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31-915: Coordinates : 0°20′45″N 6°44′22″E / 0.34583°N 6.73944°E / 0.34583; 6.73944 (Redirected from São Tomé National Museum ) National Museum in São Tomé Island, São Tomé and Príncipe São Sebastião Museum Museu São Sebastião [REDACTED] Forte de São Sebastião [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Location within São Tomé Established 1566 (fortress) late 1970s (museum) Location São Tomé , São Tomé Island , São Tomé and Príncipe Coordinates 0°20′45″N 6°44′22″E / 0.34583°N 6.73944°E / 0.34583; 6.73944 Type National Museum Collections culture, local, artistry São Sebastião Museum
62-502: A tan ϕ {\displaystyle \textstyle {\tan \beta ={\frac {b}{a}}\tan \phi }\,\!} ; for the GRS 80 and WGS 84 spheroids, b a = 0.99664719 {\textstyle {\tfrac {b}{a}}=0.99664719} . ( β {\displaystyle \textstyle {\beta }\,\!} is known as the reduced (or parametric) latitude ). Aside from rounding, this
93-456: A datum transformation such as a Helmert transformation , although in certain situations a simple translation may be sufficient. Datums may be global, meaning that they represent the whole Earth, or they may be local, meaning that they represent an ellipsoid best-fit to only a portion of the Earth. Examples of global datums include World Geodetic System (WGS 84, also known as EPSG:4326 ),
124-464: A coordinate tuple like a cartesian coordinate system , the geographic coordinate system is not cartesian because the measurements are angles and are not on a planar surface. A full GCS specification, such as those listed in the EPSG and ISO 19111 standards, also includes a choice of geodetic datum (including an Earth ellipsoid ), as different datums will yield different latitude and longitude values for
155-588: A point on Earth's surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses (often called great circles ), which converge at the North and South Poles. The meridian of the British Royal Observatory in Greenwich , in southeast London, England, is the international prime meridian , although some organizations—such as
186-473: A region of the surface of the Earth. Some newer datums are bound to the center of mass of the Earth. This combination of mathematical model and physical binding mean that anyone using the same datum will obtain the same location measurement for the same physical location. However, two different datums will usually yield different location measurements for the same physical location, which may appear to differ by as much as several hundred meters; this not because
217-411: Is 6,367,449 m . Since the Earth is an oblate spheroid , not spherical, that result can be off by several tenths of a percent; a better approximation of a longitudinal degree at latitude ϕ {\displaystyle \phi } is where Earth's equatorial radius a {\displaystyle a} equals 6,378,137 m and tan β = b
248-475: Is 110.6 km. The circles of longitude, meridians, meet at the geographical poles, with the west–east width of a second naturally decreasing as latitude increases. On the Equator at sea level, one longitudinal second measures 30.92 m, a longitudinal minute is 1855 m and a longitudinal degree is 111.3 km. At 30° a longitudinal second is 26.76 m, at Greenwich (51°28′38″N) 19.22 m, and at 60° it
279-519: Is 15.42 m. On the WGS 84 spheroid, the length in meters of a degree of latitude at latitude ϕ (that is, the number of meters you would have to travel along a north–south line to move 1 degree in latitude, when at latitude ϕ ), is about The returned measure of meters per degree latitude varies continuously with latitude. Similarly, the length in meters of a degree of longitude can be calculated as (Those coefficients can be improved, but as they stand
310-460: Is a museum, housed in a 16th-century fortress in the city of São Tomé , São Tomé and Príncipe . It lies in the northeastern part of the city centre, at the southeastern end of Ana Chaves Bay . It contains religious art and colonial-era artifacts. The fortress was built in 1566 by the Portuguese in order to protect the port and city of São Tomé against pirate attacks. A lighthouse was established in
341-452: Is known as a graticule . The origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km (390 mi) south of Tema , Ghana , a location often facetiously called Null Island . In order to use the theoretical definitions of latitude, longitude, and height to precisely measure actual locations on the physical earth, a geodetic datum must be used. A horizonal datum
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#1733085228801372-434: Is on Wikidata Geographic coordinate system A geographic coordinate system ( GCS ) is a spherical or geodetic coordinate system for measuring and communicating positions directly on Earth as latitude and longitude . It is the simplest, oldest and most widely used of the various spatial reference systems that are in use, and forms the basis for most others. Although latitude and longitude form
403-650: Is the exact distance along a parallel of latitude; getting the distance along the shortest route will be more work, but those two distances are always within 0.6 m of each other if the two points are one degree of longitude apart. Like any series of multiple-digit numbers, latitude-longitude pairs can be challenging to communicate and remember. Therefore, alternative schemes have been developed for encoding GCS coordinates into alphanumeric strings or words: These are not distinct coordinate systems, only alternative methods for expressing latitude and longitude measurements. Almeirim, S%C3%A3o Tom%C3%A9 and Principe Almeirim
434-465: Is used to precisely measure latitude and longitude, while a vertical datum is used to measure elevation or altitude. Both types of datum bind a mathematical model of the shape of the earth (usually a reference ellipsoid for a horizontal datum, and a more precise geoid for a vertical datum) to the earth. Traditionally, this binding was created by a network of control points , surveyed locations at which monuments are installed, and were only accurate for
465-471: The International Date Line , which diverges from it in several places for political and convenience reasons, including between far eastern Russia and the far western Aleutian Islands . The combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The visual grid on a map formed by lines of latitude and longitude
496-515: The 1st or 2nd century, Marinus of Tyre compiled an extensive gazetteer and mathematically plotted world map using coordinates measured east from a prime meridian at the westernmost known land, designated the Fortunate Isles , off the coast of western Africa around the Canary or Cape Verde Islands , and measured north or south of the island of Rhodes off Asia Minor . Ptolemy credited him with
527-499: The Earth's surface move relative to each other due to continental plate motion, subsidence, and diurnal Earth tidal movement caused by the Moon and the Sun. This daily movement can be as much as a meter. Continental movement can be up to 10 cm a year, or 10 m in a century. A weather system high-pressure area can cause a sinking of 5 mm . Scandinavia is rising by 1 cm a year as a result of
558-708: The European ED50 , and the British OSGB36 . Given a location, the datum provides the latitude ϕ {\displaystyle \phi } and longitude λ {\displaystyle \lambda } . In the United Kingdom there are three common latitude, longitude, and height systems in use. WGS 84 differs at Greenwich from the one used on published maps OSGB36 by approximately 112 m. The military system ED50 , used by NATO , differs from about 120 m to 180 m. Points on
589-524: The French Institut national de l'information géographique et forestière —continue to use other meridians for internal purposes. The prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres , although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E. This is not to be conflated with
620-5914: The Portuguese Empire Africa North Africa Ceuta (Spain) Alcácer Ceguer (Morocco) Arzila (Morocco) Tangier (Morocco) Graciosa (Morocco) Mazagan (Morocco) Santa Cruz do Cabo de Gué (Morocco) Castelo Real (Morocco) Safim (Morocco) Azamor (Morocco) Aguz (Morocco) Arguin Fort (Mauritania) Gold Coast Santiago (Ghana) Santo António (Ghana) São Francisco Xavier (Ghana) São João Baptista (Benin) São Jorge (Ghana) São Sebastião (Ghana) São Tomé and Príncipe Santo António São Jerónimo São Sebastião Cape Verde D'El-Rei Duque de Bragança Principe Real São Filipe São José Guinea-Bissau Cacheu Fort São José Angola Ambaca Fort Caconda Fort Cambambe Fort Muxima Fort Nossa Senhora da Vitória Santa Maria São Fernando São Filipe São Francisco do Penedo São José São Miguel São Pedro da Barra Quicombo Fort East Africa Jesus (Kenya) Santiago (Tanzania) Mozambique Manica Fort Nossa Senhora da Conceição de Inhambane Nossa Senhora da Conceição de Lourenço Marques Princesa Amélia Santo António São Caetano São João Baptista São José de Mossuril São José do Ibo São Lourenço São Marçal São Miguel São Sebastião São Tiago Maior Quelimane Fort America Brazil Nossa Senhora do Monserrate Nossa Senhora da Assunção Nossa Senhora da Conceição Nossa Senhora dos Prazeres Nossa Senhora dos Remédios Presépio Príncipe da Beira Reis Magos Santa Cruz da Barra Santa Cruz de Anhatomirim Santa Cruz de Itamaracá Santa Cruz do Paraguaçu São João São José da Ponta Grossa São José de Macapá Nossa Senhora dos Remédios Santa Catarina Santa Maria Santo António Além do Carmo Santo António da Barra Santo Inácio de Tamandaré São Diogo São Domingos de Gragoatá São João Baptista do Brum São João da Bertioga São Lourenço São Luís São Marcelo São Mateus do Cabo Frio São Tiago das Cinco Pontas Uruguay Colónia do Sacramento Montevideo Fort Santa Teresa São Miguel Asia Arabia & Iran Almirante (Oman) Bahrain Fort (Bahrain) Gombroon Fort (Iran) Nossa Senhora da Conceição (Iran) Qeshm Fort (Iran) São João (Oman) São Miguel (Yemen) India Arnala Fort Asheri Fort Bandra Fort Belapur Fort Bombay Castle Chaul Daman Dronagiri Fort Ghodbunder Fort Honavar Fort Korlai Fort Madh Fort Mahim Fort Manuel Negapatam Santa Luzia Santo Ângelo Santo António de Simbor São Jerónimo São Miguel São Tomé de Cranganor São Tomé de Diu São Tomé de Coulão São Tomé de Meliapor São Sebastião de Baçaim São Sebastião de Mangalor Shirgaon Fort Pallipuram Fort Goa Aguada Fort Assunção Cabo de Rama Fort Gaspar Dias Mormugão fort Naroa Fort Nossa Senhora do Cabo Ponda Fort Reis Magos Santo Estevão São Bartolomeu São Brás São João São Sebastião São Tiago Santa Cruz Santíssima Trindade Santo António Sri Lanka Santa Bárbara São Jorge Santa Cruz Santa Helena Matara Fort Santa Fé Nossa Senhora dos Milagres Nossa Senhora da Penha de França Nossa Senhora da Guadalupe Kalutara fort Kayts Island Fort Ratnapura Fort Negombo fort Arandora fort Arippu fort Delft Island fort Ruwanwella fort Sitawaka fort Sabaragamuwa fort Myanmar Santiago Malaysia Malacca Muar Fort Indonesia Nossa Senhora da Anunciada Nossa Senhora da Piedade Pasai Fort Reis Magos São Domingos São João Baptista Timor-Leste Balibó Fort Batugade Fort Cupão Fort Nossa Senhora da Conceição Santo António Macau Dona Maria II Mong-Há Nossa Senhora do Monte Nossa Senhora da Guia Nossa Senhora do Bom Parto São Francisco São Tiago da Barra Taipa Fort Portuguese name in italics and geographical location (between parenthesis) Authority control databases : Geographic [REDACTED] Structurae Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=São_Sebastião_Museum&oldid=1189141581 " Categories : Museums in São Tomé and Príncipe Buildings and structures in São Tomé Museums established in 1976 1976 establishments in São Tomé and Príncipe Portuguese colonial architecture in São Tomé and Príncipe Hidden categories: Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas Articles with Portuguese-language sources (pt) Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Coordinates on Wikidata Commons category link
651-566: The center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels , as they are parallel to the Equator and to each other. The North Pole is 90° N; the South Pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the Equator , the fundamental plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The Equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres . The longitude λ of
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#1733085228801682-613: The default datum used for the Global Positioning System , and the International Terrestrial Reference System and Frame (ITRF), used for estimating continental drift and crustal deformation . The distance to Earth's center can be used both for very deep positions and for positions in space. Local datums chosen by a national cartographical organization include the North American Datum ,
713-490: The distance they give is correct within a centimeter.) The formulae both return units of meters per degree. An alternative method to estimate the length of a longitudinal degree at latitude ϕ {\displaystyle \phi } is to assume a spherical Earth (to get the width per minute and second, divide by 60 and 3600, respectively): where Earth's average meridional radius M r {\displaystyle \textstyle {M_{r}}\,\!}
744-1279: The fortress in 1866; it was rebuilt in 1928. The fortress was restored at the end of the 1950s. [REDACTED] Three of the explorer's statues in front of the museum See also [ edit ] Santo António da Ponta da Mina Fortress , located on the island of Príncipe near the island capital Santo António List of buildings and structures in São Tomé and Príncipe References [ edit ] ^ São Sebastião Museum Saotome.st ^ Fernandes, José Manuel (October 2012). "As cidades de São Tomé e de Santo António, até aos séculos XIX e XX - arquitectura e urbanismo". Actas do Colóquio Internacional São Tomé e Príncipe Numa Perspectiva Interdisciplinar, Diacrónica e Sincrónica . ISCTE – University Institute of Lisbon : 75. hdl : 10071/3906 . ^ Rowlett, Russ. "Lighthouses of São Tomé and Príncipe" . The Lighthouse Directory . University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill . Retrieved 31 October 2018 . ^ Forte de São Sebastião , Fortalezas.org (in Portuguese) External links [ edit ] [REDACTED] Media related to Forte de São Sebastião National Museum (São Tomé) at Wikimedia Commons Photo of
775-468: The full adoption of longitude and latitude, rather than measuring latitude in terms of the length of the midsummer day. Ptolemy's 2nd-century Geography used the same prime meridian but measured latitude from the Equator instead. After their work was translated into Arabic in the 9th century, Al-Khwārizmī 's Book of the Description of the Earth corrected Marinus' and Ptolemy's errors regarding
806-749: The length of the Mediterranean Sea , causing medieval Arabic cartography to use a prime meridian around 10° east of Ptolemy's line. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes ' recovery of Ptolemy's text a little before 1300; the text was translated into Latin at Florence by Jacopo d'Angelo around 1407. In 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference , attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt
837-461: The location has moved, but because the reference system used to measure it has shifted. Because any spatial reference system or map projection is ultimately calculated from latitude and longitude, it is crucial that they clearly state the datum on which they are based. For example, a UTM coordinate based on WGS84 will be different than a UTM coordinate based on NAD27 for the same location. Converting coordinates from one datum to another requires
868-579: The longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich , England as the zero-reference line. The Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911. The latitude ϕ of a point on Earth's surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through (or close to)
899-460: The melting of the ice sheets of the last ice age , but neighboring Scotland is rising by only 0.2 cm . These changes are insignificant if a local datum is used, but are statistically significant if a global datum is used. On the GRS 80 or WGS 84 spheroid at sea level at the Equator, one latitudinal second measures 30.715 m , one latitudinal minute is 1843 m and one latitudinal degree
930-1403: The part at the Institute of Tropical Scientific Institute (IICT) . (in Portuguese) v t e Água Grande District Communities Água Porca Almeirim Boa Morte Chacara Correia Madre Deus Oque del Rei Pantufo Ponta Mina Quinta Santo António Riboque São Marçal São João da Vargem São Tomé [REDACTED] [REDACTED] São Tomé and Príncipe portal Geographical features Ana Chaves Bay Ilhéu das Cabras Universities and educational institutions National Library of São Tomé and Príncipe National Lyceum Patrice Lumumba Preparatory School University of São Tomé and Príncipe Landmarks and tourism Our Lady of Conception Church Our Lady of Grace Cathedral Presidential Palace Supreme Court of Justice São Sebastião Lighthouse São Sebastião Museum Hospital Ayres de Menezes Transportation São Tomé International Airport Port of São Tomé Other City and district timeline Estádio Nacional 12 de Julho TVS v t e [REDACTED] Forts and fortresses of
961-507: The same location. The invention of a geographic coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene , who composed his now-lost Geography at the Library of Alexandria in the 3rd century BC. A century later, Hipparchus of Nicaea improved on this system by determining latitude from stellar measurements rather than solar altitude and determining longitude by timings of lunar eclipses , rather than dead reckoning . In