their associated structures is impractical. Notable power lines using the highway's right of way for most or part of their route are the Hermosa–Duhat–Balintawak transmission line from Hermosa Substation of National Grid Corporation of

3969-417: The country, which was during the reign of Philip II of Spain , whose name has remained attached to the country . The Spanish colonial period ended with the defeat of Spain by the United States in the Spanish–American War and the Treaty of Paris on December 10, 1898, which marked the beginning of the American colonial era of Philippine history. The Spaniards had been exploring the Philippines since

4050-409: The domestic economy. Communal land became privatized to meet international demand for agricultural products, which led to the formal opening of the ports of Manila, Iloilo , and Cebu to international trade. The development of the Philippines as a source of raw materials and as a market for European manufactures created much local wealth. Many Filipinos prospered. Everyday Filipinos also benefited from

4131-543: The early 16th century. Ferdinand Magellan , a Portuguese navigator in charge of a Spanish expedition to circumnavigate the globe, was killed by warriors of datu Lapulapu at the Battle of Mactan . In 1543, Ruy López de Villalobos arrived at the islands of Leyte and Samar and named them Las Islas Filipinas in honor of Philip II of Spain , at the time Prince of Asturias . Philip became King of Spain on January 16, 1556, when his father, Charles I of Spain (who also reigned as Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor ), abdicated

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4212-401: The educated ilustrado class such as Antonio Luna and Apolinario Mabini did not initially favor an armed revolution. José Rizal himself, whom the rebels took inspiration from and had consulted beforehand, disapproved of a premature revolution. He was arrested, tried and executed for treason, sedition and conspiracy on December 30, 1896. Before his arrest he had issued a statement disavowing

4293-412: The formation of a new language, Chavacano , a creole of Mexican Spanish . They depended on the galleon trade for a living. In the later years of the 18th century, Governor-General José Basco introduced economic reforms that gave the colony its first significant internal source income from the production of tobacco and other agricultural exports. In this later period, agriculture was finally opened to

4374-445: The fortified monastery, taking prisoners and executing almost 200 Filipino defenders. The governor ordered solemn funeral rites for the dead and payments to their widows and orphans. There was an expedition the following year that arrived in Jolo in July. The Dutch had formed an alliance with an anti-Spanish king, Salicala. The Spanish garrison on the island was small, but survived a Dutch bombardment. The Dutch finally withdrew, and

4455-435: The highway. It continues on a straight direction, intersects with Guagua-Santa Rita Provincial Road and San Antonio-Siran Road, turns westward, and enters Lubao after passing the second road mentioned before. It continues straightforward, passing through residential areas and establishments within the municipality and parallels the Lubao Old National Road. It then enters Bataan through the Pampanga Welcome marker and traverses

4536-422: The highway. This landmarks are malls, historical sites, government facilities, and many more other establishments. Two major shopping malls along the road are SM City Pampanga , the second largest mall in Northern and Central Luzon, and Robinsons Starmills Pampanga. History of the Philippines (1521%E2%80%931898) Events/Artifacts (north to south) Events/Artifacts Artifacts The history of

4617-435: The late 16th century the population of Manila grew even as the population of Spanish settlements in the Visayas decreased. In time, the Spanish successfully took over the different local states one by one . Under Spanish rule, disparate barangays were deliberately consolidated into towns , where Catholic missionaries were more easily able to convert the inhabitants to Christianity . The missionaries converted most of

4698-410: The lowland inhabitants to Christianity. They also founded schools, a university, hospitals, and churches. To defend their settlements, the Spaniards constructed and manned a network of military fortresses across the archipelago. Slavery was also abolished. As a result of these policies the Philippine population increased exponentially. Spanish rule brought most of what is now the Philippines into

4779-500: The municipalities of Arayat , Santa Ana , and Mexico before entering San Fernando. The road turns west at the Santo Domingo Circle in Santa Ana and turns south at its intersection with Arayat–Mexico Road in Mexico poblacion . In The SM City Pampanga and Robinson Starmills malls can be seen on a boundary between Mexico and City of San Fernando. It intersects with North Luzon Expressway after passing these two malls. It crosses MacArthur Highway through Dolores Flyover, continues on

4860-454: The municipalities of Hermosa and Dinalupihan , where it turns right at the Layac Junction. It then bypasses the poblacion , turns westward, and crosses below the Subic–Clark–Tarlac Expressway (SCTEX). It then parallels into it, continues on a straight direction, passings through barangays San Benito, Colo, Naparing, Happy Valley, and Roosevelt National Park Protected Area, and the eastern end of Subic Freeport Expressway . It enters Zambales

4941-478: The mutual recognition of Spanish claim to the Philippines as well as Portugal's claim to the Spice Islands (Moluccas) . In 1573, Japan expanded its trade in northern Luzon. In 1580, the Japanese lord Tay Fusa established the independent wokou Tay Fusa state in non-colonial Cagayan . When the Spanish arrived in the area, they subjugated the settlement, resulting in the 1582 Cagayan battles . With time, Cebu's importance fell as power shifted north to Luzon. In

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5022-404: The new economy with the rapid increase in demand for labor and availability of business opportunities. Some Europeans immigrated to the Philippines to join the wealth wagon, among them Jacobo Zobel, patriarch of today's Zobel de Ayala family and prominent figure in the rise of Filipino nationalism. Their scions studied in the best universities of Europe where they learned the ideals of liberty from

5103-496: The objective of the Philippines seceding from the Spanish Empire. By 1896, the Katipunan had a membership by the thousands. That same year, the existence of the Katipunan was discovered by the colonial authorities. In late August, Katipuneros gathered in Caloocan and declared the start of the revolution. The event is now known as the Cry of Balintawak or the Cry of Pugad Lawin , due to conflicting historical traditions and official government positions. Andrés Bonifacio called for

5184-401: The other vessels. The Spanish ships were not badly damaged and casualties were low. However, nearly every roof in the Spanish settlement was damaged by cannon fire, which particularly concentrated on the cathedral. On June 19, the armada was split, with six ships sailing for the shipyard of Mindoro and the other six remaining in Manila Bay . The Dutch next attacked Pampanga , where they captured

5265-426: The removal of the Liberals from power, de la Torre was recalled and replaced by Governor-General Izquierdo , who vowed to rule with an iron fist. Revolutionary sentiments were stoked in 1872 after three activist Catholic priests were executed on weak pretences. This would inspire a propaganda movement in Spain, organized by Marcelo H. del Pilar , José Rizal, and Mariano Ponce , lobbying for political reforms in

5346-414: The rest of the Spanish East Indies , which also encompassed Spanish territories in Asia and the Pacific . Legazpi became the country's first governor-general. Though the fledgling Legazpi-led administration was initially small and vulnerable to elimination by Portuguese and Chinese invaders, the merging of the Spanish and Portuguese crowns under the Iberian Union of 1580-1640 helped make permanent

5427-456: The revolution, but in his farewell poem Mi último adiós he wrote that dying in battle for the sake of one's country was just as patriotic as his own impending death. While the revolution spread throughout the provinces, Aguinaldo's Katipuneros declared the existence of an insurgent government in October regardless of Bonifacio's Katipunan, which he had already converted into an insurgent government with him as president in August. Bonifacio

5508-495: The road built by the old empire. They widened the road, constructed wooden bridges, and connected it to Olongapo , a very vital location which enabled them to easily access Subic Bay, the site of their naval base . When the Americans came, they paved the Olongapo Gapan Road and constructed concrete bridges. The longest is the one that traverses the Pampanga River . These actions enabled them to connect their Clark Air Base and their Naval Base in Subic Bay. Greater improvements on

5589-432: The road were made in this period. When World War II started, the Olongapo–Gapan Road was blockaded, halting transportation throughout the entire span of the road. The Japanese bombed the road to stop the Americans and Filipinos from the fortification of different bases in Central Luzon . During this time, the road was part of Highway 7 from Olongapo to San Fernando and Highway 10 from San Fernando to Gapan . It used

5670-471: The secularization of Philippine churches and expulsion of the friars, Padre José Burgos whose execution influenced the national hero José Rizal , and Joaquín Pardo de Tavera who fought for retention of government positions by natives, regardless of race. In retaliation to the rise of Filipino nationalism, the friars called the Indios (possibly referring to Insulares and mestizos as well) indolent and unfit for government and church positions. In response,

5751-471: The way for the expansion of some segments of the avenue, particularly at Barangay Dolores. The road starts on Pan-Philippine Highway ( N1 /AH26) in the city of Gapan in Nueva Ecija. It enters San Isidro where the road turns westward. A few meters is Cabiao where the road continues straightforward, again turning westward then eastward, entering Pampanga , and passes through Pampanga River . It then passes through residential areas and institutions within

5832-465: The wider population. Though they collectively had significant impact on Filipino society, assimilation erased prior caste differences between them and, in time, the importance of their national origin. However, according to genetic studies, the Philippines remained largely unaffected by admixture with Europeans. Latin Americans outnumbered Europeans, the Spanish in general, and the Chinese outnumbered

5913-683: Was built, diverting it away from the town propers of Guagua, Bacolor, and San Fernando. Due to the Mount Pinatubo eruption and its resulting lahars caused by heavy rains from 1991 to 1995 , the highway's Bacolor and Magliman, San Fernando portions were buried in lahar and many bridges were destroyed. At the aftermath of the disaster, these sections were rehabilitated, which involved building new roads and bridges and construction of an embankment which made their elevation become higher to withstand further lahar flows. In recent years especially after lahars from Mount Pinatubo eruption buried some sections of

5994-711: Was elected as the new leader of the revolution. On March 22, 1897, the convention established the Tejeros Revolutionary Government. Bonifacio refused to recognize this and, with others, concluded the Naic Military Agreement . This led to his execution for treason in May 1897. On November 1, the Tejeros government was supplanted by the Republic of Biak-na-Bato . By December 1897, the revolution had resulted in

6075-594: Was eventually executed on December 30, 1896, on charges of rebellion. This radicalized many who had previously been loyal to Spain. As attempts at reform met with resistance, in 1892, Radical members of the La Liga Filipina, which included Andrés Bonifacio and Deodato Arellano , founded the Kataastaasan Kagalanggalang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan (KKK), called simply the Katipunan, which had

6156-577: Was formerly known as Bataan–Pampanga Road , Nueva Ecija–Pampanga Road , and the Dinalupihan–Olongapo (Bataan–Zambales) segment of Angeles–Porac–Olongapo Road , respectively. The segment between Olongapo and Dinalupihan, Bataan, is also known as Olongapo–Bataan Road . The entire stretch was formerly called Olongapo–Gapan Road and Gapan–San Fernando–Olongapo Road (GSO Road). The name was changed in line with Republic Act No. 9477 signed by President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo on May 22, 2007. Nowadays,

6237-612: Was invited to Cavite to mediate between Aguinaldo's rebels, the Magdalo , and their rivals the Magdiwang , both chapters of the Katipunan. There he became embroiled in discussions whether to replace the Katipunan with an insurgent government of the Cavite rebels' design. This internal dispute led to the Tejeros Convention and an election in which Bonifacio lost his position and Emilio Aguinaldo

6318-493: Was later called the Seven Years' War . British forces occupied Manila from 1762 to 1764, however they were unable to extend their conquest outside of Manila as the Filipinos stayed loyal to the remaining Spanish community outside Manila. Spanish colonial forces kept the British confined to Manila. Catholic Archbishop Manuel Rojo , who had been captured by the British, executed a document of surrender on October 30, 1762, giving

6399-438: Was opposed for a number of reasons, including economic potential, security, and the desire to continue religious conversion in the islands and the surrounding region. The Philippines survived on an annual subsidy provided by the Spanish Crown, which averaged 250,000 pesos and was usually paid through the provision of 75 tons of silver bullion being sent from Spanish America on the Manila galleons . Financial constraints meant

6480-404: Was under British occupation and was being administered as a British colony. Consequently, no specific provision was made for the Philippines. Instead they fell under the general provision that all other lands not otherwise provided for be returned to the Spanish Crown. As industrialization spread throughout Europe and North America in the 19th century, demands for raw materials increased. Although

6561-568: Was underway. With the completion of the Philippine referendum of 1599, Spain could be said to have established legitimate sovereignty over the Philippines. During the initial period of colonialization, Manila was settled by 1,200 Spanish families. In Cebu City , at the Visayas, the settlement received a total of 2,100 soldier-settlers from New Spain, beginning Mexican settlement in the Philippines . Spanish forces included soldiers from elsewhere in New Spain, many of whom deserted and intermingled with

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