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61-621: Raggare is a subculture found mostly in Sweden and parts of Norway and Finland , and to a lesser extent in Denmark , Germany , and Austria . Raggare are related to the American greaser and rockabilly subcultures and are known for their love of hot rod cars and 1950s American pop culture. Loosely translated into English, the term is roughly equivalent to the American "greaser", English "rocker", and Australian " Bodgie " and "Widgie" culture; all share

122-426: A majority , "which passively accepted commercially provided styles and meanings, and a 'subculture' which actively sought a minority style ... and interpreted it in accordance with subversive values ". In his 1979 book Subculture: The Meaning of Style , Dick Hebdige argued that a subculture is a subversion to normalcy. He wrote that subcultures can be perceived as negative due to their nature of criticism to

183-462: A "Westernized" emo style. Hot Rod Rumble Hot Rod Rumble is a US, low budget, black-and-white 1957 teen-oriented drag racing crime drama produced by Norman T. Herman and directed by Leslie H. Martinson . It stars Leigh Snowden and Richard Hartunian. The film tells the story of a clash within the Road Devils hot rod club when some of its members jump to a wrong conclusion following

244-781: A common hobby or interest but lack permanent social bonds to become a brand community . The sexual revolution of the 1960s led to a countercultural rejection of the established sexual and gender norms in the Western world , particularly in the urban areas of Europe, North and South America, Australia, and white South Africa. A more permissive social environment in these areas led to a proliferation of sexual subcultures —cultural expressions of non-normative sexuality . As with other subcultures, sexual subcultures adopted certain styles of fashion and gestures to distinguish themselves from mainstream Western culture. Lesbian , gay , bisexual , and transgender ( LGBT ) people express themselves through

305-403: A common passion for mid-20th-century American cars , rockabilly-based music and related fashion (blue-collar in origin, consisting of the likes of white T-shirts, loose fitting denim trousers with rolled cuffs, and canvas top sneakers such as Keds or Converse Chucks, or low-topped boots of an industrial nature). While the raggare movement has its roots in late 1950s youth counterculture, today it

366-597: A person or group based on their culture or subculture. In the United States and the United Kingdom, the concept of subculture has always been the main explanatory tool for sociological and criminological understanding of deviant behavior. In 2013, the Greater Manchester Police in the United Kingdom began to classify attacks on subcultures such as goths , emos , punks , and metalheads as hate crimes, in

427-423: A ride home with Hank. On the way to Terri's house, Hank spots a car following them. He believes it's Arny and speeds up to get away. But Hank's car is sideswiped by the other car as it overtakes him. Hank loses control and crashes. He's killed and Terri is injured. Someone unidentified stops and takes an unconscious Terri to the hospital. But the Road Devils, and virtually everyone else in town, are certain that Arny

488-433: A short period. Even religious groups can be seen as subcultures. In his research on British punk rock in the late 1970s, Hebdige proposed a controversial proposition at the time: punk portrayed the entire history of post-war working-class youth culture in a "cut" form, blending elements that originally belonged to completely different eras. Some subcultures reject or modify the importance of style, stressing membership through

549-465: A solution. In the work of John Clarke, Stuart Hall , Tony Jefferson, and Brian Roberts of the Birmingham CCCS ( Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies ), subcultures are interpreted as forms of resistance. Society is seen as being divided into two fundamental classes, the working class and the middle class , each with its own class culture, and middle-class culture being dominant. Particularly in

610-409: A stamp featuring raggare. Because of their mostly rural roots, retro-aesthetics and attitude towards sex, raggare are often depicted as poorly educated and financially unsuccessful. A famous example is the 1990s TV series, " Ronny and Ragge ", a pair of stereotypical raggare who cruise around in a beat-up Ford Taunus . There are several periodic gatherings for raggare around Sweden. The Power Big Meet

671-460: A subcultural model will furnish him/her with growing status within this context but it will often, in tandem, deprive him/her of status in the broader social context outside where a different model prevails. Cohen used the term 'Corner Boys' which were unable to compete with their better secured and prepared peers. These lower-class youths didn't have equal access to resources, resulting in the status of frustration , marginalization , and search for

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732-476: A subgroup." Some subcultures are formed by members with characteristics or preferences that differ from the majority of society, who generally have a preference for body modifications such as tattoos , punctures, and certain forms of plastic surgery. Unlike mainstream social relationships, subcultural communities are characterized by transience, informality, and a lack of typical social kinship relationships. As early as 1950, David Riesman distinguished between

793-431: A typical example of an "urban tribe". In the context of consumer culture , the notion of consumer tribes indicate ephemeral groups of individuals that often share a common interest and a share a subculture. Unlike traditional tribes that share kinship and language, consumer tribes are elective and ephemeral because they disperse without necessarily building long-term relationships. Consumer tribes often fluctuate around

854-449: A way for people with similar backgrounds, lifestyles, professions or hobbies to connect. According to a co-founder and executive creative strategist for RE-UP, as technology becomes a "life force," subcultures become the main bone of contention for brands as networks rise through cultural mash-ups and phenomenons. Where social media is concerned, there seems to be a growing interest among media producers to use subcultures for branding. This

915-429: A woman, or they are single. In a 2011 study, Brady Robards and Andy Bennett said that online identity expression has been interpreted as exhibiting subcultural qualities. However, they argue it is more in line with neotribalism than with what is often classified as subculture. Social networking websites are quickly becoming the most used form of communication and means to distribute information and news. They offer

976-526: Is already established with teenagers and her name on the marquee should have box office value." The review praises Hartunian's performance, saying that he "provides the real acting punch" in the film and is an actor "who is certain to remind many a teenager of James Dean in appearance, mannerisms and speech." In overall terms, BoxOffice calls Hot Rod Rumble a "film of real story power for the teenage and slightly older segment of motion picture patronage." Both The Grindhouse Data Base and Rate Your Music use

1037-441: Is associated mainly with middle-aged men who enjoy meeting and showing off their retro American cars. However, the subculture retains its rural and small-town roots as well as its blue collar and low brow feel. The original phenomenon unleashed moral panic but the contemporary raggare subculture tends to be met with amusement or mild disapproval by mainstream society. The Raggare subculture's influences are American popular culture of

1098-511: Is illustrated with photos from the movie. The blurb on the book's cover is "Teen-age Tigress - She Drove Boys to Juvenile Delinquency!" While "few if any of these [hot rod] films warrented a soundtrack release," Hot Rod Rumble is an exception as its soundtrack was issued by Liberty Records in July 1957. The LP contains 14 songs, including the main title and end title music, composed by Sandy Courage and performed by "The Hot Rod Rumble Orchestra,"

1159-514: Is popular in the subculture, as followers view it as a symbol of rebellion and American culture. They do not view it as a symbol of slavery or racism. Formation of the raggare culture was aided by Sweden staying neutral during World War II and untouched by the war. As a result, Sweden's infrastructure remained intact and export economy boomed, which made it possible for the working-class Swedish youth to buy cars, in contrast to most of Europe, which needed to be rebuilt. When raggare first appeared in

1220-418: Is responsible for Hank's death. Several Road Devils, who want Arny out of the club, go to the garage where he works and beat him senseless, despite his insistence that he had nothing to do with the crash. A $ 1500 winner-take-all race is announced. Arny qualifies for the race, but immediately after he does, his car blows its engine, the result of sabotage by the other Road Devils. Arny works feverishly rebuilding

1281-408: Is seen most actively on social network sites with user-generated content , such as YouTube . Subcultures can be and have been successfully targeted by firms commercially. A stream of academic research in consumer culture shows the multiple ways in which companies and firms target subcultures with commercial offerings. Discrimination -based harassment and violence are sometimes directed towards

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1342-839: Is the most famous, and is also one of the biggest American car meets in the world. Subculture A subculture is a group of people within a cultural society that differentiates itself from the values of the conservative, standard or dominant culture to which it belongs, often maintaining some of its founding principles. Subcultures develop their own norms and values regarding cultural, political, and sexual matters. Subcultures are part of society while keeping their specific characteristics intact. Examples of subcultures include BDSM , hippies , hipsters (which include 1940s original parent subculture and nipster ), goths , steampunks , bikers , punks , skinheads , gopnik , hip-hoppers , metalheads , cosplayers , otaku , otherkin , furries , hackers and more. The concept of subcultures

1403-475: The LGBT culture , considered the largest sexual subculture of the 20th and 21st centuries. With the ever-increasing acceptance of homosexuality in the early 21st century , including its expressions in fashion, music, and design, the gay culture can no longer be considered a subculture in many parts of the world, although some aspects of gay culture like leathermen , bears , and chubs are considered subcultures within

1464-406: The $ 1500 certified cheque and a trophy, he mumbles "thanks," stuffs the cheque into the back pocket of his jeans and casually tosses the trophy onto the seat of his car. Terri and the Road Devils approach Arny. They force Ray to tell him what really happened. As Arny heads back to his car to leave, Terri follows, repeatedly apologizing for not believing him the many times that he said he didn't cause

1525-403: The 1950s, such as the movies Rebel Without a Cause with James Dean , and American Graffiti . Cars are an important part of the subculture, especially V8 -powered cars and other large cars from the United States. Statistically, the most common raggare car ( Swedish : raggarbil ) is the 1960s Pontiac Bonneville . They are plentiful, classic, relatively cheap, and have a huge backseat so

1586-413: The 1950s, they caused a moral panic with concerns about the use of alcohol, violence, high-speed driving, and having sex in the back seat. Raggare gangs were seen as a serious problem. The film Raggare! covered the issue in 1959. One especially infamous raggare gang was Stockholm -based "Road Devils", formed in the late 1950s by Bosse "Gamen" Sandberg (1939-1994), which was very heavily publicized in

1647-640: The Raggare can pile in all of their friends. Raggare have been described as closely related to the hot rod culture, but while hotrodders in the US have to do extensive modifications to their cars to stand out, raggare can use stock US cars and still stand out compared to the more sober Swedish cars. Some raggare also drive European cars from the 1950s, 1960s and the 1970s. According to an estimate by one Swedish car restorer, there are more restored 1950s American cars in Sweden than in

1708-596: The Tribes (1988). In 1996, this book was published in English. According to Maffesoli, neo tribes are microgroups of people who share common interests in urban areas. The members of these relatively small groups tend to have similar worldviews, dress styles and behavioral patterns. Their social interactions are largely informal and emotionally laden, different from late capitalism 's corporate - bourgeoisie cultures, based on dispassionate logic. Maffesoli claims that punks are

1769-509: The US was by Allied Artists . The film was shown on a double-bill with the musical Calypso Joe (1957). Associated British-Pathé took care of distribution in the UK, where the film was granted a U-certification, after unspecified cuts were made, by the British Board of Film Censors (BBFC) on 3 June 1957. The U-cert allowed it to be exhibited to audiences of all ages. Text on the US poster for

1830-496: The United States, down-low is a slang term specifically used within the African-American community to refer to Black men who usually identify as heterosexual but actively seek sexual encounters and relations with other men , practice gay cruising , and frequently adopt a specific hip-hop attire during these activities. They avoid sharing this information even if they have female sexual partner(s), they are married to

1891-414: The accident. The race itself is a "grueling 50-mile cross country" event that starts at the local drag strip, winds its way through the mountains on two-lane roads and ends at the same drag strip. Throughout the race, Arny and Jim Lawrence ( Brett Halsey ) battle for the lead, with Jim repeatedly trying to force Arny off the road. However, Arny is a better driver than Jim and wins the race. When he's awarded

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1952-425: The accidental death of one of them in a car crash. Hot Rot Rumble was Hartunian's only film. The film itself spun off a novel and had its soundtrack released on an LP. The members of the Road Devils hot rod club are having a party at their usual hangout, "The Shack." Everyone is attired neatly - the men in button-down shirts and sports coats, the women in dresses and sweaters - except for Arny Crawford (Hartunian),

2013-564: The adoption of an ideology which may be much more resistant to commercial exploitation. The punk subculture 's distinctive (and initially shocking) style of clothing was adopted by mass-market fashion companies once the subculture became a media interest. Dick Hebdige argues that the punk subculture shares the same "radical aesthetic practices" as the Dadaist and Surrealist art movements: Like Duchamp's 'ready mades' - manufactured objects which qualified as art because he chose to call them such,

2074-422: The cheek, ear or lip ... fragments of school uniform (white bri-nylon shirts, school ties) were symbolically defiled (the shirts covered in graffiti, or fake blood; the ties left undone) and juxtaposed against leather drains or shocking pink mohair tops. In 1985, French sociologist Michel Maffesoli coined the term urban tribe or neotribalism . It gained widespread use after the publication of his The Time of

2135-455: The crash that killed Hank. Terri and Arny drive away together. Credited Uncredited Hot Rod Rumble was produced at Hollywood Studios between 10 January and 25 January 1957. The film premiered in Los Angeles on 8 May 1957 and went into general release four days later, on 12 May 1957. Hot Rod Rumble is the only film in which Hartunian appeared. Distribution of Hot Rod Rumble in

2196-441: The cultural industry and mass media, as Steve Redhead and David Muggleton emphasize. The very idea of a unique, internally homogeneous, dominant culture is explicitly criticized. Thus forms of individual involvement in subcultures are fluid and gradual, differentiated according to each actor's investment, outside clear dichotomies. The ideas of different levels of subcultural capital ( Sarah Thornton ) possessed by each individual, of

2257-521: The culture industry is often capable of re-absorbing the components of such a style and once again transforming them into consumer goods for the mass society . At the same time the mass media , while they participate in building subcultures by broadcasting their images, also weaken subcultures by depriving them of their subversive content or by spreading a socially stigmatized image of them and their members. The most recent interpretations see subcultures as forms of distinction. In an attempt to overcome

2318-536: The dominant societal standard. Hebdige argued that subculture brings together like-minded individuals who feel neglected by societal standards and allow them to develop a sense of identity. In 1995, Sarah Thornton , drawing on Pierre Bourdieu , described "subcultural capital" as the cultural knowledge and commodities acquired by members of a subculture, raising their status and helping differentiate themselves from members of other groups. In 2007, Ken Gelder proposed to distinguish subcultures from countercultures based on

2379-443: The engine and arrives at the start of the race at the last minute. Just before the race begins, Terri and Ray Johnson ( Wright King ) arrive. As she gets out of Ray's car, Terri finds the earring that she lost during Hank's fatal crash under the seat and realizes that the person who stopped and took her to the hospital was Ray - and therefore it was Ray, not Arny, who caused the crash. Terri confronts Ray and he confesses to his role in

2440-552: The entire United States and although only two 1958 Cadillac convertibles were sold in Sweden there are now 200 of them in Sweden. Between 4000 and 5000 classic US cars were at one point imported to Sweden each year. The latest generation of raggare, the so-called pilsnerraggare such as the club Mattsvart who was the subject of the 2019 documentary "Raggarjävlar" ("Greaser scum") do not show much interest in restoring vintage cars, instead opting for driving around in trashed old US cars, drinking alcohol and playing loud music, not necessarily

2501-784: The film reads "DRAG STRIP SHOCKS! PISTON-HARD DRAMA! ROCK 'N ROLL LOVE!" and "Scorching story of the Slick Chicks who Fire Up the Big Wheels!" Contemporary reviews of Hot Rod Rumble were generally favourable. BoxOffice rated the film as "good" on its five-point "very good" to "very poor" scale. The magazine also reported ratings of "good" from Harrison's Reports , Variety and The Hollywood Reporter . The New York Daily News called it "fair" while Parents' Magazine rated it as "poor." The movie review in BoxOffice focuses on its stars. The anonymous reviewer writes that "Leigh Snowden

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2562-555: The gay movement itself. The butch and femme identities or roles among some lesbians also engender their own subculture with stereotypical attire, for instance drag kings . A late 1980s development, the queer movement can be considered a subculture broadly encompassing those that reject normativity in sexual behavior, and who celebrate visibility and activism. The wider movement coincided with growing academic interests in queer studies and queer theory . Aspects of sexual subcultures can vary along other cultural lines. For instance, in

2623-555: The idea of subcultures as forms of deviance or resistance, they describe subcultures as collectivities which, on a cultural level, are sufficiently homogeneous internally and heterogeneous with respect to the outside world to be capable of developing, as Paul Hodkinson points out, consistent distinctiveness, identity, commitment and autonomy. Defined by Sarah Thornton as taste cultures, subcultures are endowed with elastic, porous borders, and are inserted into relationships of interaction and mingling, rather than independence and conflict, with

2684-623: The level of immersion in society. Gelder further proposed six key ways in which subcultures can be identified through their: Sociologists Gary Alan Fine and Sherryl Kleinman argued that their 1979 research showed that a subculture is a group that serves to motivate a potential member to adopt the artifacts, behaviors, norms, and values characteristic of the group. Contemporary subcultures typically refer to popular culture, including animation, comics, video games, and popular music. The evolution of subcultural studies has three main steps: The earliest sociological studies on subcultures came from

2745-624: The mainstream culture and developing imaginary solutions for structural problems. However, the Birmingham School believes that the symbolic rejection of mainstream bourgeois lifestyles by subcultures is illusory. As Paul Willis and Dick Hebdige underline, identity and resistance in subcultures are expressed through the development of a distinctive style which, by a re-signification and " bricolage " operation, use cultural goods and services as standardized products to buy and consume , in order to communicate and express one's own conflict. Yet

2806-551: The mainstream culture, proposing different ones in their place—thereby becoming, depending on circumstances, innovators, rebels, or retreatists ( Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin ). Subcultures, however, are not only the result of alternative action strategies but also of labelling processes on the basis of which, as Howard S. Becker explains, society defines them as outsiders. As Cohen clarifies, every subculture's style, consisting of image, demeanour and language becomes its recognition trait. And an individual's progressive adoption of

2867-442: The most disliked Road Devil, who is wearing a black leather biker jacket with the club's logo on the back. When Arny spots his erstwhile girlfriend Terri Warren (Snowden) dancing with Hank Adams ( Larry Dolgin ), he flies into a rage and attempts to drag Terri out of The Shack and nearly gets into a brawl with Hank and the other Road Devils. Benny ( Joey Forman ), president of the club, stops the confrontation and Arny leaves. Terri gets

2928-457: The most unremarkable and inappropriate items - a pin, a plastic clothes peg, a television component, a razor blade, a tampon - could be brought within the province of punk (un)fashion ... Objects borrowed from the most sordid of contexts found a place in punks' ensembles; lavatory chains were draped in graceful arcs across chests in plastic bin liners. Safety pins were taken out of their domestic 'utility' context and worn as gruesome ornaments through

2989-512: The overall organisational culture. In some instances, subcultures have been legislated against, and their activities regulated or curtailed. British youth subcultures had been described as a moral problem that ought to be handled by the guardians of the dominant culture within the post-war consensus . It may be difficult to identify certain subcultures because their style (particularly clothing and music) may be adopted by mass culture for commercial purposes. Businesses often seek to capitalize on

3050-458: The press. The name of the gang originated from a 1957 movie Hot Rod Rumble , which featured a gang by the same name. Later, raggare often got into fights with hippies and punks, something described in the punk rock song "Raggare Is a Bunch of Motherfuckers" by Rude Kids (and later re-recorded by Turbonegro ). When The Sex Pistols played in Sweden on 28 July 1977, a group of raggare waited outside and cornered some young girls who came out from

3111-460: The rockabilly and classic rock traditionally preferred by raggare. The clothes and hairstyle are that of 1950s rockabilly. Blue jeans, cowboy boots, white T-shirts, sometimes with print (also used to store a pack of cigarettes by folding the sleeve), leather or denim jacket. The hair is styled using Brylcreem or some other pomade . The display of the battle flag of the Confederate States

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3172-698: The same way they record abuse against people because of their religion, race, disability, sexual orientation or transgender identity. The decision followed the murder of Sophie Lancaster and beating of her boyfriend in 2007, who were attacked because they were goths. In 2012, human rights activists have denounced the occurrence of emo killings in Iraq , which consisted of between at least 6 and up to 70 teenage boys who were kidnapped, tortured, and murdered in Baghdad and elsewhere in Iraq , due to being targeted because they dressed in

3233-436: The show. The girls had safety pins through their cheeks, and the raggare ripped them out of their faces. The band was upstairs drinking beer when they heard about it. Sid Vicious wanted to go down and fight, and someone else suggested they should get the limousine and run them over. In the end, the gig promoter called the police. The Hjo band Reklamation was forced to cancel a gig after threats from raggare. Also, Rude Kids

3294-683: The so-called Chicago School , who interpreted them as forms of deviance and delinquency. Starting with what they called Social Disorganization Theory , they claimed that subcultures emerged on one hand because of some population sectors' lack of socialization with the mainstream culture and, on the other, because of their adoption of alternative axiological and normative models. As Robert E. Park , Ernest Burgess , and Louis Wirth suggested, by means of selection and segregation processes, there thus appear in society "natural areas" or "moral regions" where deviant models concentrate and are re-inforced; they do not accept objectives or means of action offered by

3355-564: The subversive allure of subcultures in search of Cool , which remains valuable in the selling of any product. This process of cultural appropriation may often result in the death or evolution of the subculture, as its members adopt new styles that appear alien to mainstream society. Music-based subcultures are particularly vulnerable to this process; what may be considered subcultures at one stage in their histories – such as jazz , goth , punk , hip hop , and rave cultures  – may represent mainstream taste within

3416-474: The supermarket of style ( Ted Polhemus ) and of style surfing (Martina Böse) replace that of the subculture's insiders and outsiders – with the perspective of subcultures supplying resources for the construction of new identities going beyond strong, lasting identifications. The study of subcultures often consists of the study of symbolism attached to clothing , music , hairstyles , jewellery , and other visible affectations by members of subcultures, and also of

3477-490: The ways in which these same symbols are interpreted by members of the dominant culture. Dick Hebdige writes that members of a subculture often signal their membership through a distinctive and symbolic use of style, which includes fashions , mannerisms , and argot . Subcultures can exist at all levels of organizations, highlighting the fact that there are multiple cultures or value combinations usually evident in any one organization that can complement but also compete with

3538-423: The word "carsploitation" as the film's genre. But academic film historian Randall Clark classifies it as an exploitation film and notes that hot rods were "the favourite trend of exploitation filmmakers" in the late 1950s. Avon Press in 1957 published a 25¢ paperback novelization of the film under the title "Hot Rod Gang Rumble." It was written by Meyer Dolinsky , who had also written the film. The novel's text

3599-498: The working class, subcultures grow out of the presence of specific interests and affiliations around which cultural models spring up, in conflict with both their parents' culture and mainstream culture . Subcultural groups emphasize voluntary, informal, and organic subordinate relationships formed in unregulated street public spaces. Facing a weakening of class identity, subcultures are then new forms of collective identification , expressing what Cohen defined "symbolic resistance" against

3660-420: Was developed in sociology and cultural studies . Subcultures differ from countercultures . The Oxford English Dictionary defines subculture, in regards to sociological and cultural anthropology, as "an identifiable subgroup within a society or group of people, esp. one characterized by beliefs or interests at variance with those of the larger group; the distinctive ideas, practices, or way of life of such

3721-503: Was forced to cancel a sold-out gig as the police didn't have the manpower to offer protection against raggare. When Rude Kids played in Stockholm the police had to bring in seven police cars to stop the raggare. When The Stranglers played in Sweden, their followers were caught making Molotov cocktails , and the police intervened after a fight broke out. In 1996, the Swedish post office issued

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