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160-438: The name Sátoraljaújhely is composed of four Hungarian words: "sátor," meaning "tent" but referring to Sátor Hill. The mountain resembles the shape of a tent, which is why it was given this name; "alja," meaning "bottom of something"," indicating the town's position at the base of the hill; "új," meaning "new"; and "hely," meaning "place" or "location." Thus, Sátoraljaújhely translates to "tent's-bottom-new-place" or "New Place at

320-634: A Chinese official, with a new batch of settlers, to serve as judge of the Kyrgyz and Tuvan basin areas ( 益蘭州 and 謙州 ). Ogedei's grandson Kaidu occupied portions of Central Siberia from 1275 on. The Yuan dynasty army under Kublai's Kipchak general Tutugh reoccupied the Kyrgyz lands in 1293. From then on the Yuan dynasty controlled large portions of Central and Eastern Siberia. The Mongols invaded and destroyed Volga Bulgaria and Kievan Rus' , before invading Poland , Hungary , Bulgaria , and other territories. Over

480-569: A Kipchak-speaking populace which came to be known as Tatar, and which eventually absorbed Armenians , Italians , Greeks , and Crimean Goths in Crimea , the origin of the current Crimean Tatars . The Mongols conquered, by battle or voluntary surrender, the areas of present-day Iran, Iraq, the Caucasus , and parts of Syria and Turkey , with further Mongol raids reaching southwards into Palestine as far as Gaza in 1260 and 1300. The major battles were

640-402: A decline occurred, and by 1949, after World War II, the city's population had dropped to 17,116. From the 1950s, a period of continuous growth began, with the population increasing to 20,928 by 1980. However, by 1990, this number had decreased to 19,105, followed by a continuous and more significant population decline in subsequent years. Road Network Sátoraljaújhely is situated very close to

800-821: A decrease in the elite's numerical skills , and has been postulated as a root of the Great Divergence . From 1221 to 1327, the Mongol Empire launched several invasions into the Indian subcontinent . The Mongols occupied parts of NW South Asia for decades. However, they failed to penetrate past the outskirts of Delhi and were repelled from the interior of India. Centuries later, the Mughals , whose founder Babur had Mongol roots, established their own empire in India. Kublai Khan's Yuan dynasty invaded Burma between 1277 and 1287 , resulting in

960-476: A little river, running by Saturholmu, flows into the Bodrog. And thus having crossed the Bodrog river, when they rejoicing crossed the aforesaid little river, then by the swell of the waters and with his horse blundering, Ketel sank into the water, and with his companions’ help narrowly escaped death. Then that river was jokingly called by Ketel’s companions Ketelpotaca. And afterwards Duke Árpád gave by his grace to Ketel

1120-501: A locomotive change. Trains depart almost every hour towards Szerencs during the day, with some continuing directly to Budapest via Miskolc, while others have connections to Budapest at Szerencs. Currently, there is no passenger train service towards Slovenské Nové Mesto; this cross-border track is used exclusively for freight traffic. However, from the town center, it is a 15-minute walk to the Slovenské Nové Mesto railway station on

1280-619: A long history in the city. Miskolc was already an important market town in the Middle Ages, mostly due to its proximity to the main trade routes of the region. In regards of the economy, real development started only after the Ottoman occupation. In the 18th century, the town already had a lumber mill, a paper manufacture, a brewery, a gunpowder factory and fifteen mills on the Szinva stream. The glass works manufactures and iron furnaces appeared in

1440-581: A long-standing history and remains an integral part of the local sports community. Regular sporting events are organized in the town, such as the Kossuth Staféta running race, which connects Sátoraljaújhely with Sárospatak . The Zemplén Adventure Park offers additional opportunities for sports and recreation, including winter sports. During the winter season, the park features three alpine-quality ski slopes maintained by nine snow cannons and snow groomers . The slopes are serviced by four high-speed lifts, and

1600-557: A month in the castle of Sátoraljaújhely during the uprising. Later, in 1285, the Mongols invaded Hungary again, causing devastation in the region. However, it is unclear whether Sátoraljaújhely was directly affected by this event. Throughout this period, Sátoraljaújhely remained part of the Patak Forest Lordship, which was under the direct control of the Árpád dynasty . The extinction of the Árpád dynasty in 1301 significantly impacted

1760-399: A new captain. The repeated sieges caused destruction to the surrounding areas, as King John’s supporters continued to raid the lordship. To avoid leaving an indefensible fortress near his newly built Sárospatak Castle , Peter Perényi chose not to rebuild the fortress at Sátoraljaújhely. By 1538, the fortress was already in ruins, and no efforts were made to restore it. The conflicts surrounding

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1920-627: A park with a boating pond and the unique Cave Bath . Lillafüred and Felsőhámor are pretty villages in a valley surrounded by mountains and forests; their sights include the Hotel Palace on the shore of the Lake Hámori, the Szinva waterfall (the highest waterfall of the country), the Anna Cave and the István Cave. The population (around 1910) is multidenominational and multiethnical, and the differences in

2080-407: A part of Hungary, now Cluj-Napoca , Romania ). According to the first nationally held census (1786) the city had a population of 14,719, and 2,414 houses. These years brought prosperity, but the cholera epidemic of 1873 and the flood of 1878 took many lives. Several buildings were destroyed by the flood, but bigger and grander buildings were built in their places. World War I did not affect

2240-453: A passenger ferry operates at Felsőberecki . Recently, however, the region has gained importance due to tourism developments. As part of the government's "holiday boat project," a new marina is being constructed above Felsőberecki, near the confluence of the Ronyva and Bodrog Rivers, along with several other locations along the Bodrog, Upper Tisza , and Lake Tisza . There is also a proposal to make

2400-404: A protected habitat for local flora and fauna. Sátoraljaújhely has a diverse sports scene, with local residents actively participating in various disciplines. The town is home to several gyms offering a range of fitness services and training options for both locals and visitors. Additionally, there is a sports hall and a municipal swimming pool. The town's football team, Sátoraljaújhelyi TKSE , has

2560-525: A religious affiliation). As of 2022, the population was 13,274. Of these, 88.6% identified as Hungarian, 4.3% as Roma, 1.4% as Slovak, with smaller percentages identifying as German, Ukrainian, Bulgarian , Rusyn , and Romanian. In terms of religious affiliation, 27.5% were Roman Catholic, 17.8% Reformed, 10% Greek Catholic, and 6.8% identified as non-religious (35.8% did not declare a religious affiliation). The historical population of Sátoraljaújhely reached its peak of 22,936 residents in 1920. Following this,

2720-423: A result, several large socialist-era enterprises and cooperatives were either liquidated or closed. Some companies attempted to adapt by adopting new business models, such as establishing joint ventures, while others continued their operations under new names after liquidation or relocated their headquarters to other towns. However, several major employers ceased operations permanently. In the post-transition period,

2880-508: A significant role in organizing and hosting local cultural programs. The town's largest and most popular event is the Déryné Festival, first organized with the aim of establishing a tradition between July 14 and 18, 2021. This five-day festival features a vibrant array of cultural programs, offering audiences a rich selection of musical performances and high-quality theatrical productions, promising engaging entertainment. The festival has found

3040-472: A significant tobacco processing plant with a history dating back to the 1890s. As a result of the Treaty of Trianon, a significant portion of the city’s agricultural lands was ceded. The remaining land parcels were transferred to new owners during the post-transition compensation process, where compensation vouchers were exchanged for ownership. State-owned arable lands, particularly vineyards, were privatized during

3200-708: A ski school is available for beginners, along with equipment rental services. The adventure park also boasts a 2,275-meter-long roller bobsled track, a snow tubing slide, and a 1,000-square-meter ice rink. The town is also home to the youth ice hockey team, the Zempléni Hiúzok (Lynxes of Zemplén). Sátoraljaújhely is also known for producing two notable BMX world champions: Ádám Kun, who won the world title in Cologne in 2002, and Dénes Katona, who became world champion in Prague in 2005. Both athletes have made significant contributions to

3360-540: A statue in honor of Lajos Kossuth, which was unveiled on May 28, 1911, in the Main Square. On the back of the statue’s pedestal, there is an excerpt from a letter Kossuth wrote from Turin: "… I was born in Monok… but my earliest memories are tied to Újhely, with the sweetness of attachment to my homeland. Újhely was the cradle of my childhood… And I am proud to call myself a Hungarian man of Újhely." Evidence of human activity in

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3520-604: A topic of debate among historians. In 1899 an excavation east of the Roman Catholic parish church in Sátoraljaújhely uncovered a grave containing human and horse bones, likely dating back to the Avar period. This type of horse burial was characteristic of the steppe peoples, supporting the idea that Avars once inhabited the region. Nearby, in the vicinity of Alsóberecki , remains of a 9th-century Avar settlement were also discovered in

3680-761: A true home in Sátoraljaújhely, with nearly 70 free programs held across various locations in the area, attracting thousands of visitors each year. In addition to sold-out theater performances, interactive games, concerts, and dance productions also draw significant interest. In Sátoraljaújhely, Zemplén TV serves the local population as a municipal-owned regional public service television station. The station's broadcasts reach surrounding regions, including Hegyköz, Bodrogköz, Hegyalja, as well as Hungarian-speaking communities in Eastern Slovakia and Transcarpathia . Since 2013, Zemplén TV has broadcast its digital signal on UHF channel 55. Several radio stations are also available in

3840-485: A week (Tuesday, Friday, Sunday), and an industrial goods market (formerly known as the Comecon market) is located alongside the relief road. Tourism in Sátoraljaújhely has seen significant growth in recent years, particularly in nature-based and active recreation. The surrounding Zemplén Mountains offer a variety of hiking and cycling routes. Magas-hegy is a popular destination with a lookout tower providing panoramic views of

4000-528: A well-known name in Hungarian culture and history. Ferenc Kazinczy Ferenc Kazinczy settled in the outskirts of Sátoraljaújhely at the age of 42, on his Bányácska estate, which he renamed Széphalom. Széphalom became one of the centers of Hungarian literature in the early 19th century. Until his death, Kazinczy worked at the archives of Zemplén County. During his years in Széphalom, Kazinczy actively participated in

4160-506: Is Pál Veres (Independent). The local Municipal Assembly, elected at the 2019 local government elections , is made up of 28 members (1 Mayor, 19 Individual constituencies MEPs and 8 Compensation List MEPs) divided into this political parties and alliances: List of City Mayors from 1990: Including people born in Miskolc as well as in Diósgyőr and other city parts that were independent towns at

4320-463: Is a city in northeastern Hungary , known for its heavy industry . With a population of 161,265 as of 1 January 2014, Miskolc is the fourth largest city in Hungary (behind Budapest , Debrecen , and Szeged ). It is also the county capital of Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén and the regional centre of Northern Hungary . The name derives from Miško , Slavic form of Michael . Miškovec → Miskolc with

4480-490: Is a defining element of the 19th-century townscape and a significant site in the historic downtown area, known for its wrought-iron balconies. The square is home to the Baroque-style town hall, originally serving as the county hall, which houses archival materials from the 18th and 19th centuries. On the opposite side of the square stands the late Baroque St. Stephen's Roman Catholic Church , commonly referred to by locals as

4640-497: Is a suburban area. One of the most well-known holiday resorts in the country, Tapolca (officially Miskolctapolca or Miskolc-Tapolca to avoid confusion with the Transdanubian town of the same name) is the home of the unique Cave Bath , a natural cave with thermal water. Tapolca is quite far from the city centre and counts as one of the posh areas of Miskolc. It is a popular tourist attraction. These former villages were annexed to

4800-620: Is an important pilgrimage site, especially for the Jewish community, due to the tomb of Rebbe Moshe Teitelbaum , located in the old Jewish cemetery. This site attracts pilgrims annually, particularly from abroad. The town’s winemaking traditions are preserved in the Zsólyomka Cellar Row and the Ungvári Cellars, the latter recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Another unique feature is the world’s only "Wine Temple" (Bortemplom) , which

4960-531: Is currently under renovation. Originally a wine trade center with an extensive network of cellars, it remains a testament to the town's rich viticultural history. The Magyar Kálvária , the 100th National Flag Monument , and the St. Stephen Chapel on Szár-hegy form one of the town's most important memorial sites, commemorating the impact of the Treaty of Trianon , which severely affected the town. The memorial site also includes

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5120-425: Is first mentioned as "Sátoralja Újhely" ( Saturalia Wyhel ) in a charter issued by King Ladislaus IV in 1282. The "Újhely" ("New Place") designation refers to the settlers invited by the king and the recently founded town. According to the 2001 census, Sátoraljaújhely had a population of 18,335. Of these, 93% identified as Hungarian , 6% as Roma , and 1% as Slovak . A small community of ethnic Germans resides in

5280-551: Is important to note that this decision did not result in an immediate relocation, as Sátoraljaújhely remained under the ownership of the Pálóci family until 1526. After the Battle of Mohács , in which Antal Pálóci perished without a male heir, his estates were seized by Peter Perényi, the Count of Temes . Peter, a relative of Antal Pálóci’s mother, took advantage of the post-battle chaos and occupied

5440-496: Is likely that the Mongol hordes reached the area, there is no evidence to support the destruction of an earlier settlement. Furthermore, the town continued to be referred to as Sátorelő even after the Mongol invasion. The name change to Sátoraljaújhely occurred later, following a charter issued by King Stephen V in 1261, which granted privileges that accelerated the town's development and attracted settlers ( latin : hospes ). The town

5600-498: Is located at the end of the Hatvan – Miskolc – Szerencs –Sátoraljaújhely railway line, with the building designed by the renowned architect Ferenc Pfaff . The railway line was once a double-track main line, but after World War II, it was reduced to a single track due to political and geographical changes. The Mezőzombor –Sátoraljaújhely section was modernized and electrified between 2016 and 2019, allowing trains to travel to Budapest without

5760-423: Is located in Diósgyőr. Public transport in Miskolc is provided by the company MVK Zrt. , owned by the local government. There are 36  bus lines and 2  tram lines. The first tram entered service on July 10, 1897 (making Miskolc the third city in Hungary to have a tram line), the first scheduled bus line started on June 8, 1903 (first in the country as well.) Today the public transport of Miskolc

5920-514: Is located near the Tokaj wine region, renowned worldwide for its wines. The town and its surroundings regularly host wine cellar events where visitors can explore local wines and wineries. The cultural life of Sátoraljaújhely is vibrant, with regular exhibitions, concerts, and local festivals enriching the community. Accommodations in the area range from guesthouses and hotels to campgrounds and tourist lodges. Sátoraljaújhely's central square, Kossuth tér ,

6080-409: Is one of the best ones in Hungary. There are several taxi companies too. The Lillafüred Forest Train connects Diósgyőr to Lillafüred. It is mainly a tourist attraction. The city has two railway stations ( Tiszai and Gömöri ) and a small unpaved airport , which is not open to the public, used mainly as a sports facility and has no role in public transport since 1963. The current mayor of Miskolc

6240-563: Is possible that between 20 and 57 million people were killed between 1206 and 1405 during the various campaigns of Genghis Khan, Kublai Khan, and Timur. The havoc included battles, sieges, early biological warfare, and massacres. Miskolc Miskolc ( UK : / ˈ m iː ʃ k ɒ l t s / MEESH -kolts , US : / ˈ m ɪ ʃ k oʊ l t s / MISH -kohlts , Hungarian: [ˈmiʃkolt͡s] ; Czech and Slovak : Miškovec ; German : Mischkolz ; Yiddish : Mishkoltz ; Romanian : Mișcolț )

6400-488: Is provided by Volánbusz's regional routes. The bus station is located directly next to the railway station, from where long-distance buses depart to destinations such as Miskolc , Nyíregyháza , and Debrecen . The station is also the starting point for several regional routes serving the settlements in the Hegyköz and Bodrogköz regions. Local bus services connect the town's districts of Rudabányácska, Károlyfalva, and Széphalom. On

6560-606: Is situated between Diósgyőr and Lillafüred ; the area is made up of limestone , slate , dolomite and other rocks from the Triassic period. The surface was formed mostly by karstic erosions. The highest area, the 600–900 m (2,000–3,000 ft) high Higher Bükk bore Bükk Highlands begin at Lillafüred. This mostly consists of sea sediments (limestone, slate, dolomite) from the Paleozoic and Mesozoic , and volcanic rocks like diabase and porphyry . Several caves can be found in

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6720-755: Is the Pauline-Piarist Church and Monastery complex, originally built in the 13th century. The church, initially owned by the Pauline Order , was later taken over by the Piarists . Nearby is the Rákóczi Chapel , where the hearts of several members of the Rákóczi family are interred. The town is also home to the Holy Trinity Chapel , built in 1710 as a votive chapel following a plague outbreak. Sátoraljaújhely

6880-544: Is where the largest housing estate of the city stands, with 10-story Socialist-style concrete buildings providing homes for about one-third of the city's population. Miskolc's city centre is not as rich in monuments as that of other cities; only the Main Street (Széchenyi St.), Városház tér (City Hall Square) and Erzsébet tér (Elizabeth Square) have preserved the 19th-century style of the town. There are not only historical buildings but also modern shopping malls and offices in

7040-625: The Augustinian monastery, and captured many residents as slaves. The Augustinian monastery had already been dissolved or abandoned by this time, and when the Tatars burned it, the building stood empty. Its properties had already been confiscated by the lordship, and the monastery gradually faded from public memory. The Pauline monastery had a different fate. It survived the early decades of the Reformation, partly because it operated as an independent estate and

7200-765: The Avars , based along the Lower Danube , and together they overthrew the Kingdom of the Gepids. At this time, the area of present-day Sátoraljaújhely came under Lombard rule in 557. However, their dominion was short-lived; due to the growing threat posed by the Avars, the Lombards left the Carpathian Basin and migrated to Northern Italy in 568. After their departure, the Carpathian Basin fell under

7360-488: The Bükk mountains, in the valley of the river Sajó and the streams Hejő and Szinva . According to the 2001 Census the city has a total area of 236.68 km (91.38 sq mi). The ground level slopes gradually; the difference between the highest and lowest area is about 800 m (2,600 ft). The lowest areas are the banks of the river Sajó, with an altitude of 110–120 m (360–390 ft). The area belongs to

7520-503: The Calvinism . In 1563, Gabriel Perényi, Peter’s son, made an agreement with Maximilian II regarding the future of his estates. He agreed that if he died without a male heir, the Patak lordship would revert to the crown according to legal inheritance laws. In 1566, Sultan Suleiman I launched a campaign against Hungary, assisted by John Sigismund , Prince of Transylvania . John Sigismund’s task

7680-599: The Centennial Turul Monument . Nearby, on Várhegy, lie the ruins of Sátoraljaújhely Castle . Although the area is currently undergoing archaeological excavation, the remaining walls reflect the significance of the medieval fortress. Among the town's natural attractions, the Magas-hegy Nature Trail offers visitors an immersive experience in nature, while the Long-erdő (Long Forest) nature reserve serves as

7840-623: The Great Plain region and is made up of sedimentary rocks. Between the Avas hill and Diósgyőr lies the hilly area of the Lower Bükk (250–300 m or 820–980 ft) consisting of sandstone, marl, clay, layers of coal, from the tertiary period , and volcanic rocks from the Miocene . The Central Bükk , a gently sloping mountainous area with an altitude between 400 and 600 m (1,300 and 2,000 ft),

8000-651: The Mongol devastation as one of the deadliest episodes in history. The Mongol Empire developed in the course of the 13th century through a series of victorious campaigns throughout Eurasia. At its height, it stretched from the Pacific to Central Europe . In contrast with later "empires of the sea" such as the European colonial powers , the Mongol Empire was a land power , fueled by the grass-foraging Mongol cavalry and cattle. Thus most Mongol conquest and plundering took place during

8160-583: The Slovak border, with the main road 37 running through the entire length of the town. Road 381 branches off from road 37, leading to settlements on the Hungarian side of the Bodrogköz region, such as Alsóberecki , Karos , and Cigánd . The town's districts of Károlyfalva and Rudabányácska are connected by road 3718, which winds through Kácsárd and around the Magas-hegy via a serpentine route. This route follows

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8320-701: The Zemplén Mountains dates back to the Paleolithic and Neolithic periods. Tools made from local materials such as obsidian, jasper, clay, and quartzite confirm that various prehistoric cultures lived in this region. Eastern Hungary, including the area around Sátoraljaújhely, was home to hunter-gatherer groups from the late Paleolithic Gravettian culture . In 2002, remains of a Neolithic settlement were uncovered at Bibérc-tanya, located southwest of today’s Sátoraljaújhely. These finds included pottery fragments and obsidian flakes. Further evidence of early human settlement

8480-563: The clan Ákos , supported by the forces of Matthew III Csák , burned Sárospatak. At the end of 1316, Peter, son of Petenye and lord of Zemplén , also rebelled against the king, although little is known about the events of this uprising. The conflicts between 1312 and 1316 likely affected Sátoraljaújhely, though there is no direct evidence in contemporary sources. Under the Árpád dynasty, the Patak Forest Lordship—and with it Sátoraljaújhely—remained under royal authority. However, during

8640-577: The siege of Baghdad , when the Mongols sacked the city which had been the center of Islamic power for 500 years, and the Battle of Ain Jalut in 1260 in south-eastern Galilee , when the Muslim Bahri Mamluks were able to defeat the Mongols and decisively halt their advance for the first time. One thousand northern Chinese engineer squads accompanied the Mongol Hulagu Khan during his conquest of

8800-551: The "Great Church". This building, one of the town's most important monuments, was constructed on the site of the town's original 13th-century church. Adjacent to the church is Hősök tere (Heroes' Square), which features a memorial to the victims of the 1944 Sátoraljaújhely prison uprising. Nearby, the Baroque-style Waldbott Mansion , though currently not open to the public, remains an architecturally significant site. Another notable religious and historical landmark

8960-709: The 14th century under the Yuan dynasty , while Mongol rule in Persia persisted into the 15th century under the Timurid Empire . In India , the later Mughal Empire survived into the 19th century. Genghis Khan forged the initial Mongol Empire in Central Asia , starting with the unification of the nomadic tribes of the Merkits , Tatars , Keraites , Turks , Naimans and Mongols . The Buddhist Uighurs of Qocho surrendered and joined

9120-464: The 14th century. The fortress was likely built initially for defense against the Mongols , although the first major military conflict affecting the area occurred in 1264. That year, a civil war broke out between King Béla IV and his son, Prince Stephen, resulting in significant battles in the surrounding region. In 1281 or 1282, another conflict reached the area when Finta, a member of the clan of Aba , rebelled against King Ladislaus IV . The king spent

9280-417: The 1540s, under the direction of Gabriel Perényi, the lord of the town, the reform of the town and the entire lordship continued. By 1548, a Protestant pastor was already serving in Sátoraljaújhely. As the Perényi family adhered to Lutheranism , the local congregation followed the same confession until 1567. After this, although no formal change occurred, the town and surrounding region gradually transitioned to

9440-435: The Avas lookout tower, the symbol of the city. On the northern part of the hill, close to downtown Erzsébet Square, is the Gothic Protestant Church of Avas , one of the two oldest buildings of Miskolc (the other is the Castle of Diósgyőr .) The limestone caves of Avas are used as wine cellars; the narrow, winding streets give a Mediterranean atmosphere to this part of Avas Hill. The southern part of Avas, also called Avas-South,

9600-415: The Bodrog River. Evidence of these intense trade connections includes Roman coins found on the slopes of Vár-hegy in Sátoraljaújhely. Among these were coins minted by Roman emperors Hadrian and Antoninus Pius . Additional coins linked to military activity were discovered on Sátor-hegy. By the late 4th century, East Germanic tribes such as the Vandals and Gepids , fleeing the advancing Huns , settled in

9760-405: The Bottom of Sátor Hill". The earliest known name of the town was Sátorelő , where the suffix "-elő" means "in front of," indicating that the name referred to a settlement located at the foot of Sátor Hill. According to a local legend, this original settlement was destroyed during the Mongol invasion of 1241, and the survivors established a new town, which they named Sátoraljaújhely . While it

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9920-491: The Hungarian government, German troops occupied Hungary on March 19, 1944 and put the anti-semitic Arrow Cross Party in charge of the government. Jews in Miskolc and elsewhere were ordered to wear yellow stars on their clothing. Under the supervision of Nazi SS - Obersturmbannführer Adolf Eichmann , "deportations" from Miskolc began on June 11 or 12th, 1944. Over 14,000 Jewish adults and children were sent by cattle car to Auschwitz, where most were gassed on arrival. After

10080-400: The Hungarian language. The Prison Museum, housed in the Sátoraljaújhely Penitentiary and Prison building, provides a comprehensive overview of the history and development of the Hungarian penal system. The museum highlights changes in punishment systems, the daily lives of inmates, and the consequences of criminal behavior, and it also offers educational programs and crime prevention lectures. In

10240-458: The Károlyfalva district of the town. In the 2011 census, the town's population was recorded at 15,655. Among them, 88.6% identified as Hungarian, 12.3% as Roma, 1.6% as Slovak, 1.1% as German, with smaller percentages identifying as Romanian , Ukrainian , and other nationalities. Regarding religious affiliation, 32.1% were Roman Catholic , 19.4% Reformed , 11.9% Greek Catholic , while 12.1% declared themselves non-religious (22.5% did not declare

10400-422: The Magnificent took Miskolc in 1544 and the city prospered further until 1687. It was also ruled by Ottomans after Battle of Mezőkeresztes in 1596 as part of Eyalet of Egir until 1687. It was during these years that Miskolc became an important centre of wine-growing. By the end of the 17th century the population of the city was as large as that of Kassa/Košice , and 13 guilds had been founded. During

10560-415: The Mamluk armies and helped them fight off the Mongols. Hungary became a refuge for fleeing Cumans. The decentralized, stateless Kipchaks only converted to Islam after the Mongol conquest, unlike the centralized Karakhanid entity comprising the Yaghma, Qarluqs, and Oghuz who converted earlier to world religions. The Mongol conquest of the Kipchaks led to a merged society with a Mongol ruling class over

10720-584: The Middle East. Genghis Khan and his descendants launched progressive invasions of China , subjugating the Western Xia in 1209 before destroying them in 1227, defeating the Jin dynasty in 1234 and defeating the Song dynasty in 1279. They made the Kingdom of Dali into a vassal state in 1253 after the Dali King Duan Xingzhi defected to the Mongols and helped them conquer the rest of Yunnan, forced Korea to capitulate through nine invasions , but failed in their attempts to invade Japan , their fleets scattered by kamikaze storms. The Mongols' greatest triumph

10880-513: The Patak lordship. While his actions were legally questionable, his possession was later confirmed by both John Zápolya and Ferdinand I in exchange for political support. During their relocation, the Perényi family brought a significant number of Slavonian (referred to as tót in contemporary sources) and Hungarian nobles and serfs, who primarily settled in Sárospatak and Sátoraljaújhely. In return for their services, these settlers were exempted from feudal obligations. The Perényi family controlled

11040-450: The Piarist gymnasium in Sátoraljaújhely, and after completing his legal studies, he returned to the town in 1820. It was here that he gave his first public speech as a law clerk from the balcony of the County Hall (now the Town Hall). During his lifetime, Lajos Kossuth was held in high esteem in Zemplén County and the town. This respect was evident when, on his birthday in 1892, the county assembly named him an honorary citizen. The town erected

11200-477: The Ronyva navigable from the Bodrog to the inner part of Sátoraljaújhely, but this remains only a suggestion for now. The political and economic transition had a significant impact on the industrial sector of Sátoraljaújhely, particularly affecting local manufacturing plants and major employers. Following the dissolution of the Comecon (CMEA) and the Soviet bloc , the city's former markets largely disappeared, while new economic opportunities were slow to develop. As

11360-409: The Sátoraljaújhely area, which may have depicted deities, hold exceptional cultural significance for the region. In the Bükk Mountains , large earth forts and fortified settlements were established, while a significant power center emerged in the Upper Tisza region. The discovery of several cemeteries in the Bodrogköz region suggests that the territory was densely inhabited. For two millennia, from

11520-779: The Uriankhai, the Oirats , Barga, Khakas , Buryats , Tuvans , Khori-Tumed, and Yenisei Kyrgyz . He then organized the Siberians into three tumens . Genghis Khan gave the Telengit and Tolos along the Irtysh River to an old companion, Qorchi. While the Barga, Tumed, Buriats, Khori, Keshmiti, and Bashkirs were organized in separate thousands, the Telengit, Tolos, Oirats and Yenisei Kirghiz were numbered into

11680-542: The Zemplén region. At the turn of the century, the Huns themselves arrived in the area. The Huns' dominance lasted for about 150 years, but after the death of Attila , their empire rapidly collapsed. Following the demise of the Huns, the Gepids established an independent kingdom that lasted for about a century and included the territory of present-day Sátoraljaújhely. The Lombards , who controlled Transdanubia , formed an alliance with

11840-412: The area took on a Hungarian form, indicating that a significant portion of the population was likely Hungarian from the town's establishment onward. Among the names from the early 14th century, two suggest a possible Slavic background: Sidlik and Ivan Tót , both of whom may have been Slovak. The occasional appearance of non-Hungarian names implies some diversity, but evidence suggests that Hungarians formed

12000-446: The area. The city is also known for the lowest temperature ever recorded in Hungary at−35 °C (−31 °F). Summers are fresh but sometimes warm and humid in Miskolc. Daytime temperatures of 20–30 °C (68–86 °F) or higher are commonplace. Snow and ice are dominant during the winter season. Miskolc receives about 120 centimetres of snowfall annually. Days below freezing and nights below −20 °C (−4 °F) both occur in

12160-612: The banks of the Bodrog river, near the village of Zemplén . At that time, the region was inhabited by the Anartes tribe, while to their west lay the territory of the Cotini . In the 2nd century CE, an important trade route was established from Aquincum , the capital of the Roman province of Pannonia , passing through Hatvan and leading toward the area of present-day Miskolc , then further northeast along

12320-560: The campus, and the sport facilities are surrounded by a large park. Two former villages that were annexed to the city in 1945 and 1950. Görömböly still looks like a small town of its own. Another holiday resort, Miskolc-Lillafüred , is a village surrounded by the Bükk mountains. Its most notable building is the Palace Hotel (Palotaszálló). Martin-Kertváros (in Slovak: Martinská osada)

12480-414: The capital of Russia; after they had besieged the city for a long time, they took it and put the inhabitants to death. When we were journeying through that land we came across countless skulls and bones of dead men lying about on the ground. Kiev had been a very large and thickly populated town, but now it has been reduced almost to nothing, for there are at the present time scarce two hundred houses there and

12640-538: The capitulation and disintegration of the Pagan Kingdom . However, the invasion of 1301 was repulsed by the Burmese Myinsaing Kingdom . The Mongol invasions of Vietnam ( Đại Việt ) and Java resulted in defeat for the Mongols, although much of Southeast Asia agreed to pay tribute to avoid further bloodshed. The Mongol invasions played an indirect role in the establishment of major Tai states in

12800-508: The centre of northeastern Hungary. The 1990s brought a crisis in the iron industry with a decline in the population. Miskolc is now trying to become known as a cultural – instead of merely an industrial – city. Among the various cultural events, one of the most important festivities is the International Opera Festival , held every summer. Tourist destinations in Miskolc include Tapolca , Lillafüred and Felsőhámor. Tapolca has

12960-433: The city centre. The other town forming today's Greater Miskolc is mostly famous for its medieval castle . Miskolc's football team also got its name from Diósgyőr, since their stadium stands there. Historical Diósgyőr is connected to Historical Miskolc by a district called Új(diós)győr (Újgyőr); its main square is an important traffic hub. Also in Új(diós)győr (Diósgyőr-Vasgyár) stands the steel factory that made Miskolc

13120-405: The city completed the installation of a rentable electric bike system in collaboration with the nearby towns of Viničky and Zemplén. As part of this project, multiple charging stations and rental points were established across the region, facilitating the convenient use and rental of electric bikes between Sátoraljaújhely and neighboring Slovakian towns. Railway Sátoraljaújhely railway station

13280-615: The city directly, but many people died, either from warfare or from the cholera epidemic. It was occupied by Czechoslovak troops between 1918 and 1919 after the First World War . After the Treaty of Trianon , Hungary lost Kassa (today Košice, Slovakia) and Miskolc became the sole regional center of northern Hungary. This was one of the reasons for the enormous growth of the city during the 1930s and 1940s. Early in World War II Hungary became an ally of Nazi Germany. Unhappy with

13440-488: The city in 1950 ( Bükkszentlászló in 1981) and are still separated villages, connected to the city only by its public transport system . There is a narrow-gauge railway that connects Lillafüred to Miskolc known as the Lillafüredi Állami Erdei Vasút ( Lillafüred Forest State Railway ). It winds through scenic forests, and takes between a half hour and 45 minutes for the train to go between the two major stops. The Miskolc stop

13600-411: The city went through a change, smaller enterprises appeared in place of the large state-owned companies. By the early 2000s the decade of changes was over, and the city went through the recession successfully. International companies and supermarkets appeared in the area. The local government is trying to strengthen the city's role in culture and tourism. By the end of 2004, the highway M3 had reached

13760-479: The city where the county hall of Borsod county would be built. Many other significant buildings were built in the 18th and 19th centuries, including the city hall , schools such as Lévay József Református Gimnázium és Diákotthon , churches , the synagogue , and the theatre . The theatre is commonly regarded as the first stone-built theatre of Hungary, although the first one was actually built in Kolozsvár (then

13920-442: The city's core or surrounding areas have been conducted, further complicating efforts to reconstruct its early history. The official founding year of Sátoraljaújhely is considered to be 1261, when Prince Stephen (later King Stephen V ) granted privileges to the inhabitants of the settlement then known as Sátorelő. As a prince, Stephen sought to advance the development of villages and towns within his domain. In 1261, he granted Sátorelő

14080-466: The city's operation and development. In the realm of centralized state administration, the regional offices of the county government, the police, fire department, judiciary, prosecution service, and healthcare institutions—such as the Erzsébet Hospital of Sátoraljaújhely —continue to play crucial roles in the life of the city. The city's educational system is diverse, featuring institutions operated by

14240-615: The city. The most popular sport in Miskolc is football . The leading club of the city is Diósgyőri VTK (short name: DVTK). They have won the Hungarian Cup several times and represented Hungary many times in Europe. The capacity of the stadium, DVTK Stadion , is 14 655 and the stadium has under-soil heating and fully covered stands. The other team, Miskolci VSC , plays in the county division. Miskolc has got other former first division representatives, namely Miskolci Attila (seven seasons at

14400-512: The control of the Avars, leading to the establishment of the Avar Khaganate in 568. The Avar rule lasted until the early 9th century and encompassed the territory of modern Sátoraljaújhely. During this period, Slavic communities began settling in the area, as evidenced by the remains of several settlements linked to them. Whether the Avars survived to witness the arrival of the Hungarians remains

14560-544: The county and is an attractive destination for tourists. The town hosts several cultural institutions, including museums, a theater, and a cinema. The Kazinczy Ferenc Museum offers a variety of collections and exhibitions, including historical, archaeological, and biological displays. The Museum of the Hungarian Language, located in Széphalom , features interactive exhibits that showcase the richness, history, and diversity of

14720-623: The course of three years (1237–1240), the Mongols razed all the major cities of Russia with the exceptions of Novgorod and Pskov . Giovanni da Pian del Carpine , the Pope's envoy to the Mongol Great Khan, traveled through Kiev in February 1246 and wrote: They [the Mongols] attacked Russia, where they made great havoc, destroying cities and fortresses and slaughtering men; and they laid siege to Kiev,

14880-402: The defense of the town and fortress and were also required to host the king if he visited. In the second half of the 13th century, Sátoraljaújhely's economic significance grew steadily, particularly due to viticulture and winemaking, which became the town's primary source of income. While the first charter of privileges did not mention viticulture, numerous references to it appear in records from

15040-480: The development of Hungary's healthcare and scientific communities. Additionally, Sátoraljaújhely has a remarkable theatrical tradition, being associated with several renowned actors and directors who left a lasting mark on Hungarian theater. Politically, the town is significant, as it has been home to several public figures and politicians who played important roles in Hungary's historical and political events. These individuals have all contributed to making Sátoraljaújhely

15200-653: The early 3rd millennium BCE to the transition between the 2nd and 1st millennia BCE, the Carpathian Basin was dominated by peoples who crafted bronze tools and weapons. Approximately 3–4 kilometers south of the present-day city, the Bibérc sand dune was inhabited for millennia by a settled community. In 2002, remnants of a settlement belonging to the Bronze Age Ottomány culture were discovered in this area, though no detailed excavations have been conducted. The Várhegy area

15360-531: The economy of Sátoraljaújhely gradually stabilized. New companies established themselves in the city, and existing ones changed ownership. As part of this process, the Sátoraljaújhely Industrial Park was established, which now hosts the city's largest industrial facilities. The industrial park includes companies engaged in machinery manufacturing, surface treatment, food processing, and refractory materials production, among others. The city also hosts

15520-582: The empire. He then continued expansion via conquest of the Qara Khitai and of the Khwarazmian Empire . Large areas of Islamic Central Asia and northeastern Persia were seriously depopulated, as every city or town that resisted the Mongols was destroyed. Each soldier was given a quota of enemies to execute according to circumstances. For example, after the conquest of Urgench , each Mongol warrior – in an army of perhaps two tumens (20,000 troops) –

15680-556: The end of the wealthiest branch of the Perényi family. After his death, the Patak lordship reverted to the crown, and its administration was taken over by the royal treasury. Mongol invasions and conquests The Mongol invasions and conquests took place during the 13th and 14th centuries, creating history's largest contiguous empire, the Mongol Empire ( 1206 – 1368 ), which by 1260 covered large parts of Eurasia . Historians regard

15840-480: The estate among family members or its temporary mortgaging, the Pálóci family remained in possession of the Patak lordship until 1526. In 1508, the Perényi family acquired the castle of Siklós in southern Hungary, which they chose as their primary residence. However, due to the expansion of the Ottoman Empire , they decided to relocate their seat to northeastern Hungary, selecting Sárospatak as their new center. It

16000-445: The fall of communism, the administrative system of Sátoraljaújhely underwent significant transformation, with Soviet -style local councils being replaced by local self-government systems. The Municipality of Sátoraljaújhely was established, with a directly elected mayor leading the decision-making body, the municipal council. To fulfill its duties, the municipality has founded several institutions and economic entities that contribute to

16160-464: The forming of Greater Miskolc with the unification of Miskolc and Diósgyőr (1945) and several nearby towns and villages (between 1950 and 1981). The unification was only the first step in Miskolc being developed into an industrial centre. Development reached its highest point in the 1980s, when the metal factory had more than 18,000 workers and production was over one million tons per year. The population hit all-time record (over 200,000 inhabitants), ⅔ of

16320-524: The fortress and resided in the Pauline monastery during the siege. The fortress, defended by its captain Simon de Athina, eventually surrendered, but Ferdinand’s forces recaptured it in the summer of 1528. In September, Athina retook the fortress, which became one of the few strongholds loyal to Szapolyai in the following months. In the spring of 1529, Peter Perényi besieged the fortress with his own forces and installed

16480-476: The fortress at Sátoraljaújhely to block the prince’s Hungarian supporters from reaching his camp. In response, Polish forces briefly captured the fortress and the towns of Sárospatak and likely Sátoraljaújhely. In 1514, several residents of the town joined the Dozsa Rebellion , during which the mob looted the two local monasteries, seized their estates, and destroyed their charters. Despite occasional divisions of

16640-478: The fortress likely had a detrimental impact on the town's development. Following the destruction of the fortress, the Perényi family focused on fortifying Sárospatak, surrounding it with walls and building a new residence there. In the 1530s, the ideas of the Reformation began to spread in Sátoraljaújhely, supported by Peter Perényi. The dissolution of Catholic ecclesiastical institutions started during this period. In

16800-554: The highest Hungarian level. Former motorcycle speedway team Speedway Miskolc (8 times champions of Hungary) joined the Team Speedway Polish Championship from 2006 to 2010. They won the 2007 European Speedway Club Champions' Cup with world champion Jason Crump . They were based at the Borsod Volán Stadion . The Avas is a hill (234 m or 768 ft) in the heart of Miskolc. On the hilltop stands

16960-606: The highest level), and Perecesi TK (one). Miskolc's most successful women's basketball team, DKSK Miskolc MISI, has won the National Cup twice. The DVTK Jegesmedvék ice hockey team plays in the Slovak-based Tipsport Liga . The team's home rink, Miskolc Ice Hall , is in the People's Garden downtown. It has 1 304 seats, a total capacity of 2 200, and opened in 2006. The women's volleyball team of MVSC also plays at

17120-535: The hill or group of hills called Sátorhalma (today known as Sátor-hegy) and the Ronyva stream and Bodrog Rivers, without mentioning any settlement. According to the work, this region was granted to Ketel by Grand Prince Árpád : "The envoys of Duke Árpád, Oundu, father of Ethe, Ketel, father of Oluptulma, and Turzol, the Cuman warrior, whose line perished with him, coming to the River Bodrog, swam across at that place where

17280-411: The history of Sátoraljaújhely. In 1312, intense battles unfolded in the region when the sons of Amadeus Aba rebelled against King Charles I , launching attacks on the Patak Forest Lordship and the king’s supporters. The rebellion was crushed by the king on June 15 at the Battle of Rozgony . A few years later, in late 1314 or early 1315, the king faced another rebellion. The sons of Palatine Stephen from

17440-436: The inhabitants are kept in complete slavery. The Mongol invasions displaced populations on a scale never seen before in central Asia or eastern Europe. Word of the Mongol hordes' approach spread terror and panic. The violent character of the invasions acted as a catalyst for further violence between Europe's elites and sparked additional conflicts. The increase in violence in the affected eastern European regions correlates with

17600-470: The king issued a charter granting the estate, Perényi did not gain ownership because Queen Mary , who held the estate, refused to consent to the donation. However, in 1392, King Sigismund exchanged the estate with Perényi, granting him Sárospatak and its dependencies. This donation did not entirely remove the estate from royal jurisdiction, as the king retained the right to reclaim it or grant it to another vassal. Ownership often remained temporary, especially if

17760-435: The king. Alongside these privileges, the residents also had obligations. They were required to pay tithes, as did the hospites of Patak. If they failed to build on their plots within a year, they risked losing them. The community was collectively responsible for maintaining the cistern's water supply in the fortress and was required to participate in local judicial processes. They were obligated to perform military service for

17920-451: The late 18th and early 19th centuries. The first iron furnace, built by Henrik Fazola around 1770, did not survive, but the second one, built in 1813, can still be visited. Several new settlements were formed in the Bükk mountains to provide dwellings for the workers of glass works manufactures and furnaces. Many of them – including Alsóhámor, Felsőhámor, Ómassa and Bükkszentlászló – are now parts of Miskolc. Development quickened from

18080-465: The late 19th century. Traces of a late Avar-era settlement, potentially Slavic or Avar, were unearthed in 2014 in an area known as Ortói-dűlő, further confirming the historical significance of the region prior to the Hungarian conquest . No written records exist regarding the settlement of Sátoraljaújhely prior to 1261. Anonymus mentions the surrounding area in his Gesta Hungarorum , but only refers to

18240-512: The level of education mirrors the stratification of society, following these facts. http://mek.oszk.hu/16900/16992 Religion in Miskolc (2022) Dominant religion in Miskolc is Roman Catholicism followed by Calvinism and Greek Catholicism . Miskolc is generally thought of as an industrial city, and the largest boost to its economy was indeed provided by the industrialization during the Socialist era; in fact industry (including metallurgy) has

18400-447: The lordship for two generations, introducing numerous significant changes that had long-term effects on the town's development. In 1526, Peter Perényi aligned with King Ferdinand I, leading John Zápolya to declare the Perényi estates as royal property, though he was unable to seize them. At this time, King John regarded Sátoraljaújhely as his own town. In February 1528, after retreating from central Hungary, John Zápolya personally besieged

18560-416: The majority of the population well into the late Middle Ages. This is further supported by a 1475 document listing several men from Sátoraljaújhely, most of whom bore Hungarian names. The 1261 charter of privileges for Sátoraljaújhely established numerous rights and obligations for the town's residents. According to the charter, the inhabitants were required to pay land rent on St. Stephen's Day, equivalent to

18720-421: The most important heavy industrial city of Hungary (and earned it the nickname "Steel City"). Diósgyőri Gimnázium also stands in this district. The University of Miskolc is among the newer ones. It was founded in the 1950s, so its buildings are not old, historical ones. University Town is one of the newer parts of the city and can be found between Miskolc and the holiday resort Miskolctapolca. The university,

18880-456: The national centre of heavy industry, a position the city maintained until the 1990s. Although Miskolc suffered a lot during the last year of the war, it recovered quickly, and by absorbing the surrounding villages, it became the second-largest city of Hungary with more than 200,000 inhabitants. On July 30 and August 1, 1946, the Miskolc pogrom led to death of one accused Jewish black marketeer ,

19040-457: The nearby Karos cemetery—suggests that this region likely served as an early residence for the ruling elite. The early history of Sátoraljaújhely is uncertain, and the circumstances of its founding remain unclear. No authentic written records from the 11th–12th centuries directly reference the area of present-day Sátoraljaújhely; such records only appear in greater numbers from the 14th century onward. Additionally, no archaeological excavations of

19200-401: The neighboring settlement of Szépbánya, also known as Bányácska, now Rudabányácska. In 1453, after King Ladislaus V ascended the Hungarian throne and sought to stabilize the post-civil war situation, he confirmed the Pálóci family in their estates, including the Patak lordship. Between 1490 and 1492, during John I Albert of Poland's attempt to claim the Hungarian throne, the Pálóci family used

19360-446: The noble family holding it died out or fell out of royal favor. Following Nicholas Perényi’s death in 1428 without heirs, Sátoraljaújhely and the Patak Forest Lordship reverted to the crown. In 1429, King Sigismund granted the Patak lordship to the Pálóci brothers: George, Archbishop of Esztergom ; Mátyus, judge royal; and Emeric. Under the Pálóci family's rule, the estate expanded for the first time in decades when, in 1450, they purchased

19520-409: The opposite side of town, near the central cemetery, there is a bus turnaround, which is another key stop for local transportation. Taxi Service The taxi stand is located in the city center at Táncsics Tér (Táncsics Squere), where individual entrepreneurs provide taxi services. Cycling Opportunities A cycling path has been constructed along the route of the former narrow-gauge railway, which

19680-443: The other side of the border, from where direct trains depart towards Košice and Čierna nad Tisou . Water Transportation In terms of transportation, the nearby Bodrog River is significant, classified as a class III waterway. Vessels up to 70 meters in length, 8.2 meters in width, and with a draft of up to 2 meters, carrying a maximum load of 1,000 tons, can navigate the river. Although water transportation has been minimal so far,

19840-606: The path of the former narrow-gauge railway and reconnects with road 37 in the Torzsás area of the town. Road 3719 leads towards the Hegyköz region, including destinations like Pálháza and Hollóháza . Two border crossings to Slovakia are accessible from Sátoraljaújhely: the Ronyva Bridge along Rákóczi Street, open to pedestrian and passenger vehicle traffic, and a northern border crossing for freight vehicles and trucks. Bus Transportation In Sátoraljaújhely, local public transportation

20000-467: The political transition. Large shopping centers, international retail chains, and supermarkets established themselves in the outskirts of the town. As a result, the city center partially lost its traditional commercial function. Traditional small retail shops have largely remained on Kazinczy Street and Rákóczi Street, with only a few exceptions. The vegetable market operates on the Market Square three days

20160-467: The power of the oligarchs. Miskolc was elevated to the rank of oppidum (market town) in 1365 by King Louis I . He also had the castle of the nearby town Diósgyőr (now a district of Miskolc) transformed into a Gothic fortress . The city developed in a dynamic way, but during the Ottoman occupation of most of Hungary the development of Miskolc was brought to a standstill. The Ottomans under Suleiman

20320-584: The privatization of the Tokaj-Hegyalja State Agricultural Wine Combine. In 1993, the Wine Combine was transformed into a business entity under the name Tokaj Kereskedőház Zrt., and its headquarters were moved from Sátoraljaújhely to Tolcsva. The vineyards located in the outskirts of the city are protected under the "Tokaj" Protected Designation of Origin (PDO). The structure of commerce in the city underwent significant changes after

20480-670: The public life of Sátoraljaújhely and even served as the chief elder of the local Reformed Church community for a time. The town played an important role in preserving the Kazinczy legacy and in the establishment of the Kazinczy cult. The Rákóczi Masonic Lodge, founded in 1881, supported the preservation of Kazinczy's house and garden. In 1902, the Kazinczy Circle was established in Sátoraljaújhely, with members including civil servants, teachers, clergy, doctors, and educated intellectuals. Lajos Kossuth Lajos Kossuth attended secondary school at

20640-612: The realm of theater and cinema, the Latabár Árpád Theater and the Latabár Cinema offer cultural entertainment for both locals and visitors. These venues regularly host theatrical performances, film screenings, and various events. The pedestrian zone and Event Square, featuring an occasional stage and large screen, is a central venue for the city's community and cultural life. Additionally, the Kossuth Lajos Cultural Center plays

20800-474: The region by recently migrated Tais, who originally came from Southern China, in the early centuries of the second millennium. Major Tai states such as Lan Na , Sukhothai , and Lan Xang appeared around this time. Due to the lack of contemporary records, estimates of the violence associated with the Mongol conquests vary considerably. Not including the mortality from the Plague in Europe, West Asia, or China it

20960-618: The regular tumens Genghis created a settlement of Chinese craftsmen and farmers at Kem-kemchik after the first phase of the Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty . The Great Khans favored gyrfalcons , furs, women, and Kyrgyz horses for tribute. Western Siberia came under the Golden Horde . The descendants of Orda Khan , the eldest son of Jochi, directly ruled the area. In the swamps of western Siberia, dog sled Yam stations were set up to facilitate collection of tribute. In 1270, Kublai Khan sent

21120-412: The reign of Charles I, the town was granted away twice: first during the conflicts of the 1310s, and again around 1327. As a result, according to the Hungarian medieval legal norms, the town's charter of privileges became invalid, as the rights it conferred could only be exercised under direct royal rule. In 1390, Nicholas Perényi, Ban of Severin , requested the Patak lordship from King Sigismund . While

21280-483: The same development as Lipovec → Lipólc , Lipóc . The name is associated with the Miskolc clan (also Miskóc or Myscouch, Slovak Miškovec, plural Miškovci) named after the settlement or vice versa. Earliest mentions are que nunc vocatur Miscoucy (around 1200), de Myschouch (1225), Ponyt de genere Myscouch (1230), in Miscovcy (1245). The city lies at the meeting point of different geographical regions – east of

21440-456: The second half of the 19th century, partly because of the political situation (after the Ausgleich ) and partly because of the newly constructed railway line. A large furnace (second largest in the country) was built in Diósgyőr, and several other factories were built. The mining industry became more and more important, too. Within forty years the population doubled. The industrialization led to

21600-496: The settlement as if it were a newly founded town. For this reason, some historians, such as István Tringli, regard the charter of privileges as an act of foundation. Following the royal settlement effort, the town's name also changed. A charter issued by King Ladislaus IV in 1282 referred to the settlement as "Sátoralja Újhely" ( Saturalia Wyhel ). The ethnic background of the settlers is subject to speculation. As with nearby settlements such as Bodrogolaszi , Olaszliszka or Tállya ,

21760-637: The settlers may have included Walloons or Germans from Western Europe, though no evidence supports this. From 1307, records mention several citizens of Sátoraljaújhely by name. Many of the names documented from the early 14th century are Latinized versions of given names, which do not provide clear clues about the individuals’ ethnic backgrounds. However, these names align with the naming customs typical of medieval Hungary. They do not specifically point to Walloon or German origins, and their bearers could have been Hungarian, Slavic (including Slovaks or Poles), German, or Walloon. Over time, most family names recorded in

21920-420: The sport and have enriched the town's sports history. Sátoraljaújhely is a culturally significant town, often referred to as the "capital of Zemplén" and formerly the seat of Zemplén County. The town boasts a rich cultural heritage, with notable figures such as the language reformer Ferenc Kazinczy and the politician Lajos Kossuth having strong connections to the area. It remains one of the cultural centers of

22080-418: The state, religious organizations, and foundations. These include primary schools, art schools, vocational schools, and secondary technical schools, all of which provide education for the youth of Sátoraljaújhely and the surrounding areas. The town of Sátoraljaújhely is the birthplace of numerous individuals who have played significant roles in Hungarian culture, science, and public life. Throughout its history,

22240-472: The status of a town and the accompanying privileges, including economic, administrative, and trade rights, which significantly encouraged settlement and urban development. It is unclear whether buildings already existed on the territory of the modern city before the granting of privileges, or if construction began only afterward. While it is possible that some structures were present, the privileges attracted settlers ( hospites ), leading later documents to describe

22400-480: The surrounding mountains. One of the town's main tourist attractions is the Zemplén Kalandpark (Zemplén Adventure Park), home to Hungary's longest chairlift, as well as a bobsled track and a climbing wall center. A notable feature of the park is the Összetartozás Hídja (Bridge of Unity), a glass and steel suspension bridge, inaugurated in 2024, that connects two mountains and offers scenic views. Sátoraljaújhely

22560-402: The town and its vicinity, including Szent István Rádió (FM 90.6 MHz), MR1 – Kossuth Rádió (FM 91.9 MHz), Európa Rádió (FM 100.0 MHz), and Zemplén FM (FM 104.9 MHz). Local newspapers include Újhelyi Körkép and Helyi Krónika . Regional press outlets, such as the Észak-Magyarország daily, KULCS magazine, and Nexus Zemplén , also cover local news. Following the political changes after

22720-414: The town has produced several painters who excelled in decorating churches and public buildings. The literary world has also been enriched by writers and poets from Sátoraljaújhely, some of whom became prominent figures in Hungarian literature. The town’s medical and scientific traditions are notable as well, with several distinguished doctors, pharmacists, and researchers originating from here, contributing to

22880-459: The town without restrictions. The residents had the right to elect a new judge annually and to freely choose their priest. They also enjoyed customs exemptions across the surrounding seven counties and, in times of danger, could seek refuge in the fortress on Sátor-hegy, where the Castellan (fortress commander) held judicial authority over them. Furthermore, they were allowed to send envoys directly to

23040-662: The value of two pondus (4.87 grams) of silver. In judicial matters, the Count of Sárospatak had no authority over them; minor cases were adjudicated by their own judge, while major cases fell under the king’s jurisdiction. The residents were granted free fishing rights on the Bodrog River, which had previously been reserved for the lord of Sárospatak. Regarding inheritance rights, settlers without heirs could freely dispose of their property. Additionally, they were allowed to hold toll-free markets on Mondays, and free individuals could settle in

23200-517: The war Jews who survived the holocaust returned to Miskolc hoping to reclaim their land and possessions. Over 130 were rounded up by members of the local Arrow Cross Party and summarily murdered. The Jewish cemetery on a hill overlooking Miskolc has a memorial for them. It includes the 10 commandments, carved in stone, all written in Hebrew except Thou shall not kill, which is written in Hungarian. The preparation for World War II established Miskolc as

23360-401: The war of independence against Habsburg rule in the early 18th century, Prince Francis II Rákóczi , the leader of the Hungarians put his headquarters in Miskolc. The imperial forces sacked and burnt the city in 1707. Four years later half of the population fell victim of a cholera epidemic. Miskolc recovered quickly, and another age of prosperity began again. In 1724, Miskolc was chosen to be

23520-456: The warmer seasons, when there was sufficient grazing for their herds. The rise of the Mongols was preceded by 15 years of wet and warm weather conditions from 1211 to 1225 that allowed favourable conditions for the breeding of horses, which greatly assisted their expansion. As the Mongol Empire began to fragment from 1260, conflict between the Mongols and Eastern European polities continued for centuries. Mongols continued to rule China into

23680-617: The whole land with its inhabitants from Satorholmu to the Tulsuoa river, and he gave not just this but more besides because, after Duke Árpád had conquered the whole land of Pannonia, he gave to Ketel for his most faithful service a great land beside the Danube where the Vág river flows." The discovery of significant leader graves from the period of the Hungarian Conquest in the surrounding area—such as in

23840-520: The winter. The area has been inhabited since ancient times – archaeological findings date back to the Paleolithic , proving human presence for over 70,000 years . Its first known dwellers were the Cotini , one of the Celt tribes. The area has been occupied by Hungarians since the "Conquest" in the late 9th century. It was first mentioned by this name around 1210 AD. The Miskóc clan lost their power when King Charles I centralized his power by curbing

24000-430: The working people worked in heavy industry. The economic recession after the end of the Socialist era hit the industrial cities of Northern Hungary the hardest. The unemployment rate rose until it became one of the highest in the country, the population of Miskolc dramatically decreased (not only because of unemployment though, but also due to suburbanization which became prevalent nationwide). The economic situation of

24160-572: The wounding of another, and subsequently the death of a Jewish policeman. Economic hardship and anti-Semitism motivated the riots. In 1949, the University of Miskolc was founded (as a successor of the Academy of Mining , formerly in Selmecbánya, which is now Banská Štiavnica , Slovakia). During its long history Miskolc survived fires, floods, plagues and foreign invasions, but maintained its position as

24320-555: Was conquered by the Mongols and put under Yuan rule . The Mongols also invaded Sakhalin Island between 1264 and 1308. Likewise, Korea ( Goryeo ) became a semi-autonomous vassal state of the Yuan dynasty for about 80 years. By 1206, Genghis Khan had conquered all Mongol and Turkic tribes in Mongolia and southern Siberia. In 1207 his eldest son Jochi subjugated the Siberian forest people,

24480-583: Was also inhabited during this period, yielding Bronze Age ceramic finds. In the 7th–5th centuries BCE, Transylvania and the Great Hungarian Plain were dominated by the Scythians , an Iranian-origin horse-riding pastoralist people. The region of present-day Sátoraljaújhely was situated on the frontier of their empire. In the 3rd century BCE, Celtic tribes settled in the area around present-day town. Their nearest center and fortified settlement were built on

24640-691: Was combined with "recently surrendered" soldiers. Mongols and Chinese soldiers stationed in the area of the former state of Qocho and in Besh Balikh established a Chinese military colony led by Chinese general Qi Kongzhi . During the Mongol attack on the Middle East ruled by the Mamluk Sultanate , most of the Mamluk military was composed of Kipchaks and the Golden Horde's supply of Kipchak fighters replenished

24800-526: Was discovered in the 1870s along the banks of the Ronyva Creek, in the northern part of the town. This site was inhabited by a community 4,000–5,000 years ago that practiced farming and animal husbandry. The people lived in clay-plastered, partially underground houses, raised cattle, sheep, and pigs, kept dogs, and grew grains. Their tools, crafted primarily from stone, were shaped through polishing and knapping. The painted ceramics and clay figurines discovered in

24960-469: Was dismantled in the 1980s, extending from the town to Sárospatak and towards the Hegyköz region. This path is part of the EuroVelo 11 international cycling network. Within the town, sections of the route are marked by dedicated bike lanes, while others are indicated by road markings. On several one-way streets, cyclists are allowed to enter in the opposite direction, as indicated by supplementary signs. In 2021,

25120-513: Was not fully controlled by the surrounding Protestant lords. However, monastic life eventually ceased as the town’s residents converted to Protestantism, and the lack of donations led to the monastery's dissolution. Gabriel Perényi confiscated the monastery’s gold and silver liturgical items and vestments, along with its estates. In 1559, he returned these items in exchange for the Paulines dropping their legal claims. In 1567, Gabriel Perényi died, marking

25280-656: Was required to execute 24 people, or nearly half a million people per said army. Against the Alans and the Cumans ( Kipchaks ), the Mongols used divide-and-conquer tactics by first warning the Cumans to end their support of the Alans, whom they then defeated, before rounding on the Cumans. The Alans were recruited into the Mongol forces and known as the Asud , with one unit called "Right Alan Guard" that

25440-415: Was to tie down royal troops in eastern Hungary while the main Ottoman army fought in Transdanubia . A Crimean Tatar contingent accompanying John Sigismund likely invaded the Patak lordship through the Bózsva Valley, causing widespread devastation. Sátoraljaújhely suffered perhaps its greatest wartime destruction in history during this invasion. The Crimean Tatars burned 86% of the town’s buildings, including

25600-468: Was when Kublai Khan established the Yuan dynasty in China in 1271. The dynasty created a "Han Army" (漢軍) out of defected Jin troops and an army of defected Song troops called the "Newly Submitted Army" (新附軍). The Mongol force which invaded southern China was far greater than the force they sent to invade the Middle East in 1256. The Yuan dynasty established the top-level government agency Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs to govern Tibet , which

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