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63-485: The fault zone extends (west to east) from Göksun to Çelikhan where it merges into the East Anatolian Fault . It is a "major fault recognized in the field" of geosciences and "was known to be capable of very significant earthquakes" such as in 1544 and 1986. As of 2023 it has been estimated to have an activated length of about 300 kilometres (300,000 m). During the 2023 Gaziantep-Kahramanmaraş earthquakes ,

126-552: A M s   7.2 earthquake ruptured a segment of the fault that meets the Karlıova triple junction . Since 1998, there has been a series of earthquakes on or near the East Anatolian Fault. These started with the 1998 Adana–Ceyhan earthquake and include the 2003 Bingöl earthquake , the 2010 Elâzığ earthquake , the 2020 Elâzığ earthquake and the 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquakes . The 2003 earthquake did not rupture along

189-656: A brief rule of the Tulunids ), Ikhshidids and Hamdanids . In 969, the city was reconquered for the Byzantine Emperor Nikephoros II Phokas by Michael Bourtzes and the stratopedarches Peter . It soon became the seat of a dux , who commanded the forces of the local themes and was the most important officer on the Empire's eastern border, held by such men as Nikephoros Ouranos . In 1078, Philaretos Brachamios , an Armenian hero, seized power. He held

252-555: A campus called Tayfur Sökmen located in Serinyol district 15 km (9.3 mi), north of Antakya (centrum). Established in 1992, currently more than 32,000 students enrolled at the university. Besides the campus in Serinyol, MKU has its faculties spread out in all main districts of the province including Altınözü, Antakya, Belen, Dörtyol, Erzin, Hassa, İskenderun, Kırıkhan, Reyhanlı, Samandağ and Yayladağı. The long and varied history has created many architectural sites of interest. There

315-474: A fault structure near Karlıova where the North Anatolian Fault terminates. In their findings, based on geomorphology , they described a fault extending over 70 km (43 mi) southwest from Karlıova to Bingöl . The fault to its southwest was not described. Geologist Clarence Allen explained in his 1969 journal, regarding the abrupt termination of the North Anatolian Fault east of Karlıova, that

378-457: A left-lateral slip sense. Significant attention to this structure arose following an earthquake in Bingöl on 22 May 1971. Ground cracks associated with the earthquake exhibited a dominant left-lateral component that aligned with the trend of valleys associated with the fault. This discovery supported the theory of a mainly left-lateral mechanism for the East Anatolian Fault. This mechanism and trend

441-495: A restraining bend at Göksun. It can be traced southwest to Sumbas . At Çiğşar , the fault is divided into two via a right stepover. The 20 km (12 mi) northern half is characterized by scarps ranging in height of 0.5–5 m (1 ft 8 in – 16 ft 5 in). Gullies were observed to be displaced by 5 m (16 ft). The southern half measures 41 km (25 mi) long and exhibits Holocene fault scarps along some portions. A left stepover separates

504-469: A second language. In 1935, Turkish and Arab Muslims made more than 80% of the population. Antakya was home to one of the most ancient Jewish communities for over 2,200 years. Mount Habib-i Neccar (Habib An-Najar in Sura al-Yassin 36:13) and the city walls which climb the hillsides symbolise Antakya, making the city a formidable fortress built on a series of hills running north-east to south-west. Antakya

567-735: A series of normal faults trending northwest and east of the Toprakkale segment. This segment represents the western border of the Amanos Mountains . The total vertical offset at Erzin is 80–90 m (260–300 ft). The Yakapınar segment runs from the mountainous area in the north to south in the Ceyhan plain. This northeast-striking left-lateral fault was the source of the 1998 Adana–Ceyhan earthquake (M w   6.2). Two other earthquakes in 1945 (M w   6.0) and 1266 (M w   6.3) occurred on this fault. This segment runs parallel to

630-420: A southwest-striking fault also terminated within the same area . He identified fault-related features such as linear valleys, sag ponds and scarps from Palu to Lake Hazar ; fault scarps of Quaternary age were discovered along Lake Hazar's shores. He calculated that this fault structure would intersect the left-lateral Dead Sea Transform if it continued along its southwest trend, and suspected it also had

693-566: A total length of 380 km (240 mi). It joins the Kyrenia–Misis Fault Zone under the Gulf of Alexandretta. This segment comprises a 17 km (11 mi)-long by 1 km (0.62 mi)-wide shutter ridge at its eastern portion before continuing west for 20 km (12 mi). The westernmost length consists two parallel fault strands which eventually integrate at Nurhak . A Holocene surface rupture through Holocene alluvial fan

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756-551: Is a municipality and the capital district of Hatay Province , Turkey . Its area is 703 km Prior to the devastating 2023 earthquakes , its population was recorded at 399,045 (2022). It is the capital of Hatay Province, the southernmost province of Turkey. The city is located in a well-watered and fertile valley on the Orontes River , about 20 kilometres (12 mi) from the Levantine Sea . Today's city stands partly on

819-467: Is a provincial capital of considerable importance as the centre of a large district. The draining of Lake Amik and development of land have caused the region's economy to grow in wealth and productivity. The town is a lively shopping and business centre with many restaurants, cinemas and other amenities. This district is centred on a large park opposite the governor's building and the central avenue Kurtuluş Caddesı . The tea gardens, cafes and restaurants in

882-446: Is also consistent with north–south convergence acting as the predominant tectonic regime. In 1976, Dan McKenzie described the fault in the journal Earth and Planetary Science Letters ; a 550 km (340 mi) strike-slip fault extending from the Gulf of Alexandretta to the North Anatolian Fault. The description of its southern end contradicts that of Allen. McKenzie also stated that

945-448: Is considered Levantine rather than Turkish . The cuisine offers plenty of meals, where beef and lamb are mainly used. Popular dishes include the typical Turkish kebab , served with spices and onions in flat unleavened bread, with yoghurt as ali nazik kebab, oruk, kaytaz böreği and katıklı ekmek. Hot, spicy food is a feature of this part of Turkey, along with Turkish coffee and local specialties. Here are some savoury foods: Antakya

1008-417: Is evidence of a recent large earthquake. No surface rupturing occurred when the segment produced a M s   5.8 earthquake in 1986 . The Çardak segment between Nurhak and Göksun is 85 km (53 mi) in length and separated into two sections by a right stepover . Prior to 2023, the only known historical earthquake on this fault occurred in 1544, estimated at M uk   6.8. Nine hours after

1071-507: Is much for visitors to see in Antakya, although many buildings have been lost in the rapid growth and redevelopment of the city in recent decades. With its rich architectural heritage, Antakya is a member of the Norwich -based European Association of Historic Towns and Regions. The Roman bridge (thought to date from the era of Diocletian ) was destroyed in 1972 during the widening and channelling of

1134-412: Is the subject of Letitia Elizabeth Landon 's poem [REDACTED] Antioch . (1836) in which she reflects of the superiority of trade and commerce over war and conflict. The city suffered repeated outbreaks of cholera due to inadequate infrastructure for sanitation. Later the city developed and rapidly resumed much of its old importance when a railway was built along the lower Orontes Valley. Antioch

1197-505: The 1866 Bingöl earthquake (M w   7.1) surface rupture . This segment has not experienced a major earthquake since 1866. The segment terminates at the Göynük restraining bend connecting the Ilıca segment. This segment runs through mountainous terrain from the Göynük restraining bend to Ilıca along a single branch. It traverses through Palaeozoic strata and volcanic-sedimentary strata from

1260-688: The 253 siege of Antioch when Shapur I defeated the Roman army and the later Battle of Antioch (613) where the Persians were successful at capturing the city for the last time. It was a key city during the early history of Christianity , in particular that of the Syriac Orthodox Church , the Antiochian Orthodox Church and the Maronite Church , as well as during the spread of Islam and

1323-598: The Afrin rivers; the lake in the plain was drained in 1980 by a French company. At the same time channels were built to widen the Orontes and let it pass neatly through the city centre. The Orontes is joined in Antakya by the Hacı Kürüş stream to the north-east of the city near the church of St Peter, and the Hamşen which runs down from Habib-i Neccar to the south-west, under Memekli Bridge near

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1386-555: The Alevi and Alawite traditions, in 'Harbiye' there is a place to honour the saint Hızır . Numerous tombs of saints, of both Sunni and Alawite , are located throughout the city. Several small Christian communities are active in the city, with the largest church being St. Peter and St. Paul on Hürriyet Avenue. With its long history of spiritual and religious movements, Antakya is a place of pilgrimage for Christians. The Jewish community of Antakya had shrunk to 14 members in 2014. In 2023,

1449-740: The Battle of the Iron Bridge . The city became known in Arabic as أنطاكية ( ʾAnṭākiya ). Since the Umayyad Caliphate was unable to penetrate the Anatolian plateau, Antioch found itself on the frontline of the conflicts between two hostile empires during the next 350 years, so that the city went into a precipitous decline. After the demise of Umayyad rule, Antioch became part of the Abbasid empire (except for

1512-682: The Crusades . From "The Acts of the Apostles", Chapter 11 Verse 26 “And when he had found him, he brought him unto Antioch. And it came to pass, that a whole year they assembled themselves with the church, and taught much people. And the disciples were called Christians first in Antioch.” In 637, during the reign of the Byzantine emperor Heraclius , Antioch was conquered by the Rashidun Caliphate during

1575-604: The Delihalil volcano . The fault segment in the south around Toprakkale is characterized by small volcanic cones. The fault displays 2–5 m (6 ft 7 in – 16 ft 5 in) of normal scarps cutting through the Quaternary basalt. It runs 12 km (7.5 mi) along a river valley carved by the Ceyhan River ; some Holocene streams have been offset by 20–30 m (66–98 ft). The Düziçi–İskenderun segment are

1638-730: The Eurasian plate . The East Anatolian Fault runs in a northeasterly direction, starting from the Maraş triple junction at the northern end of the Dead Sea Transform , and ending at the Karlıova triple junction where it meets the North Anatolian Fault . Another 350 km (220 mi) strand of the fault exists north of the main strand known as the Sürgü–Misis Fault System . In 1963, geologists published descriptions about

1701-582: The Hatay Province , caused an exodus of Christians and Alawites from Antioch east to the French Mandate. The district Antakya was created in 2013 from part of the former central district of Hatay. A British traveller visiting Antakya in 1798 reported that generally, Turkish was spoken, while, by contrast, the prevalent language in Aleppo at the time was Arabic. Most Alawites and Armenians spoke Turkish as

1764-667: The Orontes south into Syria and occupied the area. The city of Antioch was founded in 300 BC, after the death of Alexander, by the Seleucid emperor Seleucus I Nicator . It played an important role as one of the largest cities in the Seleucid, Roman , and Byzantine empires. The city swapped hands between the Byzantines and the Sasanian Empire in the 3rd century . It was the battleground for

1827-519: The Orontes . The city is served from Hatay Airport . Antakya has one male professional football club, Hatayspor , who play in the Süper Lig . There is also a female professional team called Hatay Büyükşehir Belediyesi . Hatay Büyükşehir Belediyespor , a woman's basketball team, is also present, and plays in the Turkish Women's Basketball League . The cuisine of Antakya is renowned. Its cuisine

1890-891: The Ottomans in 1517, who would integrate it to the Aleppo Eyalet then to the Aleppo Vilayet . The city joined the Hatay State under the French Mandate before joining the Turkish Republic . On 6 February 2023, the city was heavily damaged by two powerful earthquakes with their epicentre in Kahramanmaraş . Some of the historical sites, including the Church of St Paul , have been destroyed. The earthquakes destroyed several neighbourhoods in

1953-512: The transform type tectonic boundary between the Anatolian sub-plate and the northward-moving Arabian plate . The difference in the relative motions of the two plates is manifest in the left lateral motion along the fault. The East and North Anatolian faults together accommodate the westward motion of the Anatolian sub-plate as it is squeezed out by the ongoing collision between the Arabian plate and

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2016-651: The 13th-century Mongol conquests. Antioch never recovered as a major city, with much of its former role falling to the port city of Alexandretta ( İskenderun ). An account of both cities as they were in 1675 appears in the diary of the English naval chaplain Henry Teonge . The city was initially the centre of the Sanjak of Antakya, part of the Damascus Eyalet . It was laterly centre of Sanjak of Antakya in Aleppo Eyalet . It

2079-511: The BBC reported that at least 1,200 buildings in the city center and the districts of Kırıkhan and İskenderun were razed. Officials said "almost all" houses in the Cebrail District had collapsed. Many historical sites, including churches and mosques, were destroyed, St. Paul's Church being one of them. The historic Antakya Synagogue and Hatay State Assembly Building were also destroyed. In

2142-699: The East Anatolian Fault. However, some geologists also consider this segment a continuation of the Dead Sea Fault, or a transition fault between the East Anatolian and Dead Sea Transform faults. Its southernmost trace ends at the Amik Basin where it meets the Hacıpaşa Fault (part of the Dead Sea Transform) and Cyprus Arc Fault at a triple junction. The M w   7.2 earthquake of 1872 likely ruptured

2205-531: The East Anatolian Fault; it ruptured a perpendicular strike-slip fault. The 1971 Bingöl earthquake produced surface ruptures along the fault. The 2023 earthquake produced up to 400 km (250 mi) of surface rupture along the fault. Antakya Antakya ( Turkish pronunciation: [ɑnˈtɑkjɑ] ; Local Turkish : Anteke ), modern form of Antioch ( Ancient Greek : Ἀντιόχεια , romanized :  Antiókheia ; Armenian : Անտիոք , romanized :  Andiok ; Latin : Antiochia ),

2268-464: The M w   7.8 earthquake on 6 February 2023, a M w   7.6 earthquake ruptured the Sürgü and Çardak segments. It produced 98 km (61 mi) of surface rupture and displayed a maximum surface offset of 10.0–12.6 m (32.8–41.3 ft); one of the largest surface offset ever observed from an earthquake. The northeast–southwest striking Savrun segment connects the western Çardak segment via

2331-530: The Mio-Pliocene and Quaternary. Previous studies of the East Anatolian Fault consider it part of the Karlıova segment rather than an independent segment. The 1971 Bingöl earthquake (M s   6.8) produced 35 km (22 mi) of surface faulting on this segment, but did not extend beyond northeast of Göynük. This segment extends between Lake Hazar and Palu for 77 km (48 mi). The northern part of

2394-453: The Palu segment was associated with a M w   6.1 earthquake on 8 March 2010. Young scarps and offsets measuring 2.5–4 m (8 ft 2 in – 13 ft 1 in) were observed. The last major earthquake occurred on 3 May 1874, estimated at M w   7.1. East of Lake Hazar, a 2.6 m (8 ft 6 in) offset was reported; the average offset associated with the event along

2457-603: The Pazarcık segment is reminiscent of a smooth sine curve; its northern half is concave while the southern half is also concave. This segment extends from Gölbaşı to Türkoğlu . Its cumulative geologic offset has been estimated at 19–25 km (12–16 mi); based on paleoseismological studies, the slip rate in the Holocene was estimated at 9 mm (0.35 in) per year. About 4 km (2.5 mi) southeast of Elmalar, 5 ± 0.2 m (16.40 ± 0.66 ft) of offset

2520-502: The Sürgü Fault experienced a major earthquake of M w  7.6, which was followed by many aftershocks along the active length of the faultline. This tectonics article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . East Anatolian Fault The East Anatolian Fault ( Turkish : Doğu Anadolu Fay Hattı ) is a ~700 km long major strike-slip fault zone running from eastern to south-central Turkey . It forms

2583-486: The aftermath, President Recep Tayyip Erdogan promised to an immediate reconstruction of the affected areas. During a visit to the city in September 2023, The New York Times reported that heavily buildings were still being demolished and no large-scale reconstruction works were observed. Many damaged buildings remained standing but abandoned while survivors continue to live in tents. Hatay's mayor, Lutfu Savas, said only half of

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2646-671: The aim to break the siege only four days after its capture by the crusaders, Bohemond I became its overlord. It remained the capital of the Latin Principality of Antioch for nearly two centuries. In 1268 it fell to the Egyptian Mamluk Sultan Baybars after another siege . Baibars proceeded to massacre the Christian population. In addition to suffering the ravages of war, the city lost its commercial importance because trade routes to East Asia moved north following

2709-746: The army barracks. Flora includes the bay trees and myrtle . There are 95 neighbourhoods in Antakya District: Antakya's climate is classified as hot-summer Mediterranean ( Köppen : Csa ) or dry-summer humid subtropical ( Trewartha : Cf or wet Cs ). The city experiences hot, dry summers, and mild, wet winters; though its higher altitude allows for lower temperatures than the coast. Highest recorded temperature:45.2 °C (113.4 °F) on 13 August 2023 Lowest recorded temperature:−11.8 °C (10.8 °F) on 14 January 1950 Mustafa Kemal University , abbreviated as MKU, has several faculties including Engineering and Medicine, while having

2772-501: The cental part was 3.5 + 0.5 m (11.5 + 1.6 ft). The area where the Pütürge segment runs through is mountainous and characterized by Paleozoic-Mesozoic metamorphic and Mesozoic ophiolite mélange and clastic rocks. Measurements of basement rocks and offsets along the Euphrates revealed geologic offsets of 9–22 km (5.6–13.7 mi). Although there are Holocene scarps,

2835-640: The city and left thousands homeless. The death toll in Hatay Province, which includes Antakya, was estimated at over 20,000. Humans have occupied the area of Antioch since the Chalcolithic ( 6th millennium BCE ), as revealed by archaeological excavations of Alalakh , among others. The Macedonian King Alexander the Great , after defeating the Achaemenid Empire in the Battle of Issus in 333 BCE, followed

2898-426: The city until the Seljuk Turks captured it from him in 1084. The Sultanate of Rum held it only fourteen years before the Crusaders arrived. The Crusaders' Siege of Antioch between October 1097 and June 1098 during the First Crusade resulted in its fall. The Crusaders caused significant damage, including a massacre of its population, both Christian and Muslim. Following the defeat of Seljuk forces arriving with

2961-414: The estimated 38,000 buildings registered to be dismantled had been fulfilled. In Gülderen, there were ongoing works to build 2,300 apartment units in 122 blocks. Antakya is located on the banks of the Orontes River ( Turkish : Asi Nehri ), approximately 22 km (14 mi) inland from the Mediterranean coast. The city is in a valley surrounded by mountains, the Nur Mountains (ancient Amanos) to

3024-643: The fault represented a boundary between the Anatolian and Arabian plates. The northeast–southwest trending main strand runs for 580 km (360 mi) from Karlıova in the north to Antakya in the south. The Karlıova segment represents the northeasternmost trace of the East Anatolian Fault and extends 25 km (16 mi) from the triple junction to Göynük. Its morphology is charactierized by young scarps; streams offset from several to hundreds of meters; pressure ridges ; linear valleys and hot springs . A 3.5 m (11 ft) offset located 1 km (0.62 mi) southeast of Boncukgöze could be associated with

3087-426: The fault were observed to have been offset by several meters to 0.5 km (0.31 mi). Recent seismic activity was inferred by the precense of young fault scarps. In 1893, a M s 7.2 earthquake produced a 4.5 m (15 ft) offset near Çelikhan . The northern part of the Erkenek segment produced 10 km (6.2 mi) of surface rupture during the M w   7.8 earthquake of 2023. The trace of

3150-415: The last Jew in the city announced that he was leaving the city after a devastating earthquake . It has a reputation in Turkey as a place for spells, fortune telling, miracles and spirits. Local crafts include a soap scented with the oil of bay tree . On 6 February 2023, Antakya suffered heavy damage as a result of a major earthquake . Many parts of the city were totally destroyed. As of 7 February,

3213-426: The mass immigration of people from eastern Anatolia in the 1980s and 1990s that radically swelled the populations of Mediterranean cities such as Adana and Mersin . Both Turkish and Arabic are still widely spoken in Antakya, although written Arabic is rarely used. A mixed community of faiths and denominations co-exist peacefully here. While almost all the inhabitants are Muslim , a substantial proportion adhere to

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3276-402: The name "Christian" first emerged in Antioch. The city gained much ecclesiastical importance in the Byzantine Empire . Captured by Umar ibn al-Khattab in the seventh century, the medieval Antakiyah ( Arabic : أنطاكية , ʾAnṭākiya ) was conquered or re-conquered several times: by the Byzantines in 969, the Seljuks in 1084, the Crusaders in 1098, the Mamluks in 1268, and eventually

3339-464: The neighbourhood of Harbiye are popular destinations, particularly for the variety of meze in the restaurants. The Orontes River can be malodorous when water is low in summer. Rather than formal nightlife, in the summer heat, people will stay outside until late at the night to walk with their families and friends, and munch on snacks. Its location near the Syrian border makes Antakya more cosmopolitan than many cities in Turkey. It did not attract

3402-562: The northern shores of the Gulf of Alexandretta. This segment consists of two eastern and western sections measuring 16.5 km (10.3 mi) and 24.5 km (15.2 mi), respectively. The Karataş segment runs for 64 km (40 mi) and is subparallel to the Yumurtalık segment but located north of that segment. The fault produced large earthquakes in 1789 (M 7.2), 1795 (M 7.0), 1872 (M 7.2) , 1874 (M 7.1), 1875 (M 6.7), 1893 (M 7.1) and 1905 (M w   6.8). The M s   7.1 earthquake in 1893 killed over 800 people. In 1866,

3465-399: The northwest and Mount Keldağ (Jebel Akra) to the south, with the 440 m high Mount Habib-i Neccar (the ancient Mount Silpius ) forming its eastern limits. The mountains are a source of a green marble . Antakya is at the northern edge of the Dead Sea Rift and vulnerable to earthquakes. The plain of Amik to the north-east of the city is fertile soil watered by the Orontes, the Karasu and

3528-403: The precise date when they formed is unknown. Earthquakes in 1875 and 1905 may have occurred on the Pütürge segment. This segment was associated with a ~45 km (28 mi) rupture during the January 2020 M w   6.7 earthquake . This segment runs from Yarpuzlu to Gölbaşı . The cumulative offset along the Erkenek segment is 26–22.5 km (16.2–14.0 mi). Stream channels crossing

3591-421: The site of the ancient Antiochia ( Ancient Greek : Ἀντιόχεια , Antiókheia , also known as "Antioch on the Orontes"), which was founded in the fourth century BC by the Seleucid Empire . Antioch later became one of the Roman Empire 's largest cities, and was made the capital of the provinces of Syria and Coele-Syria . It was also an influential early center of Christianity ; the New Testament asserts that

3654-436: The southern portion of the Amanos segment. The Amanos segment also ruptured during the M w   7.8 earthquake in 2023. It was followed two weeks later by a M w   6.4 aftershock at its southernmost tip. The East Anatolian Fault branches away from the main strand to form a northern strand near Çelikhan . This strand, also known as the Sürgü–Misis Fault System, also consists multiple left-lateral fault segments with

3717-454: The Çokak segment from the Savrun segment. The main strand strikes approximately northeast–southwest; its northern end consisting of a normal fault while the remaining, a left-lateral fault. Another left-lateral fault runs subparallel to the west along its southern half. It accumulated a total offset of 2.5 km (1.6 mi) during the Late Pliocene to Quaternary. The 50 km (31 mi)-long Toprakkale segment extends from Boynuyoğunlu to

3780-482: Was finally kaza centre in Sanjak of Aleppo , part of Aleppo Vilayet . In 1822 (and again in 1872 ), Antakya was hit by an earthquake and damaged. When Egyptian general Ibrahim Pasha established his headquarters in the city in 1835, it had only some 5,000 inhabitants. Supporters hoped the city might develop thanks to the Euphrates Valley Railway , which was supposed to link it to the port of Sueida (now Samandağı ), but this plan never came to fruition. This scheme

3843-433: Was originally centred on the east bank of the river. Since the 19th century, the city has expanded with new neighbourhoods built on the plains across the river to the south-west, and four bridges connect the old and new cities. Many of the buildings of the last two decades are styled as concrete blocks, and Antakya has lost much of its classic beauty. The narrow streets of the old city can become clogged with traffic. Antakya

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3906-442: Was part of the Sanjak of Alexandretta during the Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon , until it was made the Hatay State in 1938, after Turkish pressure. An Arab nationalist newspaper in the city, run by Zaki al-Arsuzi , was shut down by the Turks. On May 30, 1938, an Arab was killed during a riot by a Turkish crowd. On 7 July 1938, the Turkish army entered Antioch. The annexation of the Hatay State by Turkey in 1939, creating

3969-399: Was reported along a stream, possibly associated with an earthquake in 1513. The Pazarcık segment may have also produced surface ruptures during the 1114 earthquake . This was one of the segments that ruptured during the M w   7.8 earthquake of 2023. The Amanos segment, also known as the Karasu segment, measures 120 km (75 mi) in length and represents the southern part of

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