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55-499: In 2007, he achieved the publication of the series, "What a perfect world!", for 12 consecutive months. In the same year, he carried out "Doumo tour", the autograph sessions for 12 consecutive months held in Japanese major cities, and made a great success. On May 1, 2009, he launched "bbbcircle", his official website, with Kai Chamberlain , a Canadian cartoonist. His works defy not only the common wisdom of novels but general knowledge in

110-403: A gel . The agents are materials used to thicken and stabilize liquid solutions, emulsions , and suspensions . They dissolve in the liquid phase as a colloid mixture that forms a weakly cohesive internal structure. Food thickeners frequently are based on either polysaccharides ( starches , vegetable gums , and pectin ), or proteins . Concrete 's and mortar 's workability is related to

165-503: A better manga artist than a novelist. Mori's true career started in 1982 when he became an assistant professor at Mie University . He had found interest in conducting research while he had been studying as a graduate student at Nagoya University , and upon completing his master's thesis, he took a job at the newly established Department of Architecture at Mie University. There, he specialized in rheology (a branch of physics that deals with deformation and flow of matter), and in particular,

220-491: A complex microstructure, such as muds , sludges , suspensions , and polymers and other glass formers (e.g., silicates), as well as many foods and additives, bodily fluids (e.g., blood) and other biological materials , and other materials that belong to the class of soft matter such as food. Newtonian fluids can be characterized by a single coefficient of viscosity for a specific temperature. Although this viscosity will change with temperature, it does not change with

275-443: A manpowered car by putting two bicycles together. Unlike most boys, Mori never grew out of this hobby; instead, his love for model crafts grew stronger as he became older. His interest moved on to radio control airplanes and he has so far constructed and flown over forty of them, some of which span about ten feet. Furthermore, he recently constructed a five-inch (127 mm) gauge railway in his garden. Mori confesses that one of

330-405: A negligible yield stress at room temperatures (i.e. a viscous flow). Long-term creep experiments (~10 years) indicate that the viscosity of granite and glass under ambient conditions are on the order of 10 poises. Physiology includes the study of many bodily fluids that have complex structure and composition, and thus exhibit a wide range of viscoelastic flow characteristics. In particular there

385-574: A professional writer. Finally, Mori made his debut as a novelist in April 1996 with The Perfect Insider . He won the very first Mephisto Prize for this, or rather, Editor Karaki says that the prize was established in the first place to make Mori's debut sensational. At this point, he had already written up three other novels, and the truth is that the first piece of work he had completed was Doctors in Isolated Room rather than The Perfect Insider , which

440-513: A qualification in mathematics, the physical sciences (e.g. chemistry , physics , geology , biology ), engineering (e.g. mechanical , chemical , materials science, plastics engineering and engineering or civil engineering ), medicine , or certain technologies, notably materials or food . Typically, a small amount of rheology may be studied when obtaining a degree, but a person working in rheology will extend this knowledge during postgraduate research or by attending short courses and by joining

495-549: Is An Automaton in Long Sleep , an adventure fiction about an automaton from 120 years ago, which was written in commission of Coca-Cola for the base story of its 120th anniversary television drama in Japan, happen to become Mori's first work to be dramatized on television. Manga versions for some of his works have been published as well. Mori's writings are called " rikei mystery," which roughly translates into "science mystery." This

550-414: Is a Japanese writer and engineer. He is known for writing mystery novels – particularly his debut work The Perfect Insider , which won him the first Mephisto Prize in 1996 – but he considers himself to be a researcher as well as craftsman. He insists his name to be written and called " MORI Hiroshi ," family name first and uppercased, regardless of the language when romanized . Since childhood, Mori

605-425: Is a common means of reducing cost and to impart certain desirable mechanical, thermal, electrical and magnetic properties to the resulting material. The advantages that filled polymer systems have to offer come with an increased complexity in the rheological behavior. Usually when the use of fillers is considered, a compromise has to be made between the improved mechanical properties in the solid state on one side and

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660-585: Is a relative quantity, the numerator or the denominator can alter the number. A very small Deborah number can be obtained for a fluid with extremely small relaxation time or a very large experimental time, for example. In fluid mechanics , the Reynolds number is a measure of the ratio of inertial forces ( v s ρ {\displaystyle v_{s}\rho } ) to viscous forces ( μ L {\displaystyle {\frac {\mu }{L}}} ) and consequently it quantifies

715-451: Is a specialist study of blood flow called hemorheology . This is the study of flow properties of blood and its elements ( plasma and formed elements, including red blood cells , white blood cells and platelets ). Blood viscosity is determined by plasma viscosity, hematocrit (volume fraction of red blood cell, which constitute 99.9% of the cellular elements) and mechanical behaviour of red blood cells. Therefore, red blood cell mechanics

770-552: Is designed to account for the degree of non-Newtonian behavior in a flow. The Deborah number is defined as the ratio of the characteristic time of relaxation (which purely depends on the material and other conditions like the temperature) to the characteristic time of experiment or observation. Small Deborah numbers represent Newtonian flow, while non-Newtonian (with both viscous and elastic effects present) behavior occurs for intermediate range Deborah numbers, and high Deborah numbers indicate an elastic/rigid solid. Since Deborah number

825-532: Is given as follows: where: Rheometers are instruments used to characterize the rheological properties of materials, typically fluids that are melts or solution. These instruments impose a specific stress field or deformation to the fluid, and monitor the resultant deformation or stress. Instruments can be run in steady flow or oscillatory flow, in both shear and extension. Rheology has applications in materials science , engineering , geophysics , physiology , human biology and pharmaceutics . Materials science

880-678: Is important in the manufacture and processing of food products, such as cheese and gelato . An adequate rheology is important for the indulgence of many common foods, particularly in the case of sauces, dressings, yogurt , or fondue . Thickening agents , or thickeners, are substances which, when added to an aqueous mixture, increase its viscosity without substantially modifying its other properties, such as taste. They provide body, increase stability , and improve suspension of added ingredients. Thickening agents are often used as food additives and in cosmetics and personal hygiene products . Some thickening agents are gelling agents , forming

935-458: Is important to take into consideration wall slip when performing the rheological characterization of highly filled materials, as there can be a large difference between the actual strain and the measured strain. A rheologist is an interdisciplinary scientist or engineer who studies the flow of complex liquids or the deformation of soft solids. It is not a primary degree subject; there is no qualification of rheologist as such. Most rheologists have

990-494: Is most likely because Mori uses his experience as a research scientist and weaves some kind of a science- or math-related problem into the story (for example, several math puzzles were presented in Mathematical Goodbye ). However, Mori says that he is reluctant to label his novels that way, and he goes on to question what is really meant when people say "science". In addition, Mori's works, especially The Perfect Insider ,

1045-464: Is not a good reader, and curiously, the bulk of his time is spent reading proof sheets rather than actually writing. At the same time, Mori is extremely punctual, and his editor Misa Inako affirms that he has never missed a deadline. Mori has so far produced over thirty mystery novels; moreover, he has worked on a wide variety of genres in the past few years, including romance, poetry, essays, photo books, and children's picture books. Particularly notable

1100-583: Is often criticized for the overuse of computer jargons. He responds that it is perfectly natural for people with some background knowledge to have a better understanding than others. According to Mori, computer jargons are not much different from proper nouns, like the names of celebrities or fashion brands, in the sense that they are in most cases just there as ornament that serves to create a particular mood. Rheology Rheology ( / r iː ˈ ɒ l ə dʒ i / ; from Greek ῥέω (rhéō)  'flow' and -λoγία (-logia)  'study of')

1155-421: Is one of the most important dimensionless numbers in fluid dynamics and is used, usually along with other dimensionless numbers, to provide a criterion for determining dynamic similitude . When two geometrically similar flow patterns, in perhaps different fluids with possibly different flow rates, have the same values for the relevant dimensionless numbers, they are said to be dynamically similar. Typically it

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1210-464: Is principally concerned with extending continuum mechanics to characterize the flow of materials that exhibit a combination of elastic , viscous and plastic behavior by properly combining elasticity and ( Newtonian ) fluid mechanics . It is also concerned with predicting mechanical behavior (on the continuum mechanical scale) based on the micro- or nanostructure of the material, e.g. the molecular size and architecture of polymers in solution or

1265-590: Is the major determinant of flow properties of blood.(The ocular Vitreous humor is subject to rheologic observations, particularly during studies of age-related vitreous liquefaction, or synaeresis .) The leading characteristic for hemorheology has been shear thinning in steady shear flow. Other non-Newtonian rheological characteristics that blood can demonstrate includes pseudoplasticity , viscoelasticity , and thixotropy . There are two current major hypotheses to explain blood flow predictions and shear thinning responses. The two models also attempt to demonstrate

1320-531: Is the only artist whom he adores and that she was the one who inspired him to write not only manga but other literary works as well. After joining a manga club at the university, Mori began to write and self-publish under the pen name Mori Muku. He also produced drawings and illustrations, and it was in the second year of university that he met Subaru Sasaki, an amateur artist with the same interests, who became both his wife and professional illustrator. Although Mori does not write manga anymore, he still claims to be

1375-398: Is the study of the flow of matter , primarily in a fluid ( liquid or gas ) state but also as "soft solids " or solids under conditions in which they respond with plastic flow rather than deforming elastically in response to an applied force. [1] Rheology is the branch of physics that deals with the deformation and flow of materials, both solids and liquids. The term rheology

1430-411: Is utilized in the production of many industrially important substances, such as cement , paint , and chocolate , which have complex flow characteristics. In addition, plasticity theory has been similarly important for the design of metal forming processes. The science of rheology and the characterization of viscoelastic properties in the production and use of polymeric materials has been critical for

1485-461: The Farris effect . An additional factor is the stress transfer at the filler-polymer interface. The interfacial adhesion can be substantially enhanced via a coupling agent that adheres well to both the polymer and the filler particles. The type and amount of surface treatment on the filler are thus additional parameters affecting the rheological and material properties of filled polymeric systems. It

1540-534: The strain rate . Only a small group of fluids exhibit such constant viscosity. The large class of fluids whose viscosity changes with the strain rate (the relative flow velocity ) are called non-Newtonian fluids . Rheology generally accounts for the behavior of non-Newtonian fluids by characterizing the minimum number of functions that are needed to relate stresses with rate of change of strain or strain rates. For example, ketchup can have its viscosity reduced by shaking (or other forms of mechanical agitation, where

1595-872: The broad sense and give new values to readers. His mystery novels, particularly the JDC series, are known for genre-busting metatextual complexity. Seiryoin has been working as a translator from Japanese into English since 2012. Short mystery stories The Gifted series by Ryosuke Akizuki Urban Legend Detectives Case series by Kyosuke Tsumiki The Case Diary of Chinami Chiba series by Takafumi Takada The Sky Crawlers series by Hiroshi Mori S&M Series by Hiroshi Mori Interviews Paperback edition Pocketbook edition JDC manga JDC tribute books Paperback edition Pocketbook edition Done for Kodansha Box —all twelve volumes in one year. Hiroshi Mori (writer) Hiroshi Mori ( 森 博嗣 , Mori Hiroshi , born December 7, 1957)

1650-411: The continuum mechanical description of granular materials . One of the major tasks of rheology is to establish by measurement the relationships between strains (or rates of strain) and stresses, although a number of theoretical developments (such as assuring frame invariants) are also required before using the empirical data. These experimental techniques are known as rheometry and are concerned with

1705-536: The determination of well-defined rheological material functions . Such relationships are then amenable to mathematical treatment by the established methods of continuum mechanics . The characterization of flow or deformation originating from a simple shear stress field is called shear rheometry (or shear rheology). The study of extensional flows is called extensional rheology . Shear flows are much easier to study and thus much more experimental data are available for shear flows than for extensional flows. On one end of

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1760-486: The drive for reversible red blood cell aggregation, although the mechanism is still being debated. There is a direct effect of red blood cell aggregation on blood viscosity and circulation. The foundation of hemorheology can also provide information for modeling of other biofluids. The bridging or "cross-bridging" hypothesis suggests that macromolecules physically crosslink adjacent red blood cells into rouleaux structures. This occurs through adsorption of macromolecules onto

1815-545: The increased difficulty in melt processing, the problem of achieving uniform dispersion of the filler in the polymer matrix and the economics of the process due to the added step of compounding on the other. The rheological properties of filled polymers are determined not only by the type and amount of filler, but also by the shape, size and size distribution of its particles. The viscosity of filled systems generally increases with increasing filler fraction. This can be partially ameliorated via broad particle size distributions via

1870-438: The mechanical performance of the final products of these industries, and also the success of processing methods at intermediate stages of production. In viscoelastic materials, such as most polymers and plastics, the presence of liquid-like behaviour depends on the properties of and so varies with rate of applied load, i.e., how quickly a force is applied. The silicone toy ' Silly Putty ' behaves quite differently depending on

1925-417: The most critical issues of sol-gel science and technology. The scientific discipline of geophysics includes study of the flow of molten lava and study of debris flows (fluid mudslides). This disciplinary branch also deals with solid Earth materials which only exhibit flow over extended time-scales. Those that display viscous behaviour are known as rheids . For example, granite can flow plastically with

1980-428: The opposite behavior, rheopecty (viscosity increasing with relative deformation), and are called shear-thickening or dilatant materials. Since Sir Isaac Newton originated the concept of viscosity, the study of liquids with strain-rate-dependent viscosity is also often called Non-Newtonian fluid mechanics . The experimental characterisation of a material's rheological behaviour is known as rheometry , although

2035-491: The particle size distribution in a solid suspension. Materials with the characteristics of a fluid will flow when subjected to a stress , which is defined as the force per area. There are different sorts of stress (e.g. shear, torsional, etc.), and materials can respond differently under different stresses. Much of theoretical rheology is concerned with associating external forces and torques with internal stresses, internal strain gradients, and flow velocities. Rheology unites

2090-426: The production of many products for use in both the industrial and military sectors. Study of flow properties of liquids is important for pharmacists working in the manufacture of several dosage forms, such as simple liquids, ointments, creams, pastes etc. The flow behavior of liquids under applied stress is of great relevance in the field of pharmacy. Flow properties are used as important quality control tools to maintain

2145-443: The reasons for becoming a novelist was that he wanted to make more money to extend the miniature garden railway . Starting from high school years, Mori was also engrossed in manga . When he was hospitalized in the second year of high school, he came across a work by Moto Hagio , author of several well-known shōjo manga series, which struck him deeply and made him realize the artistic beauty of manga. Indeed, Mori says that Hagio

2200-886: The red blood cell surfaces. The depletion layer hypothesis suggests the opposite mechanism. The surfaces of the red blood cells are bound together by an osmotic pressure gradient that is created by depletion layers overlapping. The effect of rouleaux aggregation tendency can be explained by hematocrit and fibrinogen concentration in whole blood rheology. Some techniques researchers use are optical trapping and microfluidics to measure cell interaction in vitro. Changes to viscosity has been shown to be linked with diseases like hyperviscosity, hypertension, sickle cell anemia, and diabetes. Hemorheological measurements and genomic testing technologies act as preventative measures and diagnostic tools. Hemorheology has also been correlated with aging effects, especially with impaired blood fluidity, and studies have shown that physical activity may improve

2255-488: The relative importance of these two types of effect for given flow conditions. Under low Reynolds numbers viscous effects dominate and the flow is laminar , whereas at high Reynolds numbers inertia predominates and the flow may be turbulent . However, since rheology is concerned with fluids which do not have a fixed viscosity , but one which can vary with flow and time, calculation of the Reynolds number can be complicated. It

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2310-418: The relative movement of different layers in the material actually causes the reduction in viscosity), but water cannot. Ketchup is a shear-thinning material, like yogurt and emulsion paint (US terminology latex paint or acrylic paint ), exhibiting thixotropy , where an increase in relative flow velocity will cause a reduction in viscosity, for example, by stirring. Some other non-Newtonian materials show

2365-532: The rheological properties of the fresh cement paste. The mechanical properties of hardened concrete increase if less water is used in the concrete mix design, however reducing the water-to-cement ratio may decrease the ease of mixing and application. To avoid these undesired effects, superplasticizers are typically added to decrease the apparent yield stress and the viscosity of the fresh paste. Their addition highly improves concrete and mortar properties. The incorporation of various types of fillers into polymers

2420-448: The seemingly unrelated fields of plasticity and non-Newtonian fluid dynamics by recognizing that materials undergoing these types of deformation are unable to support a stress (particularly a shear stress , since it is easier to analyze shear deformation) in static equilibrium . In this sense, a solid undergoing plastic deformation is a fluid , although no viscosity coefficient is associated with this flow. Granular rheology refers to

2475-406: The spectrum we have an inviscid or a simple Newtonian fluid and on the other end, a rigid solid; thus the behavior of all materials fall somewhere in between these two ends. The difference in material behavior is characterized by the level and nature of elasticity present in the material when it deforms, which takes the material behavior to the non-Newtonian regime. The non-dimensional Deborah number

2530-436: The studies of viscous-plastics. In 1989, Mori became an associate professor at Nagoya University at the age of 31. He received a Doctorate of Engineering with a thesis on a numerical method for analyzing the flow of viscous plastic. Mori preferred not to become further promoted to professor, stating that he would lose his valuable research time to trivial meetings and other business. In March 2005, he resigned his post to become

2585-474: The superiority of the product and reduce batch to batch variations. Examples may be given to illustrate the potential applications of these principles to practical problems in the processing and use of rubbers , plastics , and fibers . Polymers constitute the basic materials of the rubber and plastic industries and are of vital importance to the textile, petroleum , automobile , paper , and pharmaceutical industries . Their viscoelastic properties determine

2640-424: The term rheology is frequently used synonymously with rheometry, particularly by experimentalists. Theoretical aspects of rheology are the relation of the flow/deformation behaviour of material and its internal structure (e.g., the orientation and elongation of polymer molecules) and the flow/deformation behaviour of materials that cannot be described by classical fluid mechanics or elasticity. In practice, rheology

2695-476: The thickening of blood rheology. Many animals make use of rheological phenomena, for example sandfish that exploit the granular rheology of dry sand to "swim" in it or land gastropods that use snail slime for adhesive locomotion . Certain animals produce specialized endogenous complex fluids , such as the sticky slime produced by velvet worms to immobilize prey or the fast-gelling underwater slime secreted by hagfish to deter predators. Food rheology

2750-586: The time rate of applying a force. Pull on it slowly and it exhibits continuous flow, similar to that evidenced in a highly viscous liquid. Alternatively, when hit hard and directly, it shatters like a silicate glass . In addition, conventional rubber undergoes a glass transition (often called a rubber-glass transition ). E.g. The Space Shuttle Challenger disaster was caused by rubber O-rings that were being used well below their glass transition temperature on an unusually cold Florida morning, and thus could not flex adequately to form proper seals between sections of

2805-405: The two solid-fuel rocket boosters . With the viscosity of a sol adjusted into a proper range, both optical quality glass fiber and refractory ceramic fiber can be drawn which are used for fiber-optic sensors and thermal insulation , respectively. The mechanisms of hydrolysis and condensation , and the rheological factors that bias the structure toward linear or branched structures are

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2860-407: Was an avid model craftsman, making all kinds of models from race cars to locomotives to airplanes. He started out with a model locomotive that his father bought him as a birthday gift and was soon attracted to the process of making a miniature world of his own. Tools and materials for model making were readily available since his father ran a construction shop, and when Mori was in fifth grade, he built

2915-407: Was coined by Eugene C. Bingham , a professor at Lafayette College , in 1920 from a suggestion by a colleague, Markus Reiner . The term was inspired by the aphorism of Heraclitus (often mistakenly attributed to Simplicius ), panta rhei ( πάντα ῥεῖ , 'everything flows' ) and was first used to describe the flow of liquids and the deformation of solids. It applies to substances that have

2970-412: Was supposed to be the fourth piece in the series. The editor in chief, Hideo Uyama, decided to publish it first since it was the most shocking of the four. Mori gives several reasons, in various interviews, as to why he started to write while working as associate professor. One of the reasons was that he had been saying jokingly that he would become a writer by forty, and another, already mentioned above,

3025-437: Was that he wanted to have another source of income for his hobbies. However, the direct cause was that Mori simply wanted to impress his daughter who was a big fan of mystery novels. As a writer, Mori is known among his editors to be prolific and punctual. In fact, he finished his first novel in just a week by sparing a mere three hours at night after a day's work at the university. Although he writes very fast, he admits that he

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