4,550 m/s (161,000 cu ft/s)
69-705: The Paraguay River ( Ysyry Paraguái in Guarani , Rio Paraguai in Portuguese , Río Paraguay in Spanish ) is a major river in south-central South America, running through Brazil , Bolivia , Paraguay and Argentina . It flows about 2,695 kilometres (1,675 mi) from its headwaters in the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso to its confluence with the Paraná River north of Corrientes and Resistencia . The Paraguay's source
138-407: A British canal boat of traditional long, narrow design, steered with a tiller; spec. one not exceeding 7 feet (approx. 2.1 metres) in width or 72 feet (approx. 21.9 metres) in length The narrowboats were initially also known as barges, and the new canals were constructed with an adjacent towpath along which draft horses walked, towing the barges. These types of canal craft are so specific that on
207-474: A barge has given rise to the saying "I wouldn't touch that [subject/thing] with a barge pole." In the United States a barge was not a sailing vessel by the end of the 19th century. Indeed, barges were often created by cutting down ( razeeing ) sailing vessels. In New York this was an accepted meaning of the term barge. The somewhat smaller scow was built as such, but the scow also had its sailing counterpart
276-529: A calque based on the word " Tupâ ", meaning God. In modern Paraguayan Guarani, the same word is rendered " komuño ". Following the out-migration from the reductions, these two distinct dialects of Guarani came into extensive contact for the first time. The vast majority of speakers abandoned the less colloquial, highly regulated Jesuit variant in favor of the variety that evolved from actual use by speakers in Paraguay. This contemporary form of spoken Guarani
345-614: A demographic shift that brought about a decidedly one-sided shift away from the Jesuit dialect that the missionaries had curated in the southern and eastern territories of the colony. By and large, the Guarani of the Jesuits shied away from direct phonological loans from Spanish. Instead, the missionaries relied on the agglutinative nature of the language to formulate new precise translations or calque terms from Guarani morphemes. This process often led
414-447: A dumb barge. In Europe, a Dumb barge is: An inland waterway transport freight vessel designed to be towed which does not have its own means of mechanical propulsion . In America, a barge is generally pushed. Barges are used today for transporting low-value bulk items, as the cost of hauling goods that way is very low and for larger project cargo, such as offshore wind turbine blades. Barges are also used for very heavy or bulky items;
483-479: A major source of sustenance for their families. This has created issues in large cities such as Asunción, where poverty-stricken farmers from the country's interior have populated the river's banks in search of an easier lifestyle. Seasonal flooding of the river's banks sometimes forces many thousands of displaced residents to seek temporary shelter until the waters recede from their homes. The Paraguayan military has been forced to dedicate land on one of its reserves in
552-584: A medicinal drug) comes from a homonymous Tupi–Guarani name that can be rendered as ipe-kaa-guené , meaning a creeping plant that makes one vomit. " Cougar " is borrowed from Guarani guazu ara . Barge Barge typically refers to a flat-bottomed vessel which does not have its own means of mechanical propulsion. Original use was on inland waterways, while modern use is on both inland and marine water environments. The first modern barges were pulled by tugs , but on inland waterways, most are pushed by pusher boats , or other vessels. The term barge has
621-487: A nasal vowel, and if the consonant is voiced, it takes its nasal allophone. If a stressed syllable is nasal, the nasality spreads in both directions until it bumps up against a stressed syllable that is oral. This includes affixes , postpositions , and compounding. Voiceless consonants do not have nasal allophones, but they do not interrupt the spread of nasality. For example, However, a second stressed syllable, with an oral vowel, will not become nasalized: That is, for
690-426: A predicative possessive reading. Furthermore, the conjugations vary slightly according to the stem being oral or nasal. Negation is indicated by a circumfix n(d)(V)-...-(r)i in Guarani. The preverbal portion of the circumfix is nd- for oral bases and n- for nasal bases. For 2nd person singular, an epenthetic -e- is inserted before the base, for 1st person plural inclusive, an epenthetic -a-
759-424: A rich history, and therefore there are many types of barges. "Barge" is attested from 1300, from Old French barge , from Vulgar Latin barga . The word originally could refer to any small boat; the modern meaning arose around 1480. Bark "small ship" is attested from 1420, from Old French barque , from Vulgar Latin barca (400 AD). The more precise meaning of Barque as "three-masted sailing vessel" arose in
SECTION 10
#1732851924857828-431: A single mast with sails. Barge and lighter were used indiscriminately. A local distinction was that any flat that was not propelled by steam was a barge, although it might be a sailing flat. The term Dumb barge was probably taken into use to end the confusion. The term Dumb barge surfaced in the early nineteenth century. It first denoted the use of a barge as a mooring platform in a fixed place. As it went up and down with
897-548: A spectrum in which more Spanish is used for official and business-related matters, and more Guarani is used in art and in everyday life. Guarani is also an official language of Bolivia and of Corrientes Province in Argentina. Guarani became a written language relatively recently. Its modern alphabet is a subset of the Latin script (with "J", "K" and "Y" but not "W"), complemented with two diacritics and six digraphs . Its orthography
966-451: A typical American barge measures 195 by 35 feet (59.4 m × 10.7 m), and can carry up to about 1,500 short tons (1,400 t) of cargo. The most common European barges measure 251 by 37 feet (76.5 m × 11.4 m) and can carry up to about 2,450 tonnes (2,700 short tons). As an example, on June 26, 2006, in the US a 565-short-ton (513 t) catalytic cracking unit reactor
1035-450: A vowel. The glottal stop , called puso in Guarani, is only written between vowels, but occurs phonetically before vowel-initial words. Because of this, some words have several glottal stops near each other that consequently undergo a number of different dissimilation techniques. For example, "I drink water" ʼaʼyʼu is pronounced hayʼu . This suggests that irregularity in verb forms derives from regular sound change processes in
1104-501: A word with a single stressed vowel, all voiced segments will be either oral or nasal, while voiceless consonants are unaffected, as in oral /ᵐbotɨ/ vs nasal /mõtɨ̃/ . Guarani is a highly agglutinative language , often classified as polysynthetic . It is a fluid-S type active language , and it has been classified as a 6th class language in Milewski's typology . It uses subject–verb–object (SVO) word order usually, but object–verb when
1173-414: Is a present somewhat aorist : Upe ára resẽ reho mombyry , "that day you got out and you went far". These two suffixes can be added together: ahátama , "I'm already going". This suffix can be joined with -ma , making up -páma : ñande jaikuaapáma nde remimoʼã , "now we came to know all your thought". These are unstressed suffixes: -ta, -ma, -ne, -vo, -mi ; so the stress goes upon
1242-637: Is inserted. The postverbal portion is -ri for bases ending in -i , and -i for all others. However, in spoken Guarani, the -ri portion of the circumfix is frequently omitted for bases ending in -i . The negation can be used in all tenses, but for future or irrealis reference, the normal tense marking is replaced by moʼã , resulting in n(d)(V) -base- moʼã-i as in Ndajapomoʼãi , "I won't do it". There are also other negatives, such as: ani , ỹhỹ , nahániri , naumbre , naʼanga . The verb form without suffixes at all
1311-457: Is known as Jopará , meaning "mixture" in Guarani. Widely spoken, Paraguayan Guarani has nevertheless been repressed by Paraguayan governments throughout most of its history since independence. It was prohibited in state schools for over 100 years. However, populists often used pride in the language to excite nationalistic fervor and promote a narrative of social unity. During the autocratic regime of Alfredo Stroessner , his Colorado Party used
1380-534: Is largely phonemic , with letter values mostly similar to those of Spanish . The tilde is used with many letters that are considered part of the alphabet. In the case of Ñ/ñ , it differentiates the palatal nasal from the alveolar nasal (as in Spanish), whereas it marks stressed nasalisation when used over a vowel (as in Portuguese ): ã, ẽ, ĩ, õ, ũ, ỹ . (Nasal vowels have been written with several other diacritics: ä, ā, â, ã .) The tilde also marks nasality in
1449-627: Is largely dependent upon waters provided by the Paraguay River. Owing to its importance as a navigable waterway serving Brazil, Argentina, and Paraguay, the river has been the focus of commercial and industrial development. In 1997, the governments of the nations of the La Plata Basin proposed a plan under the Hidrovia Inter-Governmental Commission agency to develop the rivers into an industrial waterway system to help reduce
SECTION 20
#17328519248571518-502: Is often translated as "ex-", "former", "abandoned", "what was once", or "one-time". These morphemes can even be combined to express the idea of something that was going to be but did not end up happening. So for example, paʼirãgue is "a person who studied to be a priest but didn't actually finish", or rather, "the ex-future priest". Some nouns use -re instead of -kue and others use -guã instead of -rã . Guarani distinguishes between inclusive and exclusive pronouns of
1587-622: Is south of Diamantino in the Mato Grosso state of Brazil. It follows a generally southwesterly course, passing through the Brazilian city of Cáceres . It then turns in a generally southward direction, flowing through the Pantanal wetlands, the city of Corumbá , then running close to the Brazil-Bolivia border for a short distance in the Brazilian states of Mato Grosso and Mato Grosso do Sul . From
1656-489: The narrowboat , which usually had a beam a couple of inches less to allow for clearance e.g. 6 feet 10 inches (2.08 m) . It was soon realized that the narrow locks were too limiting, and later locks were therefore doubled in width to 14 feet (4.3 m). This led to the development of the widebeam canal boat. The narrowboat (one word) definition in the Oxford English Dictionary is: Narrowboat:
1725-454: The 17th century, and often takes the French spelling for disambiguation. Both are probably derived from the Latin barica , from Greek baris "Egyptian boat", from Coptic bari "small boat", hieroglyphic Egyptian and similar ba-y-r for "basket-shaped boat". By extension, the term "embark" literally means to board the kind of boat called a "barque". In Great Britain a merchant barge
1794-464: The British canal system the term 'barge' is no longer used to describe narrowboats and widebeams . Narrowboats and widebeams are still seen on canals, mostly for leisure cruising, and now engine-powered. The people who moved barges were known as lightermen . Poles are used on barges to fend off other nearby vessels or a wharf. These are often called 'pike poles'. The long pole used to maneuver or propel
1863-670: The British river system and larger waterways, the Thames sailing barge , and Dutch barge and unspecified other styles of barge, are still known as barges. The term Dutch barge is nowadays often used to refer to an accommodation ship, but originally refers to the slightly larger Dutch version of the Thames sailing barge. During the Industrial Revolution , a substantial network of canals was developed in Great Britain from 1750 onward. Whilst
1932-478: The Jesuits to employ complicated, highly synthetic terms to convey European concepts. By contrast, the Guarani spoken outside of the missions was characterized by a free, unregulated flow of Hispanicisms; frequently, Spanish words and phrases were simply incorporated into Guarani with minimal phonological adaptation. A good example of that phenomenon is found in the word "communion". The Jesuits, using their agglutinative strategy, rendered this word " Tupârahava ",
2001-536: The Paraguay would have a devastating impact on the Pantanal wetlands. An effort by the Rios Vivos coalition to educate people on the effects of the project was successful in delaying the project, and the nations involved agreed to reformulate their plan. The final plan is still uncertain, along with the effect it will have on the Pantanal and the ecology of the entire Río de la Plata basin. The controversy over whether or not
2070-506: The Paraguay, Guaporé and Mamoré all have their source in the same region in central South America. Among the species shared between these are the black phantom tetra , an important fish in the aquarium industry, and the golden dorado , which is important in the fishing industry. [REDACTED] Media related to Río Paraguay at Wikimedia Commons Guarani language Guarani ( / ˌ ɡ w ɑːr ə ˈ n iː , ˈ ɡ w ɑːr ən i / GWAR -ə- NEE , GWAR -ə-nee ), specifically
2139-549: The Paraguayan people and neighboring communities. This is unique among American languages; language shift towards European colonial languages (in this case, the other official language of Spanish ) has otherwise been a nearly universal phenomenon in the Western Hemisphere , but Paraguayans have maintained their traditional language while also adopting Spanish. Jesuit priest Antonio Ruiz de Montoya , who in 1639 published
Paraguay River - Misplaced Pages Continue
2208-565: The Spanish and IPA equivalents, although sometimes the open-mid allophones [ ɛ ] , [ ɔ ] are used more frequently. The grapheme ⟨y⟩ represents the vowel / ɨ / (as in Polish ). Considering nasality, the vowel system is perfectly symmetrical, each oral vowel having its nasal counterpart (most systems with nasals have fewer nasals than orals). Guarani displays an unusual degree of nasal harmony . A nasal syllable consists of
2277-507: The blind. Guarani syllables consist of a consonant plus a vowel or a vowel alone; syllables ending in a consonant or two or more consonants together do not occur. This is represented as (C)V . In the below table, the IPA value is shown. The orthography is shown in angle brackets below, if different. The voiced consonants have oral allophones (left) before oral vowels, and nasal allophones (right) before nasal vowels . The oral allophones of
2346-570: The border with Argentina, flowing generally south-southwesterly for another 275 kilometres (171 mi) before it reaches its end, joining with the Paraná River. The Paraguay River is the second major river of the Rio de la Plata Basin , after the Paraná River. The Paraguay's drainage basin , about 1,095,000 square kilometres (423,000 sq mi), covers a vast area that includes major portions of Argentina, southern Brazil, parts of Bolivia, and most of
2415-469: The capital to emergency housing for these displaced citizens. The river is a tourist attraction for its beauty. The original inhabitants of the upper Paraguay River were the Guarani peoples . The Paraguay River was explored in the 16th century by Sebastian Cabot , who at that time became the first recorded European to discover both the Paraná and Paraguay rivers. For hundreds of years, this river has served as
2484-613: The case of G̃/g̃ , used to represent the nasalized velar approximant by combining the velar approximant G with the nasalising tilde . The letter G̃/g̃ , which is unique to this language, was introduced into the orthography relatively recently during the mid-20th century and there is disagreement over its use. It is not a precomposed character in Unicode , which can cause typographic inconveniences – such as needing to press "delete" twice in some setups – or imperfect rendering when using computers and fonts that do not properly support
2553-525: The city of Puerto Bahia Negra, Paraguay, the river forms the border between Paraguay and Brazil, flowing almost due south before the confluence with the Apa River . The Paraguay makes a long, gentle curve to the south-southeast before resuming a more south-southwesterly course, dividing the country of Paraguay into two distinct halves: the Gran Chaco region to the west, a largely uninhabited semi-arid region; and
2622-430: The complex layout feature of glyph composition. Only stressed nasal vowels are written as nasal. If an oral vowel is stressed, and it is not the final syllable, it is marked with an acute accent: á, é, í, ó, ú, ý . That is, stress falls on the vowel marked as nasalized, if any, else on the accent-marked syllable, and if neither appears, then on the final syllable. Guarani Braille is the braille alphabet used for
2691-487: The costs of exporting goods from the area, in particular the soybean crop that the area has embraced. The plan entailed constructing more hydroelectric dams along some of the waterways, along with a massive effort to restructure the navigable waterways—most notably the Paraguay River—through dredging of the waterway, rock removal and channel restructuring. Studies indicated that the proposed river engineering of
2760-573: The country of Paraguay. Unlike many of the other great rivers of the Rio de la Plata Basin, the Paraguay has not been dammed for hydroelectric power generation; for this reason it is navigable for a considerable distance, second only to the Amazon River in terms of navigable length on the continent. This makes it an important shipping and trade corridor, providing a much-needed link to the Atlantic Ocean for
2829-470: The eastern forested departments of the country, accounting for some 98% of the country's inhabitants. As such the river is considered perhaps the key geographical feature of the country with which it shares its name. Some 400 kilometres (250 mi) after flowing through the middle of Paraguay, at the confluence with the Pilcomayo River and passing the Paraguayan capital city, Asunción , the river forms
Paraguay River - Misplaced Pages Continue
2898-502: The final port to the refinery. The Transportation Institute at Texas A&M found that inland barge transportation in the US produces far fewer emissions of carbon dioxide for each ton of cargo moved compared to transport by truck or rail. According to the study, transporting cargo by barge produces 43% less greenhouse gas emissions than rail and more than 800% less than trucks. Environmentalists claim that in areas where barges, tugboats and towboats idle may produce more emissions like in
2967-410: The first person plural. Reflexive pronoun: je : ahecha ("I look"), ajehecha ("I look at myself") Guarani stems can be divided into a number of conjugation classes, which are called areal (with the subclass aireal ) and chendal . The names for these classes stem from the names of the prefixes for 1st and 2nd person singular. The areal conjugation is used to convey that
3036-528: The first written grammar of Guarani in a book called Tesoro de la lengua guaraní (Treasure/ Thesaurus of the Guarani Language) , described it as a language "so copious and elegant that it can compete with the most famous [of languages]". The name "Guarani" is generally used for the official language of Paraguay. However, this is part of a dialect chain , most of whose components are also often called Guarani. While Guarani, in its Classical form ,
3105-493: The fish species in the river are characiforms (tetras and allies) and siluriforms (catfish). Several of these migrate up the Paraguay River to spawn, including Prochilodus lineatus and Pseudoplatystoma corruscans . Unsurprisingly many species in the river are essentially of Paraná River Basin origin, but the fauna also has a connection with two Amazonian rivers, the Guaporé and Mamoré . While flowing in different directions,
3174-464: The flood season in the Paraguay River (measured at Corumbá ) is delayed 4–6 months compared to the peak of the rainy season due to the slow passage of water through the Pantanal wetlands. There are significant temperature variations depending on the season. During the low-water season, the water of the Paraguay River is relatively warm (typically above 27 °C or 81 °F) and clouded ( Secchi depth typically less than 32 cm or 13 in), but in
3243-490: The flood season it is colder (typically 18–26.3 °C or 64.4–79.3 °F) and clearer (Secchi depth typically 26–130 cm or 10–51 in). The upper part of the Paraguay River is warmer than the lower and generally its temperature does not fall below 22.5 °C (72.5 °F), although some upper Paraguay tributaries may fall below this. The Paraguay River ecoregion has high species richness with about 350 fish species, including more than 80 endemics . About 80% of
3312-424: The history of Guarani. There also seems to be some degree of variation between how much the glottal stop is dropped (for example aruʼuka > aruuka > aruka for "I bring"). It is possible that word-internal glottal stops may have been retained from fossilized compounds where the second component was a vowel-initial (and therefore glottal stop–initial) root. /a/, /e/, /i/, /o/, /u/ correspond more or less to
3381-408: The inflow of Bermejo, but rises to about 600 milligrams per litre (2.2 × 10 lb/cu in) after. Directly after the inflow of Bermejo River, the pH of the Paraguay River may reach up to 8.2. The typical pH of the Paraguay River is 5.8—7.4 in the upper part (defined as the section before the inflow of the first non-Pantanal tributary , the Apa River ) and 6.3—7.9 in the lower part. The peak of
3450-404: The language to appeal to common Paraguayans although Stroessner himself never gave an address in Guarani. Upon the advent of Paraguayan democracy in 1992, Guarani was established in the new constitution as a language equal to Spanish. Jopará, the mixture of Spanish and Guarani, is spoken by an estimated 90% of the population of Paraguay. Code-switching between the two languages takes place on
3519-530: The language. Variants of the language are spoken by communities in neighboring countries including parts of northeastern Argentina , southeastern Bolivia and southwestern Brazil , and is a second official language of the Argentine province of Corrientes since 2004. Guarani is also one of the three official languages of Mercosur , alongside Spanish and Portuguese . Guarani is the most widely spoken Native American language and remains commonly used among
SECTION 50
#17328519248573588-414: The largest of these could accommodate ocean-going vessels e.g the later Manchester Ship Canal , a complex network of smaller canals was also developed. These smaller canals had locks, bridges and tunnels that were at minimum only 7 feet (2.1 m) wide at the waterline . On wider sections, standard barges and other vessels could trade, but full access to the network necessitated the parallel development of
3657-484: The last syllable of the verb or the last stressed syllable. The close and prolonged contact Spanish and Guarani have experienced has resulted in many Guarani words of Spanish origin. Many of these loans were for things or concepts unknown to the New World prior to Spanish colonization . Examples are seen below: English has adopted a small number of words from Guarani (or perhaps the related Tupi ) via Portuguese, mostly
3726-578: The locks and dams of the Mississippi River. Self-propelled barges may be used for traveling downstream or upstream in placid waters; they are operated as an unpowered barge, with the assistance of a tugboat, when traveling upstream in faster waters. Canal barges are usually made for the particular canal in which they will operate. Unpowered vessels—barges—may be used for other purposes, such as large accommodation vessels , towed to where they are needed and stationed there as long as necessary. An example
3795-399: The main route of Paraguay to the outside world. Since that time, the river has had its vitality and importance, but is used today for a convoy of barges . The Paraguay River is the primary waterway of the 147,629-square-kilometre (57,000 sq mi) Pantanal wetlands of southern Brazil, northern Paraguay and parts of Bolivia. The Pantanal is the world's largest tropical wetland and
3864-519: The names of animals or plants. " Jaguar " comes from jaguarete and " piraña " comes from pira aña ("tooth fish" Tupi: pirá 'fish', aña 'tooth'). Other words are: " agouti " from akuti , " tapir " from tapira , " açaí " from ĩwasaʼi ("[fruit that] cries or expels water"), " warrah " from aguará meaning "fox", and " margay " from mbarakaja'y meaning "small cat". Jacaranda , guarana and mandioca are words of Guarani or Tupi–Guarani origin. Ipecacuanha (the name of
3933-460: The nasal allophone is always [ ɲ ] . The dorsal fricative is in free variation between [ x ] and [ h ] . ⟨g⟩ , ⟨gu⟩ are approximants, not fricatives, but are sometimes transcribed [ ɣ ] , [ ɣʷ ] , as is conventional for Spanish. ⟨gu⟩ is also transcribed [ɰʷ] , which is essentially identical to [ w ] . All syllables are open, viz. CV or V, ending in
4002-462: The otherwise landlocked nations of Paraguay and Bolivia. It serves such important cities as Asunción and Concepción in Paraguay and Formosa in Argentina. The river is also a source of commerce in the form of fishing, and provides irrigation for agriculture along its route. As such it provides a way of life for a number of poor fishermen who live along its banks and make the majority of their income selling fish in local markets, as well as supplying
4071-665: The participant is actively involved , whereas the chendal conjugation is used to convey that the participant is the undergoer . However, the areal conjugation is also used if an intransitive verb expresses an event as opposed to a state , for example manó 'die', and even with a verb such as ké 'sleep'. In addition, all borrowed Spanish verbs are adopted as areal as opposed to borrowed adjectives, which take chendal . Intransitive verbs can take either conjugation, transitive verbs normally take areal , but can take chendal for habitual readings. Nouns can also be conjugated, but only as chendal . This conveys
4140-517: The primary variety known as Paraguayan Guarani ( avañeʼẽ [ʔãʋãɲẽˈʔẽ] "the people's language"), is a South American language that belongs to the Tupi–Guarani branch of the Tupian language family . It is one of the official languages of Paraguay (along with Spanish ), where it is spoken by the majority of the population, and where half of the rural population are monolingual speakers of
4209-454: The project will have a disastrous effect on the local ecology, as well as the potential economic gains, continues to this day. The Paraguay River basin includes several distinctive habitats, ranging from very clear waters such as Rio da Prata ( pt ) near Bonito in the upper part to the sediment-rich Bermejo River in the lower part. The suspended load of the Paraguay River is about 100 milligrams per litre (3.6 × 10 lb/cu in) before
SECTION 60
#17328519248574278-517: The sailing scow. The innovation that led to the modern barge was the use of iron barges towed by a steam tugboat. These were first used to transport grain and other bulk products. From about 1840 to 1870 the towed iron barge was quickly introduced on the Rhine, Danube, Don, Dniester , and rivers in Egypt, India and Australia. Many of these barges were built in Great Britain. Nowadays 'barge' generally refers to
4347-597: The subject is not specified. The language lacks gender and has no native definite article but, due to influence from Spanish, la is used as a definite article for singular reference and lo for plural reference. These are not found in Classical Guarani ( Guaraniete ). Guarani exhibits nominal tense: past, expressed with -kue , and future, expressed with -rã . For example, tetã ruvichakue translates to "ex-president" while tetã ruvicharã translates to "president-elect." The past morpheme -kue
4416-578: The tides, it made a very convenient mooring place for steam vessels. Within a few decades, the term dumb barge evolved, and came to mean: 'a vessel propelled by oars only'. By the 1890s Dumb barge was still used only on the Thames. By 1880 barges on British rivers and canals were often towed by steam tugboats. On the Thames, many dumb barges still relied on their poles, oars and the tide. Others dumb barges made use of about 50 tugboats to tow them to their destinations. While many coal barges were towed, many dumb barges that handled single parcels were not. On
4485-405: The voiced stops are prenasalized . There is also a sequence /ⁿt/ (written ⟨nt⟩ ). A trill /r/ (written ⟨rr⟩ ), and the consonants /l/ , /f/ , and /j/ (written ⟨ll⟩ ) are not native to Guarani, but come from Spanish. Oral /ᵈj/ is often pronounced [ dʒ ] , [ ɟ ] , [ ʒ ] , [ j ] , depending on the dialect, but
4554-525: Was originally a flat bottomed merchant vessel for use on navigable rivers. Most of these barges had sails. For traffic on the River Severn the barge was described thus: "The lesser sort are called barges and frigates, being from forty to sixty feet in length, having a single mast and square sail, and carrying from twenty to forty tons burthen." The larger vessels were called trows. On the River Irwell there
4623-572: Was reference to barges passing below Barton Aqueduct with their mast and sails standing. Early barges on the Thames were called west country barges. In the United Kingdom the word barge had many meanings by the 1890s, and these varied locally. On the Mersey a barge was called a 'Flat', on the Thames a Lighter or barge, and on the Humber a 'Keel'. A Lighter had neither mast nor rigging. A keel did have
4692-654: Was shipped by barge from the Tulsa Port of Catoosa in Oklahoma to a refinery in Pascagoula, Mississippi . Extremely large objects are normally shipped in sections and assembled after delivery, but shipping an assembled unit reduces costs and avoids reliance on construction labor at the delivery site, which in the case of the reactor was still recovering from Hurricane Katrina . Of the reactor's 700-mile (1,100 km) journey, only about 40 miles (64 km) were traveled overland, from
4761-484: Was the only language spoken in the expansive missionary territories, Paraguayan Guarani has its roots outside of the Jesuit Reductions . Modern scholarship has shown that Guarani was always the primary language of colonial Paraguay, both inside and outside the reductions. Following the expulsion of the Jesuits in the 18th century, the residents of the reductions gradually migrated north and west towards Asunción ,
#856143