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52-953: Opened in October 1988, it is the oldest expressway in China . At the time, the expressway reduced the travel time from 2 hours to 30 minutes. The Shanghai–Jiading Expressway begins at an elevated interchange with the Middle Ring Road in Baoshan District to the east and south. At the interchange, motorists can continue east on Middle Ring Road toward Zhabei District , south on Middle Ring Road toward Changning District , or descend to an intersection with Zhenbei Road and Wenshui Road, which are surface-level roadways that run under Middle Ring Road. The expressway traverses west to an interchange with Outer Ring Expressway in Putuo District before turning to

104-420: A 0.7 rate. In 2010 the total expressway mileage accounted for only 1.85 percent of highway mileage driven, however accidents on expressways made up 13.54% of highway traffic deaths. For the 2011-2015 period this was still at 10%. The accidents are mainly caused by tailgating , fatigue and speeding . Neither officially named "motorway" nor "highway", China used to call these roads "freeways". In this sense,

156-743: A Chinese driver's licence for less than a year) are allowed on expressways, something that was prohibited from the mid-1990s. Overtaking on the right, speeding, and illegal use of the emergency belt (or hard shoulder ) cost violators stiff penalties. Expressways in China are signed in both Simplified Chinese and English (except for parts of the Jingshi Expressway , which relies only on Chinese characters , and some provinces, in Inner Mongolia for example signs are in Mongolian and Chinese, and in Xinjiang

208-620: A dedicated ETC lane at almost all toll gates. By 2019, 90% of traffic paid is expected to pay toll fees using the ETC system. City transit cards are not widely used; one of the first experiments with the Beijing Yikatong Card on what is now the Jingzang Expressway (G6) went live for only a year before a new national standard replaced it in early 2008. A previous system, the 1992 "five vertical + seven horizontal expressways" system,

260-708: A fair distance apart. "Distance checks" are commonplace; the idea here is to keep the two-second rule (or, as Chinese law requires, at least a 100 m (330 ft) distance between cars). Speed checks and speed traps are often signposted (in fact, on the Jingshen Expressway in the Beijing section, even the cameras have a warning sign above them), but some may just be scarecrow signs. Signs urging drivers to slow down, warning about hilly terrain, banning driving in emergency lanes, or about different road surfaces are also present. Also appearing from time to time are signs signaling

312-460: A growing trend toward roads as a method of transportation and a shift away from rail transport. In 1978, rail transport accounted for 54.4 percent of the total freight movement in China, while road transport only accounted for 2.8 per cent. By 1997, road transport's share of freight movement had increased to 13.8 percent while the railway's share decreased to 34.3 percent. Similarly, road's share of passenger transport increased from 29.9% to 53.3% within

364-619: A major arterial roadway into the old city center of Jiading District. The expressway is tolled from just west of the Outer Ring Expressway to its western terminus in Jiading District . It has two lanes in each direction for its entire length, and has a maximum speed limit of 100 km/h (62 mph). This People's Republic of China road-related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Expressways of China The expressway network of China , with

416-512: A multi-level stack interchange connects it with the northern section of the G1501 Shanghai Ring Expressway , before continuing south into Qingpu District . In Qingpu District , it connects with the concurrent G2 Beijing–Shanghai and G42 Shanghai–Chengdu expressways and then passes to the west of Shanghai Hongqiao Airport and Shanghai Hongqiao Railway Station . An interchange with Songze Elevated Road provides access east to

468-944: A national gasoline tax to finance construction of the tollways met with opposition and it has been very difficult for both the Chinese Communist Party and the State Council to pass such a tax through the National People's Congress of China . China has an extensive tollway system, which composed of nearly all expressways as well as having around 70% of the world's tollways. Tolls are roughly around CNY 0.5 per kilometer, and minimum rates (e.g. CNY 5) usually apply regardless of distance. However, some are more expensive (the Jinji Expressway costs around CNY 0.66 per kilometer) and some are less expensive (the Jingshi Expressway in Beijing costs around CNY 0.33 per kilometer). It

520-417: A network of 85,000 kilometres (53,000 mi) expressways over the next three decades, connecting all provincial capitals and cities with a population of over 200,000 residents. The announcement introduced the 7918 network , a grid of 7 radial expressways from Beijing , 9 north–south expressways, and 18 east–west expressways that would form the backbone of the national expressway system. This replaced

572-460: A northwesterly direction, paralleling the route of China National Highway 204 from Putuo to Jiading District . It ends at an interchange with the G1501 Shanghai Ring Expressway in Jiading District. A short segment of expressway continues north past the interchange to a toll plaza and intersection with Yecheng Road and South Bo'le Road. South Bo'le Road, which eventually becomes Bo'le Road, is

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624-596: A satellite city of Suzhou , in Jiangsu Province . The expressway also uses the Hangzhou Bay Bridge between Jiaxing and Ningbo , one of the longest trans-oceanic bridges in the world. The expressway passes through the following major cities: In Shanghai , the section of the expressway known as Jiajin Expressway enters the city in Jiading District . It passes to the west of the city centre of Jiading, where

676-454: A toll portion of the expressway), an entry card is handed over to the driver. The tolls to be paid are determined from the distance traveled when the driver hands the entry card back to the exit toll gate upon leaving the expressway. A small number of expressways do not use a card system but charge unitary fares. Passage through these expressways is relatively faster but it is economically less advantageous. An example of such an expressway would be

728-556: A troublesome and costly project. But that will not be a problem for distance-based exit numbering. The exit is written inside an oval in green letters to the immediate right of the Chinese word for exit, "出口" (chukou). The total costs of the national expressway network are estimated to be 2 trillion yuan (some US$ 300 billion as rate in 2016). From 2005 to 2010, the annual investment was planned to run from 140 billion to 150 billion yuan (17 to 18 billion U.S. dollars), while from 2010 to 2020,

780-527: Is Xuwen County , in the city of Zhanjiang , Guangdong , because the fixed link to Haikou , Hainan has not been built yet. Once fully complete, the expressway features many other important crossings over bodies of water. The expressway crosses the Yangtze River using the Sutong Bridge , the bridge with the second longest cable-stayed span in the world as of 2012 , connecting Nantong and Changshu ,

832-457: Is a derivation of the Chinese name kuaisu gonglu (compare with expressway, gaosu gonglu ). Officially, "expressway" is used for both expressways and express routes, which is also the standard used here. The names of the individual expressways are regularly composed of two characters representing start and end of expressway, e.g. "Jingcheng" expressway is the expressway between "Jing" (meaning Beijing) and Chengde. The Road Traffic Safety Law of

884-572: Is complete for the majority of its length except for two major water crossings that have yet to be built. A fixed link across the Bohai Sea is required to join the first missing link from Dalian to Yantai . The construction of a tunnel was announced in February 2011. Second, a bridge has to be constructed across the Qiongzhou Strait from Mainland China to Hainan . Currently, the southern terminus

936-420: Is expected that all national expressways will connect prefecture-level administrative regions (except Sansha ), other cities and counties with 100,000 and more populations, and important border checkpoints. In 2008 the rate of fatalities on Chinese expressways is 3.3 fatalities per 100 million vehicle-km. Nonetheless, the fatality rate on Chinese expressways is five times higher than western countries which have

988-652: Is noteworthy that cheaper expressways do not necessarily mean poorer roads or a greater risk of traffic congestion. Roads in Tibet and Hainan are all toll free. In Tibet, this is done to stimulate economic development, whereas in Hainan, the cost is covered by a provincial fuel tax, first instated in 1994. Tolls are waived nationwide during national holidays, such as Golden Week , and regionally for locally observed holidays. For example, Xinjiang makes all expressway travel free during Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha . Expressway planning

1040-689: Is performed by the Ministry of Transport of the People's Republic of China . Unlike the road networks in most nations, most Chinese expressways are not directly owned by the state, but rather are owned by for-profit corporations (which have varying amounts of public and private ownership) which borrow money from banks or securities markets based on revenue from projected tollways. Examples of these corporations include Huabei Expressway Co., Ltd., Northeast Expressway Co., Ltd., Hunan Changyong Expressway Co., Ltd., and Guangxi Wuzhou Transportation Co., Ltd. One reason for this

1092-495: Is that Chinese provinces, which are responsible for road building, have extremely limited powers to tax and even fewer powers to borrow. Since the late-1990s, there were proposals to fund public highways by means of a fuel tax , but this was voted down by the National People's Congress . China's tollways were criticized for having excessively high toll fees. According to Zhongxin.com, by reducing toll fees, it will lead to logistic costs reductions, another problem encountered by

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1144-410: The 71118 network , composed of a grid of 7 radial expressways from Beijing , 9 north–south expressways (increased to 11 ), and 18 east–west expressways that would form the backbone of the national expressway system. By the end of 2020, the total length of China's expressway network reached 161,000 kilometres (100,000 mi), the world's largest expressway system by length, having surpassed

1196-632: The G1501 Shanghai Ring Expressway before making a sharp turn west at the S4 Shanghai–Jinshan Expressway just north of the city centre of Jinshan. As it approaches the Zhejiang border, it connects with the southern terminus of S19 Xinnong–Jinshanwei Expressway , a short north-south expressway in Jinshan . Bao'an Humen The Shenyang–Haikou Expressway has a branch expressway, the [REDACTED] G15W Changshu–Taizhou Expressway , between

1248-509: The Jingtong Expressway . China is increasingly deploying a network of electronic toll collection (ETC) systems, and in the latest edition of expressway toll gate signage, a new ETC sign is now shown at an increasing number of toll gates. ETC networks based around Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangdong province all feature either mixed toll passages supporting toll card payment or full-service dedicated ETC lanes. Beijing, in particular, has

1300-676: The National Trunk Highway System, NTHS ), uses one, two or four digits in the G-series numbering system, leaving three-figured G roads as the China National Highways. The new 7, 11, 18 Network is composed of The network is additionally composed of connection expressways as well as regional and metropolitan ring expressways. Shenyang%E2%80%93Dalian Expressway The Shenyang–Haikou Expressway ( Chinese : 沈阳—海口高速公路 ), designated as G15 and commonly referred to as

1352-640: The Shenhai Expressway ( 沈海高速公路 ) is an expressway in China that connects the cities of Shenyang , Liaoning , and Haikou , Hainan . When fully complete, it will be 3,710 km (2,310 mi) in length. One of its oldest portions is the Shenyang–Dalian Expressway , or Shenda Expressway ( 沈大高速公路 ) is a 400 km (250 mi) expressway that connects Shenyang and Dalian , the two largest cities of China's Liaoning province. The expressway

1404-507: The 108 kilometres (67 mi) middle portion of the expressway remaining a highway. It would take until 20 August 1990, for all sections of the highway to become that of an expressway. The expressway is now part of the longer G15 Shenyang–Haikou Expressway . On 21 December 1984, construction began on the Shanghai–Jiading Expressway in the city of Shanghai . The Shanghai–Jiading Expressway opened on 31 October 1988, becoming

1456-481: The 2 cities, Shen and Da, making it the Shenda highway. It translates literally to Shenda high-speed roadway. Originally, it was a 4-lane freeway. It was rebuilt recently and now has 8 lanes. Shenda highway is claimed to be the first expressway in China mainland. It was planned as an express highway but was actually built as a freeway . Due to its length (400 km (250 mi)), it was opened section by section. Although

1508-421: The 2009–2010 numbering switchover, nearly all of China's expressways used sequential numbering, and a few expressways used Chinese names outright. One of the reasons for this shift is that distance-based exit numbering comes in handy when newly built exits are added to an expressway exit system. If sequential numbering is used, numbers of all the exits following the new exit have to be replaced, which will be

1560-585: The Basic Industry Department of the Development and Reform Commission, said that whether the plan is for ordinary national roads, the development of expressways is prioritized more in the western regions. According to Huang, the two expressways were to be added to the western region, while none in the northern, eastern, or southern regions. In 2014, Wang Tai, deputy director of the Highway Bureau of

1612-409: The Chinese government started to take an interest in a national expressway system. The first modern at-grade China National Highways is the Shanghai–Jiading Expressway , opened in October 1988. The early 1990s saw the start of the country's massive plan to upgrade its network of roads. On 13 January 2005, Zhang Chunxian , China's Minister of Transport introduced the 7918 network , later renamed

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1664-642: The Ministry of Transport, introduced the national toll highway mileage and mainline toll stations. On 6 November 2015, Hu Zuicai, deputy director of the National Development and Reform Commission, introduced a reform policy for construction of China's expressway system that was approved by the State Council . Hu claimed that the current highway construction is facing problems such as pre-approval and evaluation assessment. Through simplification and integration of examination and approval stages, it will help speed up

1716-555: The People's Republic of China stipulates the speed limit of 120 km/h (75 mph), effective since 1 May 2004. A minimum speed limit of 60 km/h (37 mph) is in force. On overtaking lanes, however, this could be as high as 110 km/h (68 mph). Penalties for driving both below and in excess of the prescribed speed limits are enforced. Some expressways have a lower design speed of 80 kilometres per hour (50 mph). Only motor vehicles are allowed to enter expressways. As of 1 May 2004, "new drivers" (i.e., those with

1768-664: The adjacent airport and railway station. At the boundary between Qingpu District and Songjiang District , the expressway intersects with the G50 Shanghai–Chongqing Expressway . In Songjiang District , the expressway links to the concurrent G60 Shanghai–Kunming and G92 Hangzhou Bay Ring expressways, followed by the S32 Shanghai–Jiaxing–Huzhou Expressway , the latter which connects to Shanghai Pudong International Airport . It then continues into Jinshan District , where it connects again to

1820-771: The annual investment planned is to be around 100 billion yuan. The construction fund will come from vehicle purchase tax, fees and taxes collected by local governments, state bonds, domestic investment and foreign investment. Unlike other freeway systems, almost all of the roads on the NTHS/"7918 Network" are toll roads that are largely financed by private companies under contract from provincial governments. The private companies raise money through bond and stock offerings and recover money through tolls. Examples of these companies include Huabei Expressway Co., Ltd., Northeast Expressway Co., Ltd., Hunan Changyong Expressway Co., Ltd., and Guangxi Wuzhou Transportation Co., Ltd. Efforts to impose

1872-412: The cities of Changshu , Jiangsu , and Taizhou , Zhejiang . The branch line splits off from the main expressway after the Sutong Bridge and passes through the cities of Suzhou , Jiaxing , and Shaoxing before rejoining the main expressway just north of Taizhou. The spur line is complete. The Shenyang–Dalian Expressway was built between 1984 and 1990. The name combines the first character of each of

1924-485: The cities of Shenyang and Dalian . Due to policy restrictions, the expressway was nominally implemented on the first-grade automobile special highway standard in the initial stage of construction, thus making the highway technically not an expressway. Despite this, in October 1988, four years later, two full-speed, fully enclosed, controlled-accessed expressway sections from Shenyang to Anshan and Dalian to Sanshilipu totaling 131 kilometres (81 mi) were completed, with

1976-495: The country's expressway system. Reforms of the tollway system were planned by the National People's Congress with the inclusion of cost reduction of bridges. However, the toll system was also praised by the World Bank for encouraging construction/maintenance, discouraging overuse, and not unduly favouring roads over other forms of transportation like rail. Most expressways use a card system. Upon entrance to an expressway (or to

2028-476: The earlier proposal for five north–south and seven east–west core routes, proposed in 1992. In June 2013, the Ministry of Transport introduced the National Highway Network Planning , covering both the national highway system and the national expressway system from 2013 to 2030. Goals include making traffic travel more convenient and developing a variety of regions, as well as more focus to

2080-458: The first completed expressway in China. This 17.37 kilometres (10.79 mi) expressway now forms part of Shanghai's expressway network . In December 1987, construction of the 142.69-kilometre (88.66 mi) long Jingjintang Expressway started, connecting the municipalities of Beijing and Tianjin , and the province of Hebei . It the first expressway in mainland China that uses a World Bank loan for international open bidding. The expressway

2132-481: The highways and expressways of the western regions of China. According to this plan, the total size of the national road network will reach 400,000 kilometres (250,000 mi), including 265,000 kilometres (165,000 mi) of common national highways and about 118,000 kilometres (73,000 mi) of expressways. In addition, the 7918 network would be renamed the 71118 network when the number of north–south expressways were increased from 9 to 11 . Huang Min, director of

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2184-541: The national network, use distance-based exit numbering, with the last three numbers before the decimal point taken used as the exit number. Hence, an exit at km 982.7 would be Exit 982, whereas an exit at km 3,121.2 would be Exit 121. Exit numbers on Chinese expressways increase along the total length of the freeway, regardless of how many provincial boundaries the expressway crosses. Some, mostly regional, expressways still use sequential exit numbering, although even here, new signage feature distance-based exit numbering. Before

2236-420: The national-level expressway system officially known as the National Trunk Highway System ( Chinese : 中国国家干线公路系统 ; pinyin : Zhōngguó Guójiā Gànxiàn Gōnglù Xìtǒng ; abbreviated as NTHS ), is an integrated system of national and provincial-level expressways in China . With the construction of the Shenyang–Dalian Expressway beginning between the cities of Shenyang and Dalian on 7 June 1984,

2288-574: The next three exits. At each exit, there is a sign with the distance to the next exit. Exit signs are also posted 3,000 m (9,800 ft), 2,000 m (6,600 ft), 1,000 m (3,300 ft), and 500 m (1,600 ft) ahead of the exit, immediately before the exit, and at the exit itself. Service areas and refreshment areas are standard on some of the older, more established expressways, and are expanding in number. Gas stations are frequent. Signs indicate exits, toll gates, service/refreshment areas, intersections, and also warn about keeping

2340-510: The overall length of the American Interstate Highway System in 2011. Many of the major expressways parallel routes of the older China National Highways . By the end of 2022, the total length of China's expressway network reached 177,000 kilometres (110,000 mi). Prior to the 1980s, freight and passenger transport activities were predominantly achieved by rail transport rather than by road . The 1980s and 1990s saw

2392-588: The overtaking lane (which legally should only be used to pass other cars). Although most English signs are comprehensible, occasionally the English is garbled . Many expressways have digital displays. These displays may advise against speeding, indicate upcoming road construction, warn of traffic jams, or alert drivers to rain. Recommended detours are also signaled. The great majority of messages are only in Chinese. Exit numbering has been standardised in China from its inception. Most Chinese expressways, especially those in

2444-556: The pace of highway construction, promote urban development in the region, and help stabilize growth and promote investment. This policy, during the “Thirteenth Five-Year Plan” period, would focus on five aspects: In 2020, all toll booths at provincial borders were abolished in favour of ETC , greatly reducing traffic congestion. In 2022, the NDRC and MOT published a new National Highway Network Plan ( Chinese : 国家公路网规划 ), added and re-formed several expressways and national highways. It

2496-421: The same time period, with railway's share decreasing from 62.7 percent to 35.4 percent. The shift from rail to road can be attributed to the rapid development of the expressway network in China. Expressways were not present in China until 1988. It began building expressways in the late 1980s. On 7 June 1984, China's expressway ambitions began when construction of the Shenyang–Dalian Expressway began between

2548-505: The signs are in Chinese and Uyghur Language which uses Perso-Arabic alphabet ). The signs on Chinese expressways use white lettering on a green background, like Japanese highways , Italian autostrade , Swiss autobahns and United States freeways . Newer signage places the exit number in an exit tab to the upper right of the sign, making them very similar in appearance to American freeway signs. Exits are well indicated, with signs far ahead of exits. There are frequent signs that announce

2600-488: The word "free" means that the traffic is free-flowing; that is, cross traffic is grade separated and the traffic on the freeway is not impeded by traffic control devices like traffic lights and stop signs . Some time in the 1990s, "expressways" became the standardised term. Note that "highways" refers to China National Highways , which are not expressways at all. "Express routes" exist too; they are akin to expressways but are mainly inside cities. The "express route" name

2652-596: Was opened on 25 September 1993 and later became part of the G2 Beijing–Shanghai Expressway . On 3 September 1998, Huabei Expressway Co., Ltd., Northeast Expressway Co., Ltd., Hunan Changyong Expressway Co., Ltd., and Guangxi Wuzhou Transportation Co., Ltd. were approved by the government as the first batch of nationally issued stock companies that would develop, construct, and operate expressways in China. On 13 January 2005, Zhang Chunxian , China's Minister of Transport announced that China would build

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2704-425: Was used for arterial expressways and were, in essence, G0-series expressways (e.g. G020, G025). This was replaced by the present-day new numeric system (see below). A new system, which dates from 2004 and began use on a nationwide level between late 2009 and early 2010, integrates itself into the present-day G-series number system. The present-day network announced in 2017, termed the 7, 11, 18 Network (also known as

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