Misplaced Pages

#83916

83-454: The pavilion first gained fame after Pyongyang was captured during Toyotomi Hideyoshi 's invasions of Korea in the 16th century; under the orders of General Kim Eung-seo , a kisaeng named Gye Wolhyang seduced and drugged the Japanese commander of Pyongyang, Konishi Hidanokami , in the pavilion. She then led General Kim to the sleeping commander, where he beheaded him; though Kim escaped, Kye

166-961: A sword hunt to confiscate arms. The swords were melted down to create a statue of the Buddha . This measure effectively stopped peasant revolts, and ensured greater stability at the expense of freedom of the individual daimyō . In 1590, Hideyoshi carried out the Odawara Campaign against the Hōjō clan in the Kantō region . This was the first battle that involved the alliance between Hideyoshi and Tokugawa Ieyasu . Hideyoshi's army of 220,000 men surrounded Odawara Castle and its 82,000-strong Hōjō garrison, in what has been called "the most unconventional siege lines in samurai history". The samurai were entertained by everything from concubines, prostitutes, and musicians to acrobats , fire-eaters, and jugglers . The defenders slept on

249-500: A claimant to daimyo of the Nanbu clan , launched a rebellion against his rival Nanbu Nobunao which spread across Mutsu Province. Nobunao was backed by Hideyoshi, who along with sent a large army into the Tōhoku region in mid-1591 which quickly defeated the rebels. Hideyoshi's army arrived at Kunohe Castle in early September. Masazane, outnumbered, surrendered Kunohe Castle and was executed with

332-436: A commander-in-chief should not expose his person among the promiscuous dead. Let Hideyori defend the castle to the last; when it fell, it would be time to take a decision!" And amidst the ensuing chaos, Hideyori fell back. The castle was fired and general chaos ensued. This Hayami, one of his seven captains, eventually lead Hideyori, his wife, the daughter of the shōgun and granddaughter of Ieyasu, and his mother, Yodogimi to

415-554: A final assault. While Hideyoshi's battle at Sacheon led by Shimazu Yoshihiro was a major Japanese victory, all three parties to the war were exhausted. He told his commander in Korea, "Don't let my soldiers become spirits in a foreign land.". Toyotomi Hideyoshi died at Fushimi Castle on September 18, 1598 ( Keichō 3, 18th day of the 8th month). His last words, delivered to his closest daimyō and generals, were "I depend upon you for everything. I have no other thoughts to leave behind. It

498-464: A fire proof keep in the castle. From here, Hideyori's wife, the daughter of the shōgun , left to beg of her father and grand father to spare Hideyori. According to Murdoch, when she finally reached the shōgun , Hidetada , he had remarked coldly to her, "Why don't you die with your husband?" which was customary. However, Ieyasu feigned compassion and instructed Tokugawa captains Ii and Ando to see to Hideyori's safe retreat. Hideyori, however, remained in

581-437: A governmental system that balanced out the most powerful Japanese warlords (or daimyō ). A council was created to include the most influential lords. At the same time, a regent was designated to be in command. Toyotomi Hideyori Toyotomi Hideyori ( 豊臣 秀頼 , August 28, 1593 – June 4, 1615) was the son and designated successor of Toyotomi Hideyoshi , the general who first united all of Japan . His mother, Yodo-dono ,

664-609: A heavy blow. Ieyasu and Hideyoshi never fought against each other in person, but the former managed to check the advance of the latter's allies. After Hideyoshi and Ieyasu heard the news of Ikeda Tsuneoki and Mori Nagayoshi 's deaths, both withdrew their troops. Later, Hideyoshi made peace with Nobukatsu and Ieyasu, ending the pretext for war between the Tokugawa and Hashiba clans. Hideyoshi sent his younger sister Asahi no kata and mother Ōmandokoro to Tokugawa Ieyasu as hostages. Like Oda Nobunaga before him, Hideyoshi never achieved

747-603: A long relationship with tea master Sen no Rikyū , which eventually soured leading to Hideyoshi ordering Sen no Rikyū to commit suicide. The exact reason is disputed. Inspired by the dazzling Golden Pavilion in Kyoto , he had the Golden Tea Room constructed, which was covered with gold leaf and lined inside with red gossamer. Using this mobile innovation, he was able to practice the tea ceremony wherever he went, displaying his power and status at all times. Politically, he set up

830-564: A missionaries letter regarding the event (there were several inside Osaka castle at this point) that the Osaka assault was actually quite successful and drove the Tokugawa back quite promptly. The plan of creating Tokugawa confusion worked and according to the Jesuits, Ieyasu himself, serving as the ultimate reinforcement to the center force, had told his men to kill him if victory seemed for nigh. Not only did

913-495: A popular rumor persisted that Hideyori had escaped Osaka. The rumors had enough merit to concern the Tokugawa shogunate, according to Murdoch. The matter was serious enough that it found mention in the journals of Richard Cocks , the comrade of William Adams . The following extracts from Cocks' journal explain the matter at hand: "September 18th, 1616 Capt. Adames went againe to the Cort [at Yedo ] to procure our dispatch, and found all

SECTION 10

#1732876753084

996-639: A secret route into Mount Inaba , after which much of the local garrison surrendered. In 1564, Hideyoshi found success as a negotiator. He managed to convince a number of Mino warlords to desert the Saitō clan , mostly with liberal bribes. This included the Saitō clan's strategist, Takenaka Shigeharu . Nobunaga's easy victory at the siege of Inabayama Castle in 1567 was largely due to Hideyoshi's efforts, and despite his peasant origins, in 1568 Hideyoshi became one of Nobunaga's most distinguished generals, eventually taking

1079-463: A serious numerical disadvantage, they decided to attempt a tactic of inducing surprise and confusion in the Tokugawa camp. This was to be effected by first, Osaka captain Akashi Morishige getting behind the Tokugawa van, which would then be taken with Akashi's surprise attack, fall on Akashi, allowing Sanada with his troops and Mōri Katsunaga , who was in charge of the Osaka rōnin , to fall into

1162-643: A sign of goodwill. In 1582, Hideyoshi began construction of Osaka Castle . Built on the site of the temple Ishiyama Hongan-ji , which was destroyed by Nobunaga , construction was completed in 1597. The castle would become the last stronghold of the Toyotomi clan after Hideyoshi's death. In late 1582, Hideyoshi was in a very strong position. He summoned the powerful daimyō to Kiyosu Castle so that they could determine Nobunaga's heir. Oda Nobukatsu and Oda Nobutaka quarreled, causing Hideyoshi to instead choose Nobunaga's infant grandson Oda Hidenobu . Having won

1245-591: Is known for certain about Toyotomi Hideyoshi before 1570, when he begins to appear in surviving documents and letters. His autobiography starts in 1577, but in it, Hideyoshi spoke very little about his past. According to tradition, Hideyoshi was born on 16 February 1537 according to the lunar Japanese calendar (17 March 1537 according to the Julian calendar ; 27 March 1537 ( Proleptic Gregorian calendar )) in Nakamura , Owari Province (present-day Nakamura Ward , Nagoya ), in

1328-622: Is sad to part from you." His death was kept secret by the Council of Five Elders to preserve morale, and they ordered Japanese forces in Korea to return to Japan. According to the Tokugawa Jikki record, Hideyoshi held a secret meeting with Koide Hidemasa and Katagiri Katsumoto where he shared his regret of launching invasions of Korea. Hideyoshi also instructed Hidemasa and Katsumoto to guide Hideyori into making an alliance with Ieyasu, as he predicted

1411-467: Is today Saga Prefecture , on Kyūshū , Hideyoshi memorised the shite (lead role) parts of ten Noh plays, which he then performed, forcing various daimyō to accompany him onstage as the waki (secondary, accompanying role). He even performed before the emperor. The Kunohe rebellion , an insurrection that occurred in Mutsu Province from 13 March to 4 September 1591, began when Kunohe Masazane ,

1494-528: The de facto leader of Japan and acquired the prestigious positions of daijō-daijin and kampaku by the mid-1580s. Hideyoshi launched the Japanese invasions of Korea in 1592 to initial success, but eventual military stalemate damaged his prestige before his death in 1598. Hideyoshi's young son and successor Toyotomi Hideyori was displaced by Tokugawa Ieyasu at the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600 which would lead to

1577-472: The Anegakōji clan of Hida while Hideyoshi carried out the siege of Toyama Castle. The Toyama Castle garrison of 20,000, led by Hideyoshi's former ally Sassa Narimasa , tried to defend against Hideyoshi's 100,000 soldiers; in the end, Narimasa's defense was shattered, opening the way for Toyotomi's supremacy over Etchū Province and Hida Province . In 1586 Hideyoshi conquered Kyūshū , wresting control from

1660-569: The Battle of Anegawa to lay siege to two fortresses of the Azai and Asakura clans, and Hideyoshi was assigned to lead Oda troops into open battle for the first time. In 1573, after victorious campaigns against the Azai and Asakura, Nobunaga appointed Hideyoshi daimyō of three districts in the northern part of Ōmi Province . Initially, Hideyoshi stayed at the former Azai headquarters at Odani Castle , but moved to Kunitomo town and renamed it " Nagahama " in tribute to Nobunaga. Hideyoshi later moved to

1743-631: The Battle of Nagashino against the Takeda clan . In 1576, he took part in the Siege of Mitsuji , part of the eleven-year Ishiyama Hongan-ji War . Later, Nobunaga sent Hideyoshi to Himeji Castle to conquer the Chūgoku region from the Mori clan . Hideyoshi then fought in the Battle of Tedorigawa (1577), the siege of Miki (1578), the siege of Tottori (1581) and the siege of Takamatsu (1582). On June 21, 1582, during

SECTION 20

#1732876753084

1826-477: The Battle of Shizugatake in the following year, Hideyoshi destroyed Katsuie's forces. Hideyoshi had thus consolidated his own power, dealt with most of the Oda clan, and now controlled some 30 provinces. In 1584, Nobukatsu allied himself with Tokugawa Ieyasu , and the two sides fought at the inconclusive Battle of Komaki and Nagakute . This ultimately resulted in a stalemate, although Hideyoshi's forces were delivered

1909-561: The Hōjō clan and the Uesugi clan invaded Kai and Shinano province when they heard of Nobunaga's death, beginning the Tenshō-Jingo war . When the Oda clan learned of the defeat of Takigawa Kazumasu at the Battle of Kanagawa by the Hōjō clan, Hideyoshi sent a letter to Ieyasu on July 7 giving him authorization to lead military operations to secure the two provinces from the Hōjō and Uesugi clans. As

1992-473: The Sengoku period , it had become common for peasants to become warriors, or for samurai to farm due to the constant uncertainty caused by the lack of centralised government and always tentative peace. Upon taking control, Hideyoshi decreed that all peasants be disarmed completely. Conversely, he required samurai to leave the land and take up residence in the castle towns. This solidified the social class system for

2075-598: The Shimazu clan . Toyotomi Hidenaga , Hideyoshi's half-brother, landed to the south of Bungo province on Kyūshū's eastern coast. Meanwhile, Hideyoshi took his own forces down a more western route, in Chikuzen province . Later that year, with a total of 200,000 soldiers against the 30,000 men of the Shimazu forces, the two brothers met in Satsuma province . They besieged Kagoshima castle ,

2158-648: The Siege of Takamatsu , Oda Nobunaga and his eldest son and heir Nobutada were both killed in the Honnō-ji incident . Their assassination ended Nobunaga's quest to consolidate centralised power in Japan under his authority. Hideyoshi, seeking vengeance for the death of his lord, made peace with the Mōri clan and thirteen days later met Akechi Mitsuhide and defeated him at the Battle of Yamazaki , avenging his Nobunaga and taking Nobunaga's authority and power for himself. Meanwhile,

2241-601: The Toyotomi clan castellan Ishida Mitsunari in power. He held the generals in contempt, and they sided with Ieyasu. Hideyori lost the power his father once held, and Ieyasu's power was consolidated when his Eastern Army defeated the Mitsunari's Western Army at the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600. Ieyasu, who was appointed as a shogun in 1603 and established the Tokugawa shogunate , attacked Osaka Castle twice in 1614 and 1615 (the Siege of Osaka ), forcing Hideyoshi's concubine Yodo-dono and Hideyori to commit suicide, destroying

2324-532: The Toyotomi clan . It is now believed that Hideyoshi's loss of all his adult heirs, leaving only the five-year-old Hideyori as his successor, was the primary reason for the weakening of the Toyotomi regime and its eventual downfall. Toyotomi Hideyoshi changed Japanese society in many ways. These include the imposition of a rigid class structure, restrictions on travel, and surveys of land and production. Class reforms affected commoners and warriors. During

2407-569: The Twenty-six Martyrs of Japan . They included five European Franciscan missionaries , one Mexican Franciscan missionary, three Japanese Jesuits and seventeen Japanese laymen including three young boys. They were tortured, mutilated, and paraded through towns across Japan. On February 5, they were executed in Nagasaki by public crucifixion . After several years of negotiations, broken off because envoys of both sides falsely reported that

2490-574: The Wanli Emperor of Ming China sent an army under general Li Rusong to block the planned Japanese invasion of China and recapture the Korean peninsula. On January 7, 1593, the Ming relief forces recaptured Pyongyang and surrounded Seoul , but Kobayakawa Takakage , Ukita Hideie , Tachibana Muneshige and Kikkawa Hiroie were able to win the Battle of Byeokjegwan north of Seoul, in modern day Goyang City. At

2573-572: The rōnin . He decided then to launch himself alongside Katsunaga's force, straight into the Tokugawas, while dispatching a messenger to Hideyori to march out at that very moment instead of a bit further on as had been decided in the plan. Hideyori began moving with his troops to leave Osaka. Meanwhile, the Osaka troops had been doing quite well in spite of the numerical disadvantage. It has even been said, in Murdoch's book, as he goes to show in an extract from

Ryongwang Pavilion - Misplaced Pages Continue

2656-498: The Council busied about matters of justice of life and death; and amongst the rest, one man was brought in question about Fidaia Samme [Hideyori], as being in the castle with him to the last hour. This man was racked and tormented very much, to make him confess where his master was, or whether he were alive or dead; but I cannot hear whether he confessed anything or no." "May 5th, 1616 The son of Tuan Dono of Langasaque [ Nagasaki ] [i.e

2739-563: The Imperial Court. He built a lavish palace in 1587, the Jurakudai , and entertained the reigning Emperor Go-Yōzei the following year. Also in 1585, Hideyoshi launched the siege of Negoro-ji and subjugated Kii Province . The Negoro-gumi , the warrior monks of Negoro-ji , were allied with the Ikkō-ikki and with Tokugawa Ieyasu , whom they supported in the Battle of Komaki and Nagakute

2822-402: The Jesuits write this, but, in another account, Murdoch states that Ieyasu had at least for some time had designs of seppuku because victory seemed to be escaping him. According to Siebold, at this critical moment, as Hideyori was leaving Osaka to enter the fray, Ieyasu sent forth into Osaka the son of Osaka captain Ōno Harunaga who had been a hostage to the Tokugawa. Ōno Harunaga's son entered

2905-579: The Koryo-dynasty poet Kim Hwang Won broke his brush and wept after being unable find words to express the beauty of the view. The pavilion was later reconstructed under the Joseon dynasty and rechristened as "Ryongwang" pavilion because of its commanding views over the Taedong. In 1835, the small wooden shrine to Kye Wolhyang was replaced with a granite marker praising her patriotism. Though severely damaged during

2988-683: The Shimazu clan's home. The Shimazu surrendered, and Hideyoshi was able to return his attention to the Hōjō clan of Kantō , the last major clan to oppose him. Later in 1587, Hideyoshi banished Christian missionaries from Kyūshū, either to exert greater control over the Kirishitan daimyō or to prohibit human trafficking. Around that time, at least 50,000 Japanese people were sold overseas as slaves, mainly by Portuguese merchants. However, since he did much trade with Europeans, individual Christians were unofficially overlooked. In 1588, Hideyoshi forbade ordinary peasants from owning weapons and started

3071-439: The Tokugawa front. When the confusion was to be at its height, Hideyori would have marched out of Osaka castle with his home troops and would in theory be the final blow to the Tokugawas. What happened, according to Murdoch, was that Akashi was not able to get behind the Tokugawa troops, having been discovered and engaged before he emerged from the lanes. The plans fell apart as Mōri's rōnin , ever eager to fight, began shooting at

3154-476: The Tokugawa ranks, not waiting for Sanada (who was serving as Commander of the battle, in addition to being the tactician of the battle) to command them to do so. Sanada at once told the rōnin to stop but they only doubled their efforts. Mōri Katsunaga, deciding to take advantage of his rōnin's eagerness, then decided to launch them forward nevertheless. Upon this, Sanada realized in order to keep any structure of his original plan, he too, would need to engage alongside

3237-499: The Tono, or King, of Xaxma [ Satsuma ] meaneth to make wars against the new Emperor [Hidetada] in right of Fidaia Samme [Hideyori], whom they report to be alive, and that he meaneth to begyn with Langasaque. This is now the common report." "October 15th, 1616 And it is said Fidaia Samme is alive; but what will come hereof I know not." Hideyori's son, Kunimatsu (age 8) was captured and beheaded; his daughter Naahime (Princess Naa) (age 7)

3320-844: The U.S. bombings of Pyongyang during the Korean War , the pavilion was restored shortly after. Restoration work carried out in the 2010s was done in cooperation with the Prince Claus Fund , Paektu Cultural Exchange operator Michael Spavor , and the North's National Administration for the Protection of Cultural Heritage. 39°01′24″N 125°45′26″E  /  39.02333°N 125.75722°E  / 39.02333; 125.75722 Toyotomi Hideyoshi Toyotomi Hideyoshi ( 豊臣 秀吉 , 17 March 1537 – 18 September 1598) , otherwise known as Kinoshita Tōkichirō ( 木下 藤吉郎 ) and Hashiba Hideyoshi ( 羽柴 秀吉 ) ,

3403-462: The adopted daughter of Asano Nagakatsu , a descendant of Minamoto no Yorimitsu . Hideyoshi carried out repairs on Sunomata Castle with his younger half-brother, Hashiba Koichirō , along with Hachisuka Masakatsu , and Maeno Nagayasu . Hideyoshi's efforts were well-received because Sunomata was in enemy territory, and according to legend Hideyoshi constructed a fort in Sunomata overnight and discovered

Ryongwang Pavilion - Misplaced Pages Continue

3486-484: The aesthetics of the tea ceremony that had a lasting influence over many aspects of Japanese culture. Even after Rikyū's death, Hideyoshi is said to have built his many construction projects based upon aesthetics promoted by Rikyū. Following Rikyū's death, Hideyoshi turned his attention from tea ceremony to Noh , which he had been studying since becoming Imperial Regent. During his brief stay in Nagoya Castle in what

3569-504: The basis for systematic taxation. In 1590, Hideyoshi completed construction of the Osaka Castle , the largest and most formidable in all Japan, to guard the western approaches to Kyoto . In that same year, Hideyoshi banned "unfree labour" or slavery in Japan , but forms of contract and indentured labour persisted alongside the period penal codes' forced labour . Hideyoshi also influenced

3652-474: The brother of the Japanese Jesuit killed at the storming of Osaka], departed to sea with 13 barkes laden with soldiers to take the island Taccasange, called per them soe, but by us Isla Fermosa. And it is reported he is at Goto, staying for more succors which are to come from Miaco, and thought they mean to go for Lequea [Loochoo], to look for Fidaia Samme [Hideyori]." "July 7th, 1616 Speeches given out that

3735-436: The castle and immediately dispatched a letter from Ieyasu to his father. The letter said "Do not let Hideyori leave the castle. In the castle is a conspiracy and as soon as Hideyori leaves it he will be attacked from the rear." It is because of this letter, according to Siebold, that Hideyori's portion of the plan miscarried. He was just about to leave when he was brought word of its contents, and at this point, stalled in entering

3818-719: The castle defenders. The Kunohe rebellion was the final battle in Hideyoshi's campaigns during the Sengoku period and completed the unification of Japan. The future stability of the Toyotomi dynasty after Hideyoshi's eventual death was put in doubt with the death of his only son, three-year-old Tsurumatsu, in September 1591. When his half-brother Hidenaga died of illness shortly after, Hideyoshi named his nephew Hidetsugu his heir, adopting him in January 1592. Hideyoshi resigned as kampaku to take

3901-420: The castle. Then in 1614, the Tokugawa besieged Osaka Castle against Hideyori. Tokugawa forces led by Shogun Tokugawa Hidetada attacked Hideyori in the Siege of Osaka in the winter of 1614, known as "the winter Siege of Osaka". The attack failed, but Hideyori was induced to sign a truce and dismantle the defenses of his stronghold at Osaka Castle . In April 1615, Ieyasu received word that Toyotomi Hideyori

3984-926: The end of the first campaign, Japan's entire navy was destroyed by Admiral Yi Sun-sin of Korea, whose base was located in a part of Korea the Japanese could not control. This destroyed Japan's ability to resupply their troops in Seoul, effectively ending the invasion. The birth of Hideyoshi's second son in 1593, Hideyori , created a potential succession problem. To avoid it, Hideyoshi exiled his nephew and current heir Hidetsugu to Mount Kōya for suspected rebellion, and then ordered him to commit suicide in August 1595. Hidetsugu's family members who did not follow his example, including 31 women and several children, were then murdered in Kyoto . In January 1597, Toyotomi Hideyoshi had twenty-six Christians arrested as an example to Japanese who wanted to convert to Christianity . They are known as

4067-428: The fire-proof keep with his mother and, having sent dispatches to Ieyasu and Hidetada, waited for a response. He was given none and, upon his fire-proof keep being fired upon by the forces of Ii and Ando, allegedly then committed ritual suicide and the keep was destroyed. Although Ii had been tasked with seeing to Hideyori's safe retreat, when, shortly after, Ii had reported the affairs to Ieyasu and told of his exceeding

4150-571: The founding of the Tokugawa Shogunate . Hideyoshi's rule covers most of the Azuchi–Momoyama period of Japan, partially named after his castle, Momoyama Castle . Hideyoshi left an influential and lasting legacy in Japan, including Osaka Castle , the Tokugawa class system , the restriction on the possession of weapons to the samurai, and the construction and restoration of many temples, some of which are still visible in Kyoto . Very little

4233-517: The fray. Eventually, despite the ferocity and initial victories of the Osaka troops, the numerical advantage of the Tokugawa forces proved too much. According to the Nihon Senshi: "Hideyori, when he received intelligence of the defeat of his rōnin, said, "Death is what I have been ready to meet for long", and was about to sally from the castle in order to fight his very last battle when he was stopped by Hayami, one of his seven captains, who urged that

SECTION 50

#1732876753084

4316-467: The leader of the warrior class, was because he was of peasant origin. Hideyoshi rose from a peasant background as a retainer of the prominent lord Oda Nobunaga to become one of the most powerful men in Japanese history. Hideyoshi succeeded Nobunaga after the Honnō-ji Incident in 1582 and continued Nobunaga's campaign to unite Japan that led to the closing of the Sengoku period. Hideyoshi became

4399-535: The life of Yoshiaki's daughter, who had only just arrived in Kyoto to become Hidetsugu's concubine and had not yet even met her future husband. When Hideyoshi died in 1598, the five regents he had appointed to rule in Hideyori's place began jockeying amongst themselves for power. Tokugawa Ieyasu seized control in 1600, after his victory over the others at the Battle of Sekigahara . Hideyori's arranged marriage to Senhime ,

4482-488: The material culture of Japan . He lavished time and money on the Japanese tea ceremony , collecting implements, sponsoring lavish social events, and patronizing acclaimed masters. As interest in the tea ceremony rose among the ruling class, so too did the demand for fine ceramic implements, and during the course of the Korean campaigns, not only were large quantities of prized ceramic ware confiscated but many Korean artisans were forcibly relocated to Japan. Hideyoshi also had

4565-450: The middle of the chaotic Sengoku period under the collapsed Ashikaga Shogunate . Hideyoshi had no traceable samurai lineage, and his father Kinoshita Yaemon was an ashigaru – a peasant employed by the samurai as a foot soldier. Hideyoshi had no surname, and his childhood given name was Hiyoshi-maru ( 日吉丸 ) ("Bounty of the Sun") although variations exist. Yaemon died in 1543 when Hideyoshi

4648-514: The name Hashiba Hideyoshi ( 羽柴 秀吉 ) . The new surname included two characters, one each from Oda's right-hand men Ni wa Nagahide ( 丹 羽 長秀 ) and Shiba ta Katsuie ( 柴 田 勝家 ) , and the new given name included characters from Akechi Mitsu hide ( 明智 光 秀 ) and Mori Yoshi nari ( 森 吉 成 ) . In 1570, Hideyoshi protected Nobunaga's retreat from Azai - Asakura forces at Kanegasaki . Later, in June 1570, Nobunaga allied with Tokugawa Ieyasu at

4731-403: The next 300 years. Furthermore, he ordered comprehensive surveys and a complete census of Japan. Once this was done and all citizens were registered, he required all Japanese to stay in their respective han (fiefs) unless they obtained official permission to go elsewhere. This ensured order in a period when bandits still roamed the countryside and peace was still new. The land surveys formed

4814-401: The nobility class. He was the first person in history to become a Kampaku who was not born a noble. He then passed the position and title of Kampaku to his nephew, Toyotomi Hidetsugu . He remained in power as Taikō ( 太閤 ) , the title of retired Kampaku , until his death. It is believed, but not certain, that the reason he refused or could not obtain the title of shogun ( 征夷大将軍 ) ,

4897-569: The opposition had surrendered, Hideyoshi appointed Kobayakawa Hideaki to lead a renewed invasion of Korea. This invasion met with less success than the first; Japanese troops remained pinned down in Gyeongsang Province , and although the Japanese forces turned back several Chinese offensives in Suncheon and Sacheon in June 1598, they were unable to make further progress as the Ming army prepared for

4980-465: The orders he'd been given and, thereupon asked Ieyasu to punish him accordingly, according to Murdoch's book, Ieyasu merely nodded without saying anything and Ii left Ieyasu's presence. Not but a few weeks later Ii received a raise on his revenue at Hikone, in Omi, the sum going from 180,000 koku to 230,000 koku and still, later on, in 1617 to 280,000 koku . Hideyori's actual corpse was never discovered, and

5063-462: The port at Imahama on Lake Biwa , where he began work on Imahama Castle and took control of the nearby Kunitomo firearms factory that had been established some years previously by the Azai and Asakura. Under Hideyoshi's administration, the factory's output of firearms increased dramatically. Later, Hideyoshi participated in the 1573 siege of Nagashima . In 1574, Hideyoshi and Araki Murashige captured Itami Castle , and later in 1575, he fought in

SECTION 60

#1732876753084

5146-404: The power of the Tokugawa clan would grow unchecked after his death, and only solution for the Toyotomi clan to survive was to not oppose Ieyasu. After Hideyoshi's death, the other members of the Council of Five Elders were unable to keep Ieyasu's ambitions in check. Two of Hideyoshi's top generals , Katō Kiyomasa and Fukushima Masanori , had fought bravely during the war but returned to find

5229-515: The previous year. After attacking a number of other outposts in the area, Hideyoshi's forces attacked Negoro-ji from two sides. Many of the Negoro-gumi had already fled to Ōta Castle by this time, which Hideyoshi later besieged . The complex was set aflame, beginning with the residences of the priests, and Hideyoshi's samurai cut down monks as they escaped the blazing buildings. In the 1585 invasion of Shikoku , Toyotomi forces seized Shikoku island,

5312-404: The ramparts with their arquebuses and armor; despite their smaller numbers, they discouraged Hideyoshi from attacking. Hideyoshi had Ishigakiyama Ichiya Castle secretly constructed in a nearby forest, and then had the forest chopped down, giving the impression it have been built overnight. This demoralized the defenders, leading to their surrender three months after the start of the siege. During

5395-527: The rulers of his home province of Owari , now headed by the ambitious Oda Nobunaga . Hideyoshi soon became Nobunaga's sandal-bearer , a position of relatively high status. According to his biographers, Hideyoshi also supervised the repair of Kiyosu Castle , a claim described as " apocryphal ", and managed the kitchen. After Nobunaga noticed his talents at the Battle of Okehazama in 1560, when Nobunaga defeated Imagawa Yoshimoto , he became one of Nobunaga's trusted retainers. In 1561, Hideyoshi married One ,

5478-399: The seven-year-old granddaughter of Ieyasu, was designed to mitigate Toyotomi clan dissension and plotting. In this period, the eight-year-old boy practiced calligraphy with phrases wishing for peace throughout the world. Fourteen years later, Hideyori was now a young daimyō living in Osaka Castle , son and rightful heir to Toyotomi Hideyoshi . However, Tokugawa Ieyasu continued to view

5561-427: The siege of Ichinomiya Castle , which lasted for 26 days. Chōsokabe made a half-hearted attempt to relieve his castle from the siege, but eventually surrendered. He was allowed to keep Tosa Province , while the rest of Shikoku was divided among Hideyoshi's generals. During the late summer of August 1585, Hideyoshi launched an attack on Etchū Province and Hida Province . He dispatched Kanamori Nagachika to destroy

5644-445: The siege, Hideyoshi offered Ieyasu the eight Hōjō-ruled provinces in the Kantō region , in exchange for the submission of Ieyasu's five provinces, which Ieyasu accepted. In February 1591, Hideyoshi ordered Sen no Rikyū to commit suicide, likely in one of his angry outbursts. Rikyū had been a trusted retainer and master of the tea ceremony under both Hideyoshi and Nobunaga. Under Hideyoshi's patronage, Rikyū made significant changes to

5727-470: The smallest of Japan's four main islands, from Chōsokabe Motochika . Toyotomi's forces arrived 113,000 strong under Toyotomi Hidenaga , Toyotomi Hidetsugu , Ukita Hideie and the Mōri clan 's "Two Rivers", Kobayakawa Takakage and Kikkawa Motoharu . Opposing them were 40,000 men of Chōsokabe's. Despite the overwhelming size of Hideyoshi's army, and the suggestions of his advisors, Motochika chose to fight to defend his territories. The battles culminated in

5810-517: The support of the other two Oda clan elders, Niwa Nagahide and Ikeda Tsuneoki , Hideyoshi was able to distribute Nobunaga's provinces among the generals and form a council of four generals to help Hidenobu govern. Shibata Katsuie initially supported Hideyoshi's decision, but later supported Nobunaga's third son Nobutaka, for whom Katsuie had performed the genpuku ritual. He allied with Nobutaka and Takigawa Kazumasu against Hideyoshi. Tension quickly escalated between Hideyoshi and Katsuie, and at

5893-460: The title of shōgun . Instead, he arranged to have himself adopted by Konoe Sakihisa , one of the noblest men belonging to the Fujiwara clan , and secured a succession of high court titles. These included Chancellor ( Daijō-daijin ), and in 1585, the prestigious position of Imperial Regent ( kampaku ). Also in 1585, Hideyoshi was formally given the new clan name Toyotomi (instead of Fujiwara ) by

5976-412: The title of taikō (retired regent), and Hidetsugu succeeded him as kampaku . Hideyoshi adopted Oda Nobunaga 's dream of a Japanese conquest of China , and launched the conquest of the Ming dynasty by way of Korea (at the time known as Koryu or Joseon ). In 1592, Hideyoshi began an invasion of Korea with the intent of conquering Korea and eventually Ming China. Hideoyoshi's explicit war goal

6059-570: The war turned in Ieyasu's favor and Sanada Masayuki defected to the Tokugawa side, the Hōjō clan negotiated a truce. Hōjō Ujinobu and Ii Naomasa were the Hōjō and Tokugawa representatives for the preliminary meetings. Representatives from the Oda clan such as Oda Nobukatsu , Oda Nobutaka , and Hideyoshi himself mediated the negotiation until the truce officially took effect in October with both Ieyasu and Hōjō Ujinao exchanging family members as hostages as

6142-539: The works of many Japanese sources (the Nihon Shoki , Miyoshi-Ki, and many more) as well as heavily based on the writings of the Jesuits , their annual letters, the letters of William Adams and the diaries of Adams' Dutch comrades, the events of Hideyori's death and the final fall of Osaka Castle were as such – Sanada Yukimura had been tactician of the climactic battle outside the gates of Osaka. Recognizing that they had

6225-452: The young Hideyori as a potential threat. Many samurai who opposed Ieyasu rallied around Hideyori, claiming that he was the rightful ruler of Japan. Ieyasu found fault with the opening ceremony of a temple ( Great Buddha of Kyoto ) built by Hideyori; it was as if he prayed for Ieyasu's death and the ruin of the Tokugawa clan . Ieyasu ordered Hideyori to leave Osaka Castle , but those in the castle refused and summoned samurai to gather within

6308-454: Was a Japanese samurai and daimyō ( feudal lord) of the late Sengoku and Azuchi-Momoyama periods and regarded as the second "Great Unifier" of Japan . Although he came from a peasant background, his immense power earned him the rank and title of Kampaku ( 関白 , Imperial Regent) and Daijō-daijin ( 太政大臣 , Chancellor of the Realm) , the highest official position and title in

6391-503: Was chased right back into the castle by the advancing enemies. There was no time to set up a proper defense of the castle, and it was soon set ablaze and pummeled by artillery fire. Hideyori and his mother committed seppuku , and the final major uprising against Tokugawa rule for another 250 or so years was put to an end. His widow remarried but later became a Buddhist nun . According to James Murdoch 's A History of Japan During The Century of Early Foreign Discourse , based heavily upon

6474-609: Was for Japan to replace China at the top of the international order. Hideyoshi wrote to his adopted son Hidetsugu that "it is not Ming China alone that is destined to be subjugated by us, but India, the Philippines, and many islands in the South Sea will share a like fate." In the first campaign, Hideyoshi appointed Ukita Hideie as field marshal, and had him go to the Korean peninsula in April 1592. Konishi Yukinaga occupied Seoul , which

6557-453: Was gathering even more troops than in the previous November, and that he was trying to stop the filling of the moat of Osaka Castle. Toyotomi forces began to attack contingents of the shōgun ' s forces near Osaka. On June 5, 1615, Tokugawa attacked Osaka Castle, an attack known as "the summer Siege of Osaka". As Toyotomi's forces began to lose the battle, a smaller force led directly by Hideyori sallied forth from Osaka Castle too late, and

6640-603: Was later executed for her role in the plot. Kim Ung So later returned to liberate Pyongyang in 1593 with the help of the Ming Chinese Army , and built a shrine to Wolhyang next to the pavilion (the district in Moranbong-guyok where she lived was also named after her). The pavilion was converted into a scenic overlook under the Koryo dynasty, and became a popular subject with poets and artists alike; A famous story relates how

6723-469: Was seven years old. Many legends describe Hideyoshi being sent to study at a temple as a young man, but he rejected temple life and went in search of adventure. Under the name Kinoshita Tōkichirō ( 木下 藤吉郎 ) , he first joined the Imagawa clan as a servant to a local ruler named Matsushita Yukitsuna  [ ja ] ( 松下之綱 ) . In 1558, Hideyoshi became an ashigaru for the powerful Oda clan ,

6806-540: Was the capital of the Joseon dynasty of Korea, on June 19. After Seoul fell, Japanese commanders held a war council in June in Seoul and determined targets of subjugation called Hachidokuniwari literally, Eight(八) Route(道), Country(国) Division(割) . Each targeted province was attacked by one of the army's eight divisions: Within four months, Hideyoshi's forces had a route into Manchuria and had occupied much of Korea. The Korean king Seonjo of Joseon escaped to Uiju and requested military intervention from China. In 1593,

6889-472: Was the niece of Oda Nobunaga . Born in 1593, he was Hideyoshi's second son. The birth of Hideyori created a potential succession problem. To avoid it, Hideyoshi exiled his nephew and heir Hidetsugu to Mount Kōya and then ordered him to commit suicide in August 1595. Hidetsugu's family members who did not follow his example were then murdered in Kyoto, including 31 women and several children and also Mogami Yoshiaki 's daughter. Hideyoshi refused to spare

#83916