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77-750: The SALJ was established in Grahamstown in 1884, making it one year older than England's Law Quarterly Review and three years older than the Harvard Law Review . Its first 17 volumes were published under the title Cape Law Journal , before its name was changed to the South African Law Journal in 1901. The SALJ was edited for much of its history at the University of the Witwatersrand Law School, first by Bobby Hahlo, and then for

154-647: A Dutch interpreter on a journey that took them to the Orange River and into the Xhosa country. Inclined to pursue a military career, Andries accompanied the expedition sent in 1810 to inform Ndlambe, the Rharhabe paramount chief, of the government's aim to expel him from the Zuurveld . In the 19th century, the Cape frontier was afflicted by a recurring series of Frontier Wars , between

231-460: A black horizontal stripe, and three golden rings on a red triangle). The crest was changed to a plume of ostrich feathers issuing from a golden mural crown, and the supporters were differenced by placing an escallop on each shoulder. In 2017, Makana Revive! an independent civil society organisation was formed. During the first quarter of 2018, Makana Revive made national news when it spearheaded an initiative to repair failing infrastructure and improve

308-576: A few decades it became the Cape Colony 's largest town after Cape Town . It became a bishopric in 1852. It was traditionally the capital and cultural centre of the Albany area , a district that was traditionally English-speaking and had a distinctive local culture. In 1872, the Cape Government Railways began construction of the railway line linking Grahamstown to Port Alfred on the coast and to

385-705: A further crisis, but Earl Grey, the Secretary for the Colonies, declined to take action. Stockenström's response to what he perceived as the incompetence of direct imperial control was to back calls for the Cape Colony to get greater local control over its affairs, through the institution of elected representative government. Stockenström, who had been created a baronet in 1840, used his military pension to support his drive for an elected parliament. When Governor Smith called an election in 1850 (the only one of its kind) to get around

462-406: A growing sympathy with his Xhosa opponents. The frontier policy of the colonial government at the time was the so-called "Reprisals System", whereby frontier settlers were permitted to cross the border to reclaim stolen cattle from any Xhosa settlement to which the cattle-tracks led – even if the stolen cattle were not in fact there. Stockenström was fiercely opposed to this system. His opinion that

539-559: A major centre for journalism training, Rhodes University also hosts two student newspapers, Activate , established in 1947, and The Oppidan Press , a student initiative launched in 2007 that caters mainly to the student population living off-campus. With the establishment of the Union of South Africa the Grahamstown High Court became a Local Division of the newly formed Supreme Court of South Africa (under Cape Town). On 28 June 1957,

616-503: A nearby mountain ridge. The meeting was initially tense - the fathers of both Sarhili and Stockenström had been killed whilst unarmed. Both men were also veterans of several frontier wars against each other and, while they treated each other with extreme respect, Stockenström nonetheless made the extreme demand that Sarhili assume responsibility for any future Ngqika attacks. After protracted negotiations, Sarhili agreed to return any raided cattle & other property and to relinquish claims to

693-796: A period of over forty years by Ellison Kahn. Its current managing editor is Graham Glover ( Rhodes University ). Its full list of managing editors is: Notable foreign contributors to the SALJ include Lord Denning , Frank Michelman , Kent Roach , William Wade , and Reinhard Zimmermann . Notable South African-born contributors include Edwin Cameron , Arthur Chaskalson , Michael Corbett , Jacob de Villiers , John Dugard , Bob Hepple , Lord Hoffmann , Tony Honoré , Sydney Kentridge , John Gilbert Kotzé , Pius Langa , R. W. Lee, Harold Luntz , Dikgang Moseneke , Etienne Mureinik , Kate O'Regan , Oliver Schreiner , Barend van Niekerk , Raymond Wacks , and Rex Welsh. It

770-420: A severe drought effected the region, causing an increasing in cross-border cattle raiding. This, together with the growing neglect of Stockenström's treaty system, began to lead to growing violence along the frontier. In 1844, the new governor of the Cape, Sir Peregrine Maitland , abolished Stockenström's treaty system altogether, imposing instead a unilateral system of more severe treaties. Certain provisions of

847-685: A significant role in the Cape by lobbying for Ordinance 50 (1828) to grant the right to own land to the Khoikhoi and all other free black inhabitants of the Cape. A project that led to his later establishing of the Kat River Khoi Settlement. In 1827 the Council of Advice was enlarged to include two unofficial members, and in June that year Stockenström was appointed to fill one of these positions. Early in 1829 Major-General Richard Bourke , who had arrived in

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924-571: A sitting of the Cape Colony legislature (a move to defuse a call for the creation of a separate colony). Grahamstown had its own municipality until 2000. Since then, it has expanded into the Makana Local Municipality in the Cacadu District . From 2012, the Makana Local Municipality was unable to reliably provide water to its citizens. The crisis continued to grow during 2013. In 2013, South Africa's minister of water Edna Molewa

1001-786: Is also host to the Puku Story Festival since 2013 presented by the Puku Children's Literature Foundation. The festival was created in partnership with the National Arts Festival and the African Studies Department at Rhodes University with the aim to facilitate access to literature and educational/recreational materials in Xhosa. The town is home to the oldest surviving independent newspaper in South Africa. Grocott's Mail

1078-1001: Is home to Rhodes University , the South African National Library for the Blind , the National English Literary Museum , the South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity (formerly the JLB Smith Institute), the International Library of African Music (ILAM), the Albany Museum , and the Institute for the Study of English in Africa. A number of palaeontological discoveries made from Waterloo Farm in

1155-572: Is home to more than forty religious buildings and is nicknamed the "City of Saints". According to one story recorded by H. V. Morton , The town earned its nickname from Royal Engineers stationed in Grahamstown in 1846 who were in need of building tools. They sent a message to Cape Town requesting a vice to be forwarded to them from the Ordnance Stores. A reply came back, 'Buy vice locally'. The response was, "No vice in Grahamstown". According to

1232-755: Is situated about 125 kilometres (80 mi) northeast of Gqeberha and 160 kilometres (100 mi) southwest of East London . It is the largest town in the Makana Local Municipality , and the seat of the municipal council. It also hosts Rhodes University , the Eastern Cape Division of the High Court , the South African Library for the Blind (SALB), a diocese of the Anglican Church of Southern Africa , and 6 South African Infantry Battalion . Furthermore, located approximately 3 km south-east of

1309-458: Is the largest Arts festival in Africa and sees some of the leading talent on the South African and international art scene arriving in the town for a celebration of culture and artistic expression. South Africa's National Science Festival, was established in 1996 to promote the public awareness, understanding and appreciation of science, technology, engineering, mathematics and innovation. The town

1386-426: The 2011 census the population of the town was 67,264, of whom 78.9% described themselves as " Black African ", 11.3% as " Coloured " and 8.4% as " White ". Since 1994, there has been a considerable influx of black people from the former Ciskei Xhosa homeland, which lies just to the east. The first language of 72.2% of the population is Xhosa , while 13.7% speak Afrikaans and 10.8% speak English . The town

1463-453: The Cape Colony from 13 September 1836 to 9 August 1838. His efforts in restraining colonists from moving into Xhosa lands served to make him immensely unpopular among the settlers of the Cape Colony frontier. As a historical figure, he long remained controversial in South Africa for supposedly hindering colonisation, and pro-imperialist histories have traditionally vilified him. However his relatively far-sighted and respectful policies towards

1540-468: The Cape Colony on the one side, and the Xhosa chiefs on the other. Stockenström's military career additionally saw growing disagreement between the leadership of the local Cape forces (the Burgher commandos) and the settlers on the frontier who supported greater imperial control. While the young Stockenström was a great and sometimes ruthless soldier in the frontier wars, in the coming years he came to develop

1617-543: The Fourth Xhosa War as a military outpost by Lieutenant-Colonel John Graham as part of a campaign to secure the Eastern frontier of the Cape Colony . Initially Colonel Graham decided to establish his headquarters on the loan farm Noutoe, now known as Table Farm, but at the recommendation of Ensign Andries Stockenstrom it was moved to the homestead of the loan farm De Rietfontein, belonging to Lucas Meyer . Construction on

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1694-526: The High Court , as well as the Magistrate's Court for the Albany District. As a result of the presence of a High Court, several other related organs of state such as a Masters Office and a Director of Public Prosecutions are present in the town. A few other Government (mostly provincial) departments maintain branches or other offices in the town. Grahamstown was the only settlement outside Cape Town to host

1771-502: The South African Roads Agency Limited (SANRAL) has rescued from road cuttings from back in the mid- 1980s. The legacy of disparate education during Apartheid still echoes in the provision of secondary education in this former frontier town, where significant discrepancies in matric pass rates and general quality of education exist. Addressing this problem is one of the town's greatest challenges. In March 1984,

1848-500: The developing national railway network inland. It was completed and opened on 3 September 1879. Grahamstown grew rapidly to become the second-largest city in South Africa after Cape Town until 1930. The early 1860s saw the development of more schools, the botanical gardens, and the Eastern District Supreme Court was established. In 1864, a full parliamentary session was held in Grahamstown, instead of Cape Town. There

1925-576: The (upper) Fish River, and afterwards at the newly founded town of Cradock . Andries retained his commission as his duties remained mostly of a military nature. In a rapid and successful campaign in 1813, he struck across the Fish River against Xhosa tribes that had violated the new frontier, and in May 1814 he was appointed a lieutenant in the Cape Regiment. He rose through the ranks rapidly after fighting in

2002-410: The 1820s, as many 1820 Settlers and their families left farming to establish themselves in more secure trades. In 1833, Grahamstown was described as having "two or three English merchants of considerable wealth, but scarcely any society in the ordinary sense of the word. The Public Library is a wretched affair". As of 1833, it was estimated that the population of Grahamstown was approximately 6,000. In

2079-500: The Cape Colony colonists of the frontier were unfairly treating of their Xhosa neighbours led to his later conclusion that a strictly-enforced system of treaties must be enforced on both sides in order for peace and mutual respect to develop. In 1811 he was commissioned as an ensign in the Cape Regiment, took part in the 4th Cape Frontier War (1811–12), and in the campaign against Ndlambe. During this time, Andries served as aide-de-camp to his father, Anders Stockenström. When his father

2156-578: The Cape Hottentot Corps in the Zuurveld's Commander of the Regiment, Colonel John Graham, who, in June 1812, oversaw the construction on the corps' new headquarters, located on the site of the present Church Square. Grahamstown went on to become a religious, military, administrative, judicial, and educational centre for the surrounding region of Albany . Arts and Culture Minister Nathi Mthethwa announced

2233-607: The City of Grahamstown adopted a flag, one of six designs prepared by heraldic expert Prof. Hugh Smith, of Rhodes University. The following is a list of tower clocks in the town, with their location and if they are in working order: Two large festivals take place annually in the town: the National Arts Festival in June/July and SciFest Africa in the first term of the year and attracts some 50,000 people. The National Arts Festival

2310-542: The Colony's border and rapidly rode deep into the Transkei Xhosa heartland, directly towards the kraal of Sarhili ("Kreli"), the paramount chief of all the Xhosa. Due in part to the speed of their approach, they were barely engaged by Xhosa forces and rode directly into Sarhili's capital. Paramount Chief Sarhili and his generals agreed to meet Stockenström (with his commandants Groepe , Molteno and Brownlee ), unarmed, on

2387-462: The Council of Advice. After Lord Stanley , Secretary for the Colonies, requested his resignation from the council, Stockenström left the Cape in 1833 and traveled to London where he resigned as Commissioner-General, after having failed to persuade the Colonial Office to give him more independence in his frontier work. He moved from London to Sweden – his ancestral home – in 1834 and, at roughly

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2464-520: The Eastern Districts Court, under the name Eastern Cape Division, became a provincial division. In certain other areas of provincial government, Grahamstown similarly served as a centre for the Eastern Cape. In 1994, Grahamstown became part of the newly established Eastern Cape Province , while Bhisho was chosen as the provincial capital. It is the seat of the Eastern Cape Division of

2541-542: The Fish and Keiskamma rivers. He decided to set aside this extensive and very fertile area for settlement, not by the white settlers of the frontier, but by the Cape's extensive Khoi and Griqua population. Some of Stockenström's top commanders were Khoi; he had long fought alongside Khoi soldiers in the frontier wars, and claimed to hold their bravery and loyalty in high esteem. He granted this displaced and marginalised people full and equal rights of land ownership and facilitated

2618-521: The Gcaleka army, he withdrew his commando and stationed his Graaff-Reinet burghers to defend the left flank at the Kat River. However, after the Cape withdrawal, the amaGcaleka regrouped in 1819 and this time invaded the Cape Colony itself, attacking Grahamstown. Stockenström thus took to the field again. He was first ordered to position his Graaff-Reinet commando to meet any attack across the northern section of

2695-534: The Ngqika land west of the Kei. He also promised to use his limited authority over the frontier Ngqika to restrain cross-border attacks. A treaty was signed and the commandos departed on good terms. However, Governor Maitland rejected the treaty and sent an insulting letter back to the Xhosa paramount-chief, demanding greater acts of submission and servility. Furious, Stockenstrom and his local commandos resigned and departed from

2772-675: The Stockenström treaty system for being the cause of the war. In a meeting with the Xhosa chiefs, the Governor famously tore up a piece of paper in front of the chiefs and announced: "No more treaties". Historian Piers Brendon described "Smith, placing his foot on the neck of the Xhosan ruler and proclaiming, 'I am your Paramount Chief, and the Kaffirs are my dogs!'" Sir Andries publicly condemned Governor Smith's policies, and warned that they would precipitate

2849-547: The Western Xhosa, and the area between the Keiskamma and Fish rivers was declared a neutral zone, closed off from both black and white settlement. From about this period, Stockenström's relationship with Governor Lord Charles Somerset declined, in part because of his "outspoken criticism of Somerset’s frontier policy or his refusal to allow the settlement of the 1820 Settlers in his district and his opposition to their location on

2926-528: The Xhosa armies across the frontier, the British Governor Sir Peregrine Maitland called upon the local Cape Burgher Commandos . The Cape burghers were mounted frontier gunmen, recruited locally from Boer , Mfengu , settler , Khoikhoi and Griqua populations, and fiercely loyal to Stockenström. They objected to serving under an imperial commander, so Governor Maitland promoted Stockenström to colonel, so as to place him in command of

3003-629: The Xhosa have increasingly gained recognition in modern South Africa. On Stockenström's legacy, historian Christopher Saunders concluded: "No man in the 19th century Cape had greater breadth of vision, none gained the respect of a wider constituency, black as well as white." The eldest son of Anders Stockenström (1757-1811), a Cape landdrost of Swedish ancestry , he received an elementary education in Cape Town and in 1808 took up an appointment as clerk in his father's office at Graaff-Reinet . En route he met up with Lt-Col R Collins and accompanied him as

3080-436: The Xhosa land, was led by Godlonton and Col Somerset. This movement increasingly conducted a virulent and libellous campaign against Stockenström and his treaty system. Godlonton had control of the most influential newspapers of the frontier region, and used them to advocate for his campaign. Godlonton also used his considerable influence in the religious institutions of the 1820 settlers to drive his opinions, declaring that

3157-526: The Xhosas. During the course of the battle, the British were running low on ammunition. The Xhosas, with a force of 10,000 troops under the overall command of Ndlambe 's warrior son, Mdushane , were unable to overpower the garrison of some 300 men. Nxele surrendered and was taken captive and imprisoned on Robben Island . On Christmas Day in 1819, he tried to escape but drowned in the attempt. Grahamstown grew during

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3234-415: The central military outpost in the region. On 22 April 1819, a large number of Xhosa warriors , under the leadership of Nxele (or the Xhosa prophet Makhanda ), launched an attack against the British garrison stationed at Grahamstown. The Xhosas had warned Colonel Willshire, the commanding officer, of their planned attack on the settlement. It was one of countless attacks launched on the nascent colony by

3311-593: The city council had a new coat of arms designed by Ivan Mitford-Barberton and H. Ellis Tomlinson in 1950. It was granted by the College of Arms on 20 July 1950, and registered at the Bureau of Heraldry in September 1994. The new arms were: Or, on a pile Gules, three annulets placed 2 and 1 Or; on a chief Sable, three escallops Or (in layman's terms: a golden shield displaying, from top to bottom, three golden scallop shells on

3388-415: The civil authorities gave permission. This policy nonetheless proved to be very problematic because, when deciding whether to authorise punitive action, Stockenström depended on information from sources which were often unreliable. In 1830 Stockenström permitted settlers to launch a punitive expedition against Tyali, having been shown evidence that this Xhosa chief was led raids across the border. However,

3465-541: The colony in 1826 as lieutenant-governor of the Eastern Province , but instead became acting governor when Lord Charles Somerset departed, appointed Stockenström to the new post of commissioner-general for the Eastern Province . In spite of the many political hindrances to his actions, Stockenström nonetheless set to work to reach an agreement for peace on the frontier and to stabilise the Ceded Territory between

3542-576: The court of inquiry in June 1838, but nonetheless felt his position hopeless, and travelled to Britain to consult Glenelg. Glenelg refused to accept Stockenström's resignation, but his successor, Lord Normanby , dismissed Stockenström in August 1839. Dispirited, Stockenström returned to the Cape in May 1840 and retired to his farm Klipkraal (in the Swaershoek Valley near Somerset East ), making only occasional trips to Uitenhage and Cape Town . In 1842,

3619-492: The establishment of their settlement, in what became known as the " Kat River Khoi Settlement". The dense settlements thrived and expanded, and the Kat River Settlement quickly became a large, peaceful and successful region of the Cape that subsisted more or less autonomously from the rest of the country. Stockenström was later to regard the creation of this settlement as his proudest achievement. Cattle raiding across

3696-434: The exchange of diplomatic agents as reliable "ambassadors" between the Cape Colony and the Xhosa chiefs. The diplomatic agent system was underlain by formal treaties to guard the border and return any stolen cattle from either side. Importantly, Stockenström forbade colonial expansion into Xhosa land. With this key provision, the treaty system soon brought a degree of peace to the frontier. In his frontier policy, Stockenström

3773-410: The expedition resulted in the shooting of another chief, Zeko, which caused considerable controversy. Based on false information, Stockenström had at first commended Field Commandant Erasmus for his conduct, but later investigations showed that reports of Zeko being armed and removing livestock were false. Faced with growing demands for punitive expeditions, Stockenström became increasingly suspicious of

3850-521: The foot of the Kaga Mountains, where he remained until April 1846 when the Seventh Frontier War broke out. When the Seventh Frontier War (the "Amatola War") erupted, the conventional imperial troops soon suffered setbacks in the rough frontier terrain. Their long troop columns were slow and easily ambushed by the elusive Xhosa gunmen. Faced with increasing losses and a full-scale invasion of

3927-438: The fourth frontier war. Due in part to overcrowding, a civil war broke out between the amaNgqika (Ngqika Xhosa) and the amaGcaleka (Gcaleka Xhosa). As the Cape had signed a defence treaty with Ngqika, it was legally required to respond to Ngqika's request for military assistance in 1818. Stockenström was thus ordered to lead his commando, as an ally of Ngqika, against Ndlambe's amaGcaleka. After swiftly intercepting and defeating

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4004-481: The frontier", Duminy suggests, and in part because of a quarrel with the Governor's son, Col. Henry Somerset. In addition, Stockenström was friendly with Acting Governor Sir Rufane Donkin , and since Grahamstown editor Robert Godlonton was a staunch supporter of Col. Somerset, this "meant that the remainder of his public career was characterized by personal and political feuds". His military career ended in July 1820 when he

4081-418: The frontier, by both sides, was a persistent cause for frontier violence. For this reason, Stockenström promulgated new regulations dealing with the recovery of stolen stock. The previous "Reprisals System" of the frontier meant that the reaction to a cattle raid was simply to launch a counter-raid. Stockenström ruled that armed parties were only permitted to cross the frontier and recover stolen stock by force if

4158-600: The frontier. Then while the Cape , Stellenbosch and Swellendam commandos advanced against the main amaGcaleka army, Stockenström's Graaff-Reinet commando was ordered to clear insurgents from the dense bush in the Fish River area – previously regarded as impenetrable. After successfully implementing this supposedly impossible campaign, Stockenström was promoted to captain in the Cape Regiment. The war ended in October 1819, when Gcaleka agreed to recognise Ngqika's independent leadership of

4235-584: The indigenous people of the area. Municipality (1) — The first arms were assumed in September 1862. They quartered an incorrect version of the arms of Graham of Fintry with those of Jan van Riebeeck (in incorrect colours), with an ostrich as a crest. The supporters were a leopard and a giraffe, and the motto was Virtute et opera . Municipality (2) — In response to a call by the Cape Provincial Administration for municipalities to have their coats of arms checked and, if necessary, re-designed,

4312-497: The local mixed commandos. Stockenström's burgher force first cleared the south-western part of the Eastern Province up to the Fish River, inflicting a string of defeats on the amaNgqika , and then advanced to Fort Beaufort, where it was initially ordered that he would invade the Xhosa country. Instead of launching a military invasion to destroy the Xhosa armies, Stockenström selected a small group of his mounted commandos, crossed

4389-402: The motives of Col Somerset and the frontier settler group. The issue became critical in June 1831, when the colonial government directly authorised Somerset to launch an attack on the Xhosa, without Stockenström's permission and in spite of his objections. Stockenström became increasingly critical of the frontier policy implemented, both in his reports from Graaff-Reinet and in the proceedings of

4466-403: The name change from Grahamstown in the Government Gazette No. 641 of 29 June 2018. The purpose of gazetting was to publicise the minister's decision for objections or comments by 28 July 2018. Prompted by a Truth and Reconciliation Commission recommendation that geographic features, including geographical names, be renamed as a "symbolic reparation to address an unjust past", a proposal was for

4543-483: The new Secretary for the Colonies, Lord Glenelg , who appointed him Lieutenant-Governor of the Eastern Province. As lieutenant-governor, Stockenström now had the ability to construct a completely new policy for Cape-Xhosa relations. He began by returning the recently annexed "Province of Queen Adelaide" to the Xhosa. He then instituted his own unique treaty system, recognising the Xhosa chiefs as independent and equal authorities in his diplomacy. This system involved

4620-487: The new headquarters, located on the site of the present Church Square, thus began in June 1812. As part of the campaign, Graham was ordered to clear 20,000 Xhosa living in the region led by Ndlambe ka Rharhabe from the Zuurveld . During the campaign, which formed part of the Xhosa Wars , Graham ordered the adoption of numerous scorched earth tactics, which included the burnings of Xhosa farms. By 1812, Graham had completed his assignment, and transformed Grahamstown into

4697-533: The new treaty system, such as those allowing frontier settlers to counter-raid their Xhosa neighbours if they believed that cattle had been stolen, led to a sharp increase in violence. Maitland's system also involved building a system of military fortifications on Xhosa lands so as to secure the frontier militarily. The new governor also began to settle Mfengu in frontier Xhosa territory, and opened parts of it up for permanent white settlement. Aware of impending war, in 1845 Stockenström moved to his farm Maasström, at

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4774-429: The past two decades have sparked a global interest in the fossils of the Eastern Cape Province and this has resulted in numerous international collaborations. These discoveries and collaborations have been made possible by the persistent work of Robert W. Gess of the Devonian Ecosystem Laboratory, Albany Museum, who has dedicated most of his life excavating and studying blocks of black shale that he, with later support from

4851-502: The same time, the Sixth Frontier War broke out in the Cape. In August 1835 he travelled to London to give evidence to the House of Commons on relations with the Xhosa in Southern Africa. In a hugely influential testimony, he blamed imperial policies and the frontier settlers' behaviour for causing repeated outbreaks of war with the Xhosa. In particular, the settlers' use of raids into Xhosa territory, to attack suspected cattle thieves. His opinions – though hugely controversial – impressed

4928-399: The security and hygiene in the CBD. Donations were received from both local and international citizens and alumni. The South African Unemployed Peoples' Movement has a strong presence in Makhanda. Andries Stockenstr%C3%B6m Sir Andries Stockenström, 1st Baronet , (6 July 1792 in Cape Town – 16 March 1864 in London) was lieutenant governor of the Eastern Province of

5005-399: The settlers were "selected by God himself to colonize Kaffraria". Officially, Stockenström was also beset by the problem that, as lieutenant-governor, he was still legally dependent on Sir Benjamin d’Urban , the overall Governor of the Cape, who resented the fact that he had been overlooked when the British parliament authorised Stockenström to take over the frontier. An additional problem

5082-403: The town lies Waterloo Farm , the only estuarine fossil site in the world from 360 million years ago with exceptional soft-tissue preservation. The town's name-change from Grahamstown to Makhanda was officially gazetted on 29 June 2018. The town was officially renamed to Makhanda in memory of Xhosa warrior and prophet Makhanda ka Nxele . Makhanda was founded as Grahamstown in 1812 after

5159-673: The town to be renamed after Makhanda , in recognition of his failed attack against the settlement's garrison in 1819. On 2 October 2018, Grahamstown was officially renamed Makhanda in the memory of Makhanda, The Prophet. St. Michael and St. George Cathedral is the seat of the Anglican Diocese of Grahamstown . The town also has Roman Catholic , Presbyterian , Ethiopian Episcopal , Methodist , Baptist, Pinkster Protestante, Dutch Reformed (Nederduits Gereformeerde Kerk), Charismatic, Apostolic and Pentecostal churches. There are also meeting places for Hindus, Scientologists, Quakers, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and Muslims. The city

5236-414: The war, leaving the imperial troops and the Xhosa - both starving and afflicted by fever - to a long, drawn-out war of attrition. Andries, his health ruined by this expedition (he remained in poor health the rest of his life), called on the British government to institute an inquiry into the war, maintaining that it had been prolonged needlessly but the new governor, Sir Harry Smith , ostentatiously blamed

5313-447: Was also in disagreement with the liberals and philanthropists of the Cape, in that he believed that the authority of the chiefs must be preserved, and that the relations of the borderlands needed to be strictly regulated and policed. However many frontier colonists resented Stockenström's restrictions on their expansion into Xhosa land. The Eastern Cape settler movement, which advocated dismantling Stockenström's treaty system and annexing

5390-532: Was ambushed and killed, the young Andries rode from Bruintjieshoogte with 18 mounted burghers. He hunted down and overtook a number of the killers near Doringnek, slaying 13 of them. Upon returning from Doringnek, Andries was appointed to his father's position in command of the burgher forces. Following Ndlambe's expulsion, he assisted Colonel John Graham in fortifying the Fish River frontier. Governor Sir John Cradock then appointed him as assistant landdrost of Graaff-Reinet , stationed initially at Van Stadensdam on

5467-411: Was for his 1969 contribution to the SALJ that Barend van Niekerk was prosecuted for contempt of court by the apartheid government. This article about a journal on law and legal issues is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Grahamstown Makhanda , also known as Grahamstown , is a town of about 75,000 people in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa . It

5544-682: Was founded in 1870 by the Grocott family, and bought out a newspaper called the Grahamstown Journal , which was founded in 1831. Robert Godlonton , a previous owner of the Journal had used it and his other papers to oppose Andries Stockenström 's treaty system and advocated seizing more land from the Xhosa . It is now a local newspaper operated by the Rhodes University School of Journalism and Media Studies, and still retains its name. As

5621-460: Was talk of making Grahamstown the capital of the Cape Colony because of its central position. Grahamstown was the location of the testing of the first diamond find by Henry Carter Galpin. In 1904, Rhodes University College was established in Grahamstown through a grant from the Rhodes Trust. In 1951 it became a fully-fledged University, Rhodes University . The name "Grahamstown" originated from

5698-501: Was tasked with restoring the water supply of Grahamstown following protests over a nine-day water outage. Causes for the outage include financial mismanagement, with under-spending on infrastructure. The task force established by Molewa had not solved the problem by 2014. A 2021 auditor-general's report found that the municipality’s liabilities exceeded its assets by R813 million (equivalent to US$ 54.2 million) and that it has failed to keep full and proper records. By 2022 senior management

5775-399: Was that he also still lacked authority over the military. Under immense pressure from the frontier settlers' press campaign, Stockenström became increasingly drawn into a series of bitter legal battles. In February 1838 he started a libel action, after being publicly accused of murder, and requested the new governor, Sir George Napier , to launch a full inquiry. Stockenström was exonerated by

5852-492: Was the subject of a criminal investigation and provincial government had to make quarterly reports to the Supreme Court of Appeal on the municipality's financial recovery. In October 2015, more than 500 people were displaced and more than 300 shops looted during a wave of xenophobic violence. Some people use traditional African medicine because it is believed to be effective. There are some plants which are popular with

5929-465: Was transferred to the Corsican Rangers. The Graaff-Reinet district's involvement with the frontier was also reduced by the creation in 1821 of the separate district of Albany (out of Uitenhage ) and in 1826 of the district of Somerset East (out of Graaff-Reinet). However Stockenström remained landdrost until the reform of 1828 which abolished his office. In his final year as landdrost, he played

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