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50-512: Kranjska Gora was first mentioned in written sources in 1326 as Chrainow (and as Chrainau and Chrainaw in 1363, as Cranaw and Chranaw in 1390, and as Kraynaw in 1456–61, among other names). The Slovene name Kranjska Gora is a reworking of the German name, influenced by German Krainberg 'Karawanks'. The settlement was also called Borovska vas (or Borovska ves or Borovška ves ) in Slovene in

100-614: A branch of the Indo-European language family , descended from Proto-Celtic . The term "Celtic" was first used to describe this language group by Edward Lhuyd in 1707, following Paul-Yves Pezron , who made the explicit link between the Celts described by classical writers and the Welsh and Breton languages. During the first millennium BC, Celtic languages were spoken across much of Europe and central Anatolia . Today, they are restricted to

150-466: A common Italo-Celtic subfamily. This hypothesis fell somewhat out of favour after reexamination by American linguist Calvert Watkins in 1966. Irrespectively, some scholars such as Ringe, Warnow and Taylor and many others have argued in favour of an Italo-Celtic grouping in 21st century theses. Although there are many differences between the individual Celtic languages, they do show many family resemblances. Examples: The lexical similarity between

200-586: A freight cableway was installed in 1958. The Counts of Ortenburg established a church dedicated to Our Lady on the White Gravel ( Slovene : Marija na belem produ ) in the 14th century, referring to the bank of the Pišnica River, which has since changed course. The current church, dedicated to the Assumption of Mary, is late Gothic in style and has typical Carinthian rib vaulting. It contains two sculptures from

250-481: A rich literary tradition . The earliest specimens of written Celtic are Lepontic inscriptions from the 6th century BC in the Alps. Early Continental inscriptions used Italic and Paleohispanic scripts. Between the 4th and 8th centuries, Irish and Pictish were occasionally written in an original script, Ogham , but Latin script came to be used for all Celtic languages. Welsh has had a continuous literary tradition from

300-606: A ritual in Slovene was performed at the Prince's Stone; then a mass was held at the cathedral of Maria Saal ( Gospa Sveta ); and subsequently, a ceremony took place at the Duke's Chair ( Vojvodski stol , German: Herzogsstuhl ), where the new Duke swore an oath in German and where he also received the homage of the estates . The Duke's Chair is located at Zollfeld valley, north of Klagenfurt in modern Carinthia , Austria. The ceremony

350-472: A synonym for both Carinthia and Carantania well into the 19th and early 20th century. Nowadays, Karantanija is used for the early medieval Slavic principality, while Koroška for the duchy and region that emerged from it from the 10th century onward. The name, like most toponyms beginning with * Kar(n)- in this area of Europe, are in turn most likely linked to the pre-Roman tribe of the Carni that once populated

400-523: Is almost certainly an independent branch on the Celtic genealogical tree, one that became separated from the others very early." The Breton language is Brittonic, not Gaulish, though there may be some input from the latter, having been introduced from Southwestern regions of Britain in the post-Roman era and having evolved into Breton. In the P/Q classification schema, the first language to split off from Proto-Celtic

450-562: Is an official language of Ireland and of the European Union . Welsh is the only Celtic language not classified as endangered by UNESCO . The Cornish and Manx languages became extinct in modern times but have been revived. Each now has several hundred second-language speakers. Irish, Manx and Scottish Gaelic form the Goidelic languages , while Welsh, Cornish and Breton are Brittonic . All of these are Insular Celtic languages , since Breton,

500-674: Is particularly notable for the ancient ritual of installing Carantanian dukes (or princes, both an approximate translation of Knez / Knyaz / Fürst ), a practice that continued after Carantania was incorporated into the later Duchy of Carinthia . It was last performed in 1414, when the Habsburg Ernest the Iron was enthroned as Duke of Carinthia. The ritual took place on the Prince's Stone (Slovene Knežji kamen , German Fürstenstein ), an ancient Roman column capital near Krnski grad (now Karnburg ) and

550-591: Is still quite contested, and the main argument for Insular Celtic is connected with the development of verbal morphology and the syntax in Irish and British Celtic, which Schumacher regards as convincing, while he considers the P-Celtic/Q-Celtic division unimportant and treats Gallo-Brittonic as an outdated theory. Stifter affirms that the Gallo-Brittonic view is "out of favour" in the scholarly community as of 2008 and

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600-555: Is that it may have been formed from a toponymic base carant- which ultimately derives from pre- Indo-European root * karra meaning 'rock', or that it is of Celtic origin and derived from * karant- meaning 'friend, ally'. Its Slavic name * korǫtanъ was adopted from the Latin * carantanum . The toponym Carinthia (Slovene: Koroška < Proto-Slavic *korǫt’ьsko ) is also claimed to be etymologically related, deriving from pre-Slavic * carantia . In Slovenian, Korotan remained

650-458: The Eastern Alps region is assumed to be connected to the collapse of local dioceses in the late 6th century, a change in population and material culture , and most importantly, in the establishment of a Slavic language group in the area. The territory settled by Slavs, however, was also inhabited by the remains of the indigenous Romanized population, which preserved Christianity. Slavs in both

700-537: The 2000s led to the reemergence of native speakers for both languages following their adoption by adults and children. By the 21st century, there were roughly one million total speakers of Celtic languages, increasing to 1.4 million speakers by 2010. Gaelainn / Gaeilig / Gaeilic Celtic is divided into various branches: Scholarly handling of Celtic languages has been contentious owing to scarceness of primary source data. Some scholars (such as Cowgill 1975; McCone 1991, 1992; and Schrijver 1995) posit that

750-581: The 6th century AD. SIL Ethnologue lists six living Celtic languages, of which four have retained a substantial number of native speakers. These are: the Goidelic languages ( Irish and Scottish Gaelic , both descended from Middle Irish ) and the Brittonic languages ( Welsh and Breton , descended from Common Brittonic ). The other two, Cornish (Brittonic) and Manx (Goidelic), died out in modern times with their presumed last native speakers in 1777 and 1974 respectively. Revitalisation movements in

800-686: The 6th century Chur was also conquered by the Franks . Between the 9th and 10th centuries, the Alpine Slavs , who are reckoned to be among the ancestors of present-day Slovenes, settled the eastern areas of the Friuli region. They settled in the easternmost mountainous areas of Friuli, known as the Friulian Slavia , as well as the Karst Plateau and the area north and south from Gorizia. Slavic settlement in

850-535: The Avars were defeated at Constantinople . In 658 Samo died and his Tribal Union disintegrated. A smaller part of the original March of the Slavs, centred north of modern Klagenfurt, preserved independence and came to be known as Carantania . The name Carantania itself begins to appear in historical sources soon after 660. The first clear indication of a specific ethnic identity and political organisation may be recognised in

900-537: The Eastern Alps and the Pannonian region are assumed to be originally subject to Avar rulers ( kagans ). After Avar rule weakened around 610, a relatively independent March of the Slavs ( marca Vinedorum ), governed by a duke , emerged in southern Carinthia in the early 7th century. Historical sources mention Valuk as the duke of Slavs ( Wallux dux Winedorum ). The year 626 brought an end to Avar dominance over Slavs, as

950-550: The Gallic and Brittonic languages are P-Celtic, while the Goidelic and Hispano-Celtic (or Celtiberian) languages are Q-Celtic. The P-Celtic languages (also called Gallo-Brittonic ) are sometimes seen (for example by Koch 1992) as a central innovating area as opposed to the more conservative peripheral Q-Celtic languages. According to Ranko Matasovic in the introduction to his 2009 Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic : "Celtiberian ...

1000-519: The German, assumed his title of King of the East Franks and became the first Duke of Carinthia. The city of Chur suffered several invasions by the Magyars in 925-926, when the cathedral was destroyed. In the area of Carantania 954–979 exist Slavic parish "pagus Crouuati" ( Croats ) which is mentioned in royal charters, ruled by count Hartwig in the name of the German king. The principality of Carantania

1050-485: The Insular Celtic hypothesis "widely accepted". When referring only to the modern Celtic languages, since no Continental Celtic language has living descendants, "Q-Celtic" is equivalent to "Goidelic" and "P-Celtic" is equivalent to "Brittonic". How the family tree of the Celtic languages is ordered depends on which hypothesis is used: " Insular Celtic hypothesis " " P/Q-Celtic hypothesis " Eska evaluates

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1100-461: The Insular Celtic languages were probably not in great enough contact for those innovations to spread as part of a sprachbund . However, if they have another explanation (such as an SOV substratum language), then it is possible that P-Celtic is a valid clade, and the top branching would be: Within the Indo-European family, the Celtic languages have sometimes been placed with the Italic languages in

1150-487: The Larzac piece of lead (1983), the analysis of which reveals another common phonetical innovation -nm- > -nu (Gaelic ainm / Gaulish anuana , Old Welsh enuein 'names'), that is less accidental than only one. The discovery of a third common innovation would allow the specialists to come to the conclusion of a Gallo-Brittonic dialect (Schmidt 1986; Fleuriot 1986). The interpretation of this and further evidence

1200-454: The P-/Q-Celtic hypothesis. Proponents of each schema dispute the accuracy and usefulness of the other's categories. However, since the 1970s the division into Insular and Continental Celtic has become the more widely held view (Cowgill 1975; McCone 1991, 1992; Schrijver 1995), but in the middle of the 1980s, the P-/Q-Celtic theory found new supporters (Lambert 1994), because of the inscription on

1250-534: The ancestors of the present-day Slovenes and partially also Austrians . Other ethnic strong element included the descendants of the Romanised aboriginal peoples ( Noricans ), which is attestable on the basis of a recent DNA analysis and a number of place names. It is also possible that traces of Dulebes , Avars , Bulgars , Croats and the Germanic peoples were present among Carantanians . In its early stages,

1300-839: The area of the Upper Sava River and in 591 they arrived in the Upper Drava region, where they soon fought the Bavarians under Duke Tassilo I . In 592 the Bavarians won, but three years later in 595 the Slavic-Avar army gained victory and thus consolidated the boundary between the Frankish and the Avar territories. By that time, today's East Tyrol and Carinthia came to be referred to in historical sources as Provincia Sclaborum (the Country of Slavs). In

1350-530: The break-up much earlier at 3200 BC ± 1500 years. They support the Insular Celtic hypothesis. The early Celts were commonly associated with the archaeological Urnfield culture , the Hallstatt culture , and the La Tène culture , though the earlier assumption of association between language and culture is now considered to be less strong. There are legitimate scholarly arguments for both the Insular Celtic hypothesis and

1400-910: The characteristics of the Alpine Slavic language. From the 9th century onwards, Alpine Slavic underwent a series of gradual changes and innovations which were characteristic of South Slavic languages . By roughly the 13th century, these developments gave rise to the Slovene language . Celtic languages Pontic Steppe Caucasus East Asia Eastern Europe Northern Europe Pontic Steppe Northern/Eastern Steppe Europe South Asia Steppe Europe Caucasus India Indo-Aryans Iranians East Asia Europe East Asia Europe Indo-Aryan Iranian Indo-Aryan Iranian Others European The Celtic languages ( / ˈ k ɛ l t ɪ k / KEL -tik ) are

1450-694: The eastern Alps. Carantania's capital was most likely Karnburg ( Slovene : Krnski grad ) in the Zollfeld Field ( Slovene : Gosposvetsko polje ), north of modern-day town of Klagenfurt ( Slovene : Celovec ). The principality was centered in the area of modern Carinthia , and included territories of modern Styria , most of today's East Tyrol and of the Puster Valley , the Lungau and Ennspongau regions of Salzburg , and parts of southern Upper Austria and Lower Austria . It most probably also included

1500-474: The evidence as supporting the following tree, based on shared innovations , though it is not always clear that the innovations are not areal features . It seems likely that Celtiberian split off before Cisalpine Celtic, but the evidence for this is not robust. On the other hand, the unity of Gaulish, Goidelic, and Brittonic is reasonably secure. Schumacher (2004, p. 86) had already cautiously considered this grouping to be likely genetic, based, among others, on

1550-509: The famous chronicler Giovanni Villani (c. 1275–1348), and Giovanni Boccaccio (1313–1375), who wrote that the Brenta River rises from the mountains of Carantania, a land in the Alps dividing Italy from Germany. The population of ancient Carantania had a polyethnic structure. The core stratum was represented by two groups of Slavs who had settled in the Eastern Alps region in 6th century and are

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1600-788: The first known bishop is one Asinio in AD 451. In the aftermath of the Gothic War (535-554), the Byzantine Empire found itself unable to prevent the Germanic tribe of the Lombards from invading Italy and founding a kingdom there . The territory left behind by the Lombards in Pannonia was subsequently settled by Slavs (with the help of their Avar overlords) in the last decades of the 6th century. In 588 they reached

1650-505: The geographical term Carantanum which Paul the Deacon used in reference to the year 664, and in connection to which he also mentioned a specific Slavic people ( gens Sclavorum ) living there. When about 740 Prince Boruth asked the Bavarian duke Odilo for help against the pressing danger posed by Avar tribes from the east, Carantania lost its independence. Boruth's successors had to accept

1700-545: The language of Carantanian Slavs was essentially Proto-Slavic . In Slovenian linguistic literature and reference books it is sometimes provisionally termed Alpine Slavic ( alpska slovanščina ). Its Proto-Slavic character can be deduced from language contacts of Alpine Slavs with the remainders of the Romanised aboriginal population, later also with Bavarians . The adopted Pre-Slavic placenames and river names and their subsequent phonetic development in Alpine Slavic, as well as Bavarian records of Alpine Slavic names, shed light on

1750-521: The later Carantania state, which was under the feudal overlordship of the Carolingians , and its successor (the March of Carinthia , 826–976), as well as of the later Duchy of Carinthia (from 976), extended beyond historical Carantania. In the 4th century Chur became the seat of the first Christian bishopric north to the Alps . Despite a legend assigning its foundation to an alleged Briton king, St. Lucius,

1800-455: The northwestern fringe of Europe and a few diaspora communities . There are six living languages: the four continuously living languages Breton , Irish , Scottish Gaelic and Welsh , and the two revived languages Cornish and Manx . All are minority languages in their respective countries, though there are continuing efforts at revitalisation . Welsh is an official language in Wales and Irish

1850-407: The only living Celtic language spoken in continental Europe, is descended from the language of settlers from Britain. There are a number of extinct but attested continental Celtic languages , such as Celtiberian , Galatian and Gaulish . Beyond that there is no agreement on the subdivisions of the Celtic language family. They may be divided into P-Celtic and Q-Celtic . The Celtic languages have

1900-484: The overlordship of Bavaria and the semifeudal Frankish kingdom , ruled by Charlemagne from 771 to 814. Charlemagne also put an end to the invasions undertaken by the Avars, who had regained eastern parts of Carantania between 745 and 795. In 828, Carantania finally became a margraviate of the Carolingian Empire . The local princes were deposed for following the anti-Frankish rebellion of Ljudevit Posavski ,

1950-495: The past. Kranjska Gora is believed to have been settled in the 11th century by Slovenes from Carantania . It was a fief of the Counts of Ortenburg in the 12th century. A trade route to Tarvisio already led through the town in the 14th century. In 1431 the Counts of Celje built a castle at Villa Bassa (now part of Tarvisio), which belonged to the town until 1848. Kranjska Gora came under Ottoman attack in 1476. A railroad connection

2000-461: The primary distinction is between Continental Celtic and Insular Celtic , arguing that the differences between the Goidelic and Brittonic languages arose after these split off from the Continental Celtic languages. Other scholars (such as Schmidt 1988) make the primary distinction between P-Celtic and Q-Celtic languages based on the replacement of initial Q by initial P in some words. Most of

2050-520: The prince of Slavs of Lower Pannonia , and replaced by a Germanic (primarily Bavarian) ascendancy. By the 843 Treaty of Verdun , it passed into the hands of Louis the German (804–876) who, according to the Annales Fuldenses (863), gave the title of a "prefect of the Carantanians" ( praelatus Carantanis ) to his eldest son Carloman . In 887 Arnulf of Carinthia (850–899), a grandson of Louis

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2100-919: The second half of the 15th century and paintings by Leopold Layer (1752–1828). Kranjska Gora is best known as a winter sports town, being situated in the Julian Alps . It annually hosts an event in the FIS Alpine Ski World Cup series, also known as the Vitranc Cup, for the slalom and giant slalom events. The well-known ski jumping hill Planica is located in the nearby Tamar Valley. Notable people that were born or lived in Kranjska Gora include: Carantania Timeline Carantania , also known as Carentania ( Slovene : Karantanija , German : Karantanien , in Old Slavic * Korǫtanъ ),

2150-487: The shared reformation of the sentence-initial, fully inflecting relative pronoun *i̯os, *i̯ā, *i̯od into an uninflected enclitic particle. Eska sees Cisalpine Gaulish as more akin to Lepontic than to Transalpine Gaulish. Eska considers a division of Transalpine–Goidelic–Brittonic into Transalpine and Insular Celtic to be most probable because of the greater number of innovations in Insular Celtic than in P-Celtic, and because

2200-494: The territory of the modern Slovenian province of Carinthia . The few existing historical sources distinguish between two separate Slavic principalities in the Eastern Alpine area: Carantania and Carniola . The latter, which appears in historical records dating from the late 8th century, was situated in the central part of modern Slovenia. It was (at least by name) the predecessor of the later Duchy of Carniola . The borders of

2250-660: The town. The Savsko Naselje Mass Grave ( Slovene : Grobišče v Savskem naselju ), also known as the Rušar Meadow Mass Grave ( Grobišče Rušarjev travnik ), contains the remains of up to 35 German soldiers killed in an engagement with the Partisans in May 1945. Tourism developed further in Kranjska Gora after the Second World War. Various ski lifts were built on Mount Vitranc west of the town in 1949, 1962, 1964, and 1965, and

2300-711: Was Gaelic. It has characteristics that some scholars see as archaic, but others see as also being in the Brittonic languages (see Schmidt). In the Insular/Continental classification schema, the split of the former into Gaelic and Brittonic is seen as being late. The distinction of Celtic into these four sub-families most likely occurred about 900 BC according to Gray & Atkinson but, because of estimation uncertainty, it could be any time between 1200 and 800 BC. However, they only considered Gaelic and Brythonic. A controversial paper by Forster & Toth included Gaulish and put

2350-548: Was a Slavic principality that emerged in the second half of the 7th century , in the territory of present-day southern Austria and north-eastern Slovenia . It was the predecessor of the March of Carinthia , created within the Carolingian Empire in 889. The name Carantania is of proto- Slavic origin. Paul the Deacon mentions Slavs in Carnuntum , which is erroneously called Carantanum ( Carnuntum, quod corrupte vocitant Carantanum ). A possible etymological explanation

2400-584: Was built to Kranjska Gora in 1870. During the First World War , in 1916, Russian prisoners of war built a wooden chapel above the settlement commemorating their comrades killed in an avalanche while building a road over the Vršič Pass . There is a small cemetery nearby. Commemorations take place at the chapel every year. A mass grave from the end of the Second World War is found in the eastern part of

2450-490: Was first described by the chronicler John of Viktring on the occasion of the coronation of Meinhard II of Tyrol in 1286. It is also mentioned in Jean Bodin 's book Six livres de la République in 1576. Chronicle of Fredegar mentions Carantania as Sclauvinia , Dante Alighieri (1265–1321) mentions Carantania as Chiarentana . The same name was also used by Florentines, such as the poet Fazio degli Uberti (circa 1309–1367),

2500-691: Was performed in Slovene by a free peasant who, selected by his peers, in the name of the people of the land questioned the new Prince about his integrity and reminded him of his duties. Later, when the Duchy of Carinthia had fallen to the Habsburgs, the idea that it was actually the people from whom the Duke of Carinthia received his legitimation was the basis of the Habsburgs' claim to the unique title of Archduke. The coronation of Carinthian Dukes consisted of three parts: first,

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