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61-631: The town is situated in the northern part of the Arad Plateau, at a 29 km (18 mi) distance from the county seat, Arad . It is traversed by county roads DJ791 and DJ792C. At the 2021 census , Sântana had a population of 12,460. At the census from 2011 , the town had 10,725 inhabitants; of those, 84.89% were Romanians , 9.57% Roma , 3.14% Germans , 2.07% Hungarians , and 0.4% of other or undeclared nationalities. Furthermore, 79.6% were Romanian Orthodox , 11.5% Pentecostal , 5.5% Roman Catholic , and 1.2% Baptist . The first documentary record of

122-478: A continental climate with cool and damp winters. The summers are warm to hot. The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is " Cfa " (Humid temperate Climate). At the 2021 census , Arad had a population of 145,078 in trend with general tendencies for Romania with decreases as a consequence of internal migration to larger, more developed cities and a suburbanization of cities with rural localities knowing pronounced growth. The ethnic composition of

183-487: A body of self-government of the local noblemen in the course of the 13th century, but the ispán , "a royal appointee" (Erik Fügedi) remained their heads. Accordingly, the ispáns supervised the activities of the judges elected by the community of local noblemen with the task to "revise existing property rights" (Pál Engel) in many counties in Transdanubia in 1267. The existence of the institution of elected "judges of

244-457: A county had jurisdiction over all the inhabitants of that county, but otherwise the counts' jurisdiction only covered the commoners who lived in the estates attached to the castle. Each comes appointed his own judicial deputy to assist him. However, more and more landowners received immunity from the jurisdiction of the comes from the monarchs. Furthermore, a rebellion of the so-called " royal servants " (in fact landowners directly subjected to

305-447: A different opinion. Slovak Slavist Šimon Ondruš explains the intermediate form špán as derived from žьpan by the extinction of Proto-Slavic ь and phonetic assimilation of the first letter. This is supported also by the fact that the form župan is not historically documented in the Slovak and the form used until the 15th century was exactly špán ( župan is most likely only

366-509: A late borrowing introduced by the Štúr 's generation). Ondruš does not exclude the possibility of borrowing from South Slavic languages instead of Slovak , but according to Pukanec Croatian and Slovenian are less probable candidates since they preserved the form župan . The office had already existed under Stephen I (997–1038) at the latest, who was crowned the first king of Hungary in 1000 or 1001. The new king introduced an administrative system based on fortresses. Most of

427-405: A new network of castle districts emerged. Most of the counties and the castle districts were distributed among the great officers of the realm in the following period as honours attached to their dignity. For instance, the palatines William Drugeth and Nicholas Kont were also ispáns of five counties under Kings Charles I and Louis I , respectively. In this period, all income from an honour

488-449: A prompter for Matei Millo 's theatre company.  → 1846 – Hungarian composer and piano virtuoso Franz Liszt performed.  → 1847 – Johann Strauss the Son performed.  → 1877 – Pablo Sarasate and Henryk Wieniawski performed.  → 1922 – Romanian composer and violin virtuoso George Enescu performed.  → 1924 – Hungarian composer Béla Bartók performed. Arad has

549-427: A royal castle. However, not all parcels in the "castle lands" was part of the royal domain (the monarchs' private property). On the other hand, huge woodlands owned by the monarch and his kin remained outside of the system of castle districts. Officials responsible for the management of the forested lands, the "royal keepers" never equalled the heads of castle districts in rank, although they were also styled ispán in

610-400: A royal official styled comes in contemporary documents at the head of each fortress. A comes was the chief administrator of royal estates attached to the castle under his command. Consequently, he was the principal of all who owned services to the head of that castle. Most comes (about 50 out of a total number of 72 by the 13th century) also had authority over the population of

671-600: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Arad, Romania Arad ( Romanian pronunciation: [aˈrad] ) is the capital city of Arad County , at the edge of Crișana and the Banat . No villages are administred by the city. It is the third largest city in Western Romania , behind Timișoara and Oradea , and the 12th largest in Romania , with a population of 145,078. A busy transportation hub on

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732-421: Is an important centre of vineyards. Its status as a significant road and railway junction can be used also for the promotion and improvement of the tourism. The specific architecture, the historical and architectural monuments as the "Convictului" building, the copyhold house and the fortifications called "Cetatea veche" are only a few of the locality's touristic sights. This Arad County location article

793-539: Is headed by a mayor. Since 2019, the office is held by Călin Bibarț. Decisions are approved and discussed by the local government ( consiliu local ) made up of 23 elected councillors. With a rich industrial and commercial tradition, Arad is one of the most prosperous cities in Romania. Thanks to numerous investments in industry and commerce, Arad has a booming economy. The main industries are: railroad cars , food processing, furniture and household accessories, equipment for

854-591: Is owed to the fact that it has been part of the Kingdom of Hungary , the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom , the Ottoman Temeşvar Eyalet , Principality of Transylvania , Austro-Hungarian Empire , and since 1920 Romania , having had significant populations of Hungarians , Germans , Jews , Serbs , Bulgarians and Czechs at various points in its history. During the second half of the 19th century and

915-502: The ius gladii , that is the same right in their own estates, although they "were required to deliver the convict" to the ispán' s men (Pál Engel). Furthermore, magnates were granted the right to judge noblemen living in their own household, although only with the previous authorization by the ispán in 1486. As of January 1, 2023, the Parliament of Hungary brought back the official and legal usage of titles such as Ispán, reinstituted

976-569: The Mureș River and an important cultural and industrial center, Arad has hosted one of the first music conservatories in Europe, one of the earliest normal schools in Europe, and the first car factory in Hungary and present-day Romania. Today, it is the seat of a Romanian Orthodox archbishop and features a Romanian Orthodox theological seminary and two universities. The city's multicultural heritage

1037-569: The Russians . It became an ammunition depot. Thirteen rebel generals were executed there on 6 October 1849, by order of the Austrian general Julius Jacob von Haynau . These men are known collectively as the 13 Martyrs of Arad , and since then Arad is considered the "Hungarian Golgotha ". One of the public squares contains a martyrs' monument, erected in their memory. It consists of a colossal figure of Hungary, with four allegorical groups, and medallions of

1098-496: The Transylvanian counties were controlled by a great official of the realm, the voivode , instead of the monarch from the 12th century. Similarly, the ispáns of some Slavonian counties were appointed and dismissed by the bans , the highest-ranking royal officials in that province. The earliest "perpetual ispánates " emerged around the same time: the voivodes were also the ispáns of Fehér County from around 1200,

1159-837: The Vasile Goldiș High School. High schools in minority languages include the Hungarian Csiky Gergely College and the German Adam Müller-Guttenbrunn High School. The most important hospitals in Arad are Arad County Clinical Hospital and Arad Municipal Hospital (in the late 2000s it merged with Arad County Clinical Hospital ). The city also has a number of public hospitals (Arad Maternal Hospital, The Polyclinic, The Dental Clinic, etc.) and private hospitals (MedLife Genesis, Laser System, Mediqua, etc.) The UTA Arad (formerly ITA) football team

1220-432: The castellan and other officers recruited among the " castle warriors ". Castle warriors were commoners who owned military service to the comes as the local representative of royal power in regard to their landholding in the castle district. Castles and the estates attached to them were important economic units. Initially, a significant part of all lands in the kingdom (maybe as much as two thirds thereof) belonged to

1281-509: The introduction of the Soviet system of local administration in Hungary in 1950. "If a warrior, scorning the just judgment of his ispán appeals to the king, seeking to prove the injustice of the ispán , he will owe ten pensae of gold to the ispán . " The Hungarian word is first attested as a proper name from 1269, and as a title from around 1282. The Hungarian word ispán is connected with

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1342-422: The ispáns or rather, according to their new title, the lord-lieutenants of counties ( Hungarian : főispán , Latin : supremus comes ) remained the leading officials of county administration. The heads of two counties, Pozsony and Temes were even included among the "barons of the realm", along with the palatine and other dignitaries. On the other hand, some of these high-ranking officials and some of

1403-419: The 12th century. The royal woodlands developed into counties by the end of the next century. The " castle folk ", that is peasants living in a village of a castle district, provided with food, wine, weapons or other goods the comes of the castle and his retinue. They were grouped into units called "hundreds", each supervised by a "centurion". Centurions were always appointed by the comes from among

1464-590: The 4th millennium BC. In the 3rd millennium BC prosperous settlements appear on both banks and on the islands of the Mureş River belonging to an Indo-European civilisation, which peaked around 1000 BC. Excavations made for the foundations of the Astoria Hotel found a human skeleton from the Bronze Age . The first Dacian settlements appear in the 1st millennium BC. In the 5th century a group of Scythians settled in

1525-686: The Aradul Nou area, the Roman army built the fort Castra of Aradul Nou that housed the legion Legio IV Flavia Felix . During the period between the 2nd and 4th centuries Dacian and Sarmatian settlements were present in the area of today's city, with intense commercial relations with the Roman Empire . In the 10th century the Hungarians began their expansion in Transylvania , one of the main access routes being

1586-538: The Hungarian rebels, who made it their headquarters during the latter part of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 . It was from Arad that Lajos Kossuth issued his famous proclamation (11 August 1849), and where he handed over the supreme military and civil power to Artúr Görgey . The fortress was recaptured shortly after the surrender at Világos (now Șiria , Romania), with the surrender of general Artúr Görgey to

1647-582: The Turks for the capture of the fortress of Arad formed the nucleus of the new settlement. In 1910, the town had 63,166 inhabitants: 46,085 (73%) Hungarians, 10,279 (16.2%) Romanians, 4,365 (7%) Germans. During World War I , the Austro-Hungarian authorities set up an internment camp in the Fortress of Arad in which around 4,000 Serb detainees died.  → 1868 – Romanian poet Mihai Eminescu came to Arad as

1708-437: The administration of a larger territorial unit within the kingdom. They fulfilled administrative, judicial and military functions in one or more counties. Heads of counties were often represented locally by their deputies, the vice-ispáns ( Hungarian : alispán , Latin : vicecomes and Slovak : podžupan ) from the 13th century. Although the vice- ispáns took over more and more functions from their principals,

1769-457: The ancient Ziridava fortress name was to be added to Arad in a similar way as Napoca was to Cluj, ( Cluj-Napoca ) but this was not done. The evidence of Pre-Indo-European civilisation occurs with the establishment of the first settlement on the northern bank of the Mureş River in the 5th millennium BC, and the extension of the human settlements on the left bank of the Mureş River occurs in

1830-491: The beginning on the 20th century, the city experienced rapid development. The most impressive displays of architecture that are still the popular sights of Arad today, such as the neoclassical Ioan Slavici Theater , the eclectic Administrative Palace and the neogothic Red Church , were built in this period. All names of the city come from the name of its first ispán , Arad (deriving from Hungarian úr , meaning 'lord'). During national communism and Dacianism ,

1891-403: The car industry, electric components, instrumentation, clothing and textiles, and footwear. Arad is the most important trans-European road and rail transportation junction point in western Romania, included in the 4th Pan-European Corridor linking Western Europe to South-Eastern European and Middle Eastern countries. The city has an extensive tram network and several bus lines covering most of

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1952-479: The castle warriors. Counts were also responsible for collecting taxes, tolls and customs. They only forwarded two thirds of the income deriving from these levies to the king, the income's remaining part was due to them. The grant of castle lands to individuals began to erodate the economic functions of castle districts already in the 12th century. King Andrew II (1205–1235) was the first monarch to distribute large parcels among his followers, which "undermined

2013-556: The city of Arad changed according to the realities of the aftermath of the World War I , as the new Hungary–Romania border was drawn by an international commission overseen by the French cartographer Emmanuel de Martonne , that wanted to have the respective ethnicites on different sides, but at the same time advocated maintaining certain transport connections to the individual new countries even if it meant to keep certain towns and villages "on

2074-603: The city was ruled by the Habsburg monarchy . At the beginning of the 18th century, Arad became the center of the Eastern Orthodox Eparchy of Arad . According to 1720 data, the population of the city was composed of 177 Romanian families, 162 Serbian, and 35 Hungarian. The first Jew allowed to settle inside the city was Isac Elias in 1717. Eventually the Jewish population of Arad numbered over 10,000 people, more than 10% of

2135-452: The city's neighbourhoods and suburbs. Arad International Airport ( IATA : ARW, ICAO : LRAR), with the largest and most modern cargo terminal in western Romania, is situated only 4 km west from central Arad and is directly connected to the Arad west bypass road, part of the A1 Motorway . Arad has two universities, the private "Vasile Goldiș" Western University , founded in 1990, and

2196-496: The counties was enacted in 1723, although the noblemen could only choose among four candidates presented by the lord-lieutenant. Following the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 , vice- ispáns officially took over the responsibility for the management of the whole county administration, but lord-lieutenants presided the most important representative or supervising bodies of the counties. Both offices were abolished with

2257-567: The executed generals. Arad enjoyed great economic development in the 19th century. In 1834 it was declared a "free royal town" by Emperor Francis I of Austria. Aradu Nou / Neu Arad / Újarad ("New Arad"), situated on the opposite bank of the Mureș river, is a neighborhood of Arad, to which it is connected by the Trajan bridge. It was founded during the Turkish wars of the 17th century. The works erected by

2318-483: The first division. The men's rugby team Contor Group Arad plays in the National Rugby League, reaching the playoff final in 2006. World Champion and Olympic medalist in gymnastics Emilia Eberle was born in Arad. Arad is twinned with: Isp%C3%A1n The ispán or count ( Hungarian : ispán , Latin : comes or comes parochialis , and Slovak : župan ), deriving from title of župan ,

2379-413: The fortress of Hont and Hont County received the name of a knight of foreign origin , a staunch supporter of Stephen I. Each castle district served multiple purposes, accordingly their comes also fulfilled several tasks. First of all, the military of the kingdom was for centuries based on troops raised in the castle districts, each commanded by the comes under his own banner. He was assisted by

2440-494: The fortresses were "simple earthworks crowned by a wooden wall and surrounded by a ditch and bank" (Pál Engel) in the period. Stone castles were only erected at Esztergom , Székesfehérvár and Veszprém . Archaeological evidence shows that a few castles had already existed in the last quarter of the 10th century, implying that the new system of local administration was set up in the reign of Stephen I's father, Grand Prince Géza ( c. 972–997). The monarch appointed

2501-569: The importance of the fortifications on this place, to which were added in the second half of the 13th century more stone fortresses at Șoimoș, Șiria, and Dezna. The Ottoman Empire conquered the region from Hungary in 1551 and kept it until the Peace of Karlowitz of 1699, although during this period it was temporarily reintegrated in the Principality of Transylvania after the Transylvanian troops cleared

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2562-664: The international stage is the elimination from the European Champions Cup of Ernst Happel 's Feyenoord in the 1970–71 season, when the Dutch team were defending European champions and later won the Intercontinental Cup . In basketball, the women's ICIM and the men's West Petrom teams have national prominence, their record including some recent national championship wins (ICIM in 1998 through 2001, West Petrom in 2001 and 2002). In men's water polo, Astra Arad also plays in

2623-454: The locality under the name Sântana goes back to the year 1828. The settlement is the result of the continuous development of Comlăuș, a locality mentioned already in 1334. Caporal Alexa was mentioned in 1334 when it was called Kerecton. Until 1926, it was called Cherechiu, which is still its colloquial name. Although the economy of the town is prevalent agricultural, the secondary and tertiary economic sectors have also developed recently. Sântana

2684-547: The lower valley of the Mureș in 1595; and after the victory of Mihai Viteazu 's troops at Șelimbăr, the city entered under the Voivode's authority. During the Ottoman period, Arad became an eyalet center, which comprised the sanjaks of Arad, Lugoj , Kacaș, Beşlek and Yanova from 1660 till 1697, when it was captured by Austrians ( Serbian Militia under command of Subota Jović ) during Ottoman-Habsburg wars (1683–1699). After 1699,

2745-432: The nobles" is documented in more and more counties from the 1280s. Legislation prescribed that the ispán was to pass judgement with four judges elected by the local nobility from among their number. Heads of the counties, along with the prelates of the realm, were ex officio members of the royal council. An advisory body, laws were enacted with the consent of the royal council, as the first king emphasized. The heads of

2806-565: The population, before the Second World War . The new fortress was built between 1763 and 1783. Although it was small, it proved formidable having played a great role in the Hungarian struggle for independence in 1849. The city possesses a museum containing relics of this war of independence. Courageously defended by the Austrian general Berger until the end of July 1849, it was captured by

2867-414: The prelates were ex officio ispáns of certain counties, including Esztergom , Fehér and Pest until the 18th or 19th centuries. Between the middle of the 15th century and the 18th century, neither was unusual. Another type of perpetual ispánate , namely the group of counties where the office of ispán was hereditary in noble families. Election of the vice- ispáns by the assembly of

2928-695: The public Aurel Vlaicu University founded in 1991. Also the "Spiru Haret" long-distance studies University has a branch in Arad. There are about two dozen high schools, some of the more famous being the Moise Nicoară National College , the Pedagogical High School "Dimitrie Țichindeal", " Elena Ghiba-Birta " National College, the Economics College, the Technical College for Constructions and Environmental Protection Arad , and

2989-410: The realm near Arad" in early to mid-1131, Queen Helena ordered the slaughter of all noblemen who were accused of having suggested the blinding of her husband to King Coloman . King Béla II of Hungary distributed the goods of the executed magnates between the newly established Arad Chapter and the early 11th-century Óbuda Chapter . The Mongol invasion of the Kingdom of Hungary in 1241 showed

3050-733: The region. And between the 4th and 3rd centuries, the Celts settled on both banks of the Mureş River, in the vicinity of the existing settlements. The Dacian settlement in the south of the Micălaca district was conquered by the Roman troops between 101 and 102. During the Second Dacian War (105-106), the Emperor Trajan conquered territories north of Mureş River, making them part of the Roman Dacia . In

3111-492: The social and military organisation upon which the prestige of the counts" rested (Pál Engel). Royal monopoly of holding castles was abolished under King Béla IV (1235–1270). Hundreds of new castles were built in this period by noblemen. "The [ispáns] of counties shall not render judicial sentences concerning the estates of the servientes except in cases pertaining to coinage and tithes ." Counts were also entitled to render justice in their districts. Heads of

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3172-454: The sovereign) forced King Andrew II to issue a charter known as the Golden Bull of 1222 which exempted them of the jurisdiction of the ispáns . The development of towns set further limits to the counts' authority, since at least 20 settlements received the right to self-government under King Béla IV (1235–1270). Counties were developing from an institute of royal administration into

3233-556: The term župan ('head of a župa ' ) in the Croatian and modern Slovak , and to the synonymous Old Church Slavonic expression, županъ . Accordingly, the title seems to be a Slavic loanword in Hungarian. However, Dorota Dolovai sees a direct borrowing problematic from phonological perspective and also András Róna-Tas says that the omission of the vowel u during the procedure ( župan > špan > išpan ) suggests an intermediate (non-Slavic) language. Several Slavists have

3294-464: The valley of Mureş. Ruler Glad , under the threat of the Hungarian expansion, built a fortress at Vladimirescu-Schanzen , which the Hungarians conquered and destroyed in the middle of the tenth century. Another ruler, Achtum , rebuilt it but the Hungarians destroyed it again in 1028. Arad was first mentioned in documents in the 11th century. According to the Chronicon Pictum , at "an assembly of

3355-471: The vice- palatines were the heads of Pest County from the 1230s, and the archbishops of Esztergom held the office of ispán of Esztergom County from 1270. Large territories of the Kingdom of Hungary were put under the authority of powerful landlords by the time when King Andrew III , the last member of the Árpád dynasty died on January 14, 1301. For instance, Matthew Csák ruled over 14 counties in

3416-525: The wider region of the river Váh ( Hungarian : Vág , now Slovakia ), Ladislaus Kán administered Transylvania, and members of the Kőszegi family ruled in Transdanubia. Royal power was only restored by King Charles I in a series of wars against the "oligarchs" lasting up to the 1320s. The monarch also succeeded in both acquiring a number of castles and increasing the territory of the royal domain, thus

3477-424: The wider region surrounding the castle, including those who lived in their own properties or in lands owned by other individuals or ecclesiastic bodies. Each district of this type formed an administrative unit with "well defined boundaries" (Pál Engel) known under the name of vármegye or "county". Some of the castles and accordingly the counties around them were named after their first counts. For instance, both

3538-624: The wrong side of the border“. In the past, according to the 1880 census, whilst still in Austro-Hungarian Empire , of the 35,556 inhabitants, 19,896 were Hungarians (56%), 6,439 Romanians (18.1%), 5,448 Germans (15.3%), 1,690 Serbs (4.8%) and 2,083 (5.9%) of other ethnicities. In 1910, from 63,166 inhabitants, 46,085 were Hungarian (72.95%), 10,279 Romanian (16.27%), 4,365 German (6.91%), 1,816 Serbian (2.87%), 277 Slovak (0.43%) and 133 Czech (0.21%). Arad - religious composition (2021) Arad - ethnic composition (2021) The city government

3599-419: Was due to its holder. County courts were headed by the ispáns or by their deputies. First of all, ispáns were responsible for enforcing the judgements of the county courts, although in his absence the court appointed one or two noblemen to fulfill this task. Initially, county courts were only authorized to pass capital punishment against criminals caught in the county, but more and more noblemen received

3660-558: Was founded in 1945 and has won six Romanian championships and two Romanian Cups. In the 2020–1 season, UTA plays in the first national league, Liga I. The team has won more league titles than any other team that is not based in Bucharest, and the third most after Steaua and Dinamo ; it is the 3rd more successful modern team in the country and 4th counting Venus Bucharest , a team from the Inter-War period. The team's most notable performance on

3721-427: Was the leader of a castle district (a fortress and the royal lands attached to it) in the Kingdom of Hungary from the early 11th century. Most of them were also heads of the basic administrative units of the kingdom, called counties , and from the 13th century the latter function became dominant. The ispáns were appointed and dismissed by either the monarchs or a high-ranking royal official responsible for

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