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50-461: The Ruwais Refinery was inaugurated by the late Sheikh Zayed Bin Sultan Al Nahyan in 1982 as part of his vision to transform the area into a hub for oil and gas processing. Over subsequent decades, the site has grown in capacity and complexity to include a Hydrocracker Plant (1985), a Condensate Plant (2000), a Gasoline Plant (2006), a Green Diesel Plant (2011), and a Base Oil Plant (2016). Today,

100-658: A Federation and attempting to invite other trucial rulers to join in order that a viable nation be formed in the wake of the British withdrawal. In 1971, after occasionally difficult negotiations with the other six rulers of the Trucial States , the United Arab Emirates was formed. Zayed was appointed to the presidency of the UAE in 1971 and was reappointed on four more occasions: 1976, 1981, 1986, and 1991. In 1974, Zayed settled

150-622: A bribe of about £30 million to allow Aramco to explore for oil in the disputed territory. As part of this dispute, Zayed and his brother Hazza attended the Buraimi arbitration tribunal in Geneva in September 1955 and gave evidence to tribunal members. When the tribunal was abandoned amid allegations of Saudi bribery, the British initiated the reoccupation of the Buraimi Oasis through a local military force,

200-579: A monetary prize of $ 500,000 from the Zayed Centre, and Carter stated in his acceptance speech that the award carried extra significance to him, since it was named after his personal friend. There was similar controversy when the London School of Economics accepted a large donation by the Zayed Centre, to build a new lecture theatre in the New Academic Building in 2008. The gift was accepted with

250-825: A visit to Al Zorah by Major Percy Cox, the British Political Resident. Zayed was noted by Cox to be "troublesome" and guided the rest of the Sheikhs of Dubai and Umm Al Quwain to not adopt the White Pierced Red flag, the intended flag of the Trucial States, referencing that the flag represents the Al Qawasim tribal federation. In 1892, Zayed signed a treaty with the United Kingdom which effectively ceded control of Abu Dhabi's international commercial relations to

300-619: A wife called Maitha Almansoori. Early in his rule, Zayed guided Abu Dhabi through a series of conflicts with the Emirate of Sharjah. In 1868, during an armed clash with Sharjah's forces, he advanced ahead of his troops and challenged the Ruler of Sharjah , Sheikh Khalid bin Sultan Al Qasimi , to single combat. Zayed wounded Khalid mortally and the death of Khalid brought an end to the conflict - although outbreaks of internecine conflict continued to be

350-544: Is based upon our religion and that is what our people want. Should they seek alternatives, we are ready to listen to them. We have always said that our people should voice their demands openly. We are all in the same boat, and they are both the captain and the crew. Our doors are open for any opinion to be expressed, and this well known by all our citizens. It is our deep conviction that Allah has created people free, and has prescribed that each individual must enjoy freedom of choice . No one should act as if they own others. Those in

400-577: The GCC nations. Zayed was one of the founders of the Dar Al Maal Al Islami Trust which was initiated by Saudi royal Mohammed bin Faisal Al Saud , King Faisal 's son, in 1981. After floods ravaged Yemen 's Ma'rib Governorate in 1982, Zayed financed the construction of the current dam of Ma'rib in 1984. This was to replace the historical one that was damaged in antiquity, and support

450-448: The Quran . What need have we of what others have conjured up? Its teachings are eternal and complete, while the systems conjured up by man are transitory and incomplete. Land was also often distributed gratis (free). However, while this policy benefited many landless families, enormously wealthy clans and individuals were given free land grants in proportion to their status and influence with

500-471: The Trucial Oman Levies . A period of stability followed during which Zayed helped to develop the region and took a particular interest in the restoration of the falaj system, a network of water channels which kept the plantations of the Buraimi Oasis irrigated and fertile. The discovery of oil in 1958, and the start of oil exports in 1962, led to frustration among members of the ruling family about

550-555: The United Arab Emirates issued directives that declared 2018 to be the Year of Zayed in honor of his father, Sheikh Zayed. The declaration came during Zayed's 51st anniversary of assuming the leadership of Abu Dhabi in 1966, who became the ruler by replacing Sheikh Shakbut and was aimed to commemorate centenary birth anniversary of Sheikh Zayed. In 2018, a year dedicated in the UAE to

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600-462: The "Umm al Zamul" dispute (1964), when he expressed a genuine wish that his brother Sheikh Shakhbut would accept "the Sultan's proposal for a neutral zone". He said in that regard: "... it was ridiculous to squabble over a [water] well so bitter that few bedouin could stomach its waters, or to split hairs over a tiny area of barren, almost totally unfrequented desert. And even if there happened to be oil in

650-560: The Arabian Sea. It is also connected to a pipeline network spanning over 1,600 km across the emirate, allowing for essential fuels to be distributed to sites like the Abu Dhabi International Airport.   The refinery also runs a General Utilities Plant, which supplies power and water to the entire Ruwais industrial area and two environmental protection facilities to treat and dispose of industrial waste safely. In 2019,

700-656: The Emirates, which sit on a pool of a tenth of the world's proven oil reserves. In 1988, he purchased, for £5m, Tittenhurst Park at Sunninghill, Berkshire as his English home. At the time the British withdrew from the Persian Gulf in 1971, Zayed oversaw the establishment of the Abu Dhabi Fund for Arab Economic Development; some of its oil riches were channeled to some forty less fortunate Islamic nations in Asia and Africa during

750-716: The European energy firms Eni and OMV entered into a partnership deal with ADNOC Refining. These companies respectively hold 20% and 15% of the Ruwais Refinery under the joint venture, with ADNOC owning the remaining 65%.   Work is underway to diversify the range of crude oil being refined in Ruwais. Once complete in 2022, the $ 3.5bn Crude Flexibility Project will give ADNOC Refining the ability to process 420,000 bpd of grades such as Upper Zakum – and over 50 others – to increase value. This article related to natural gas, petroleum or

800-740: The Great or Zayed the First was the Sheikh of Abu Dhabi from 1855 to his death in 1909. He was the grandfather and namesake of Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan , founder of the United Arab Emirates . He was born in the emirate of Abu Dhabi sometime around 1835 or 1840. He lived much of his early life with the Bedouin of Abu Dhabi. He was made Ruler of Abu Dhabi after the deposition of his cousin, Sheikh Saeed bin Tahnun , in 1855. He ruled for 54 years, until his death in 1909. He had

850-501: The Great"), who ruled the emirate from 1855 to 1909. At the time of Sheikh Zayed's birth, the sheikhdom of Abu Dhabi was one of seven Trucial States along the lower coast of the Persian Gulf . He also showed interest in falconry . Zayed was born at Qasr al-Hosn , Abu Dhabi , in 1918 and moved from Abu Dhabi to Al Ain in 1926, after the death of his father. As Zayed was growing up in Al-Ain, there were no modern schools anywhere along

900-684: The Sheikh Zayed Theatre being the second largest lecture hall on the campus. Harvard's equivocation, the Carter controversy, and the engendering negative publicity, prompted Sheikh Zayed to shut down the centre in August 2003, stating that the Zayed Centre "had engaged in a discourse that starkly contradicted the principles of interfaith tolerance." On 2 November 2004, Zayed died at the age of 86. He had been suffering from diabetes and kidney problems. He

950-601: The Sultan of Muscat, Turki bin Said , at the Battle of Dhank . Zayed led Abu Dhabi in an extended war with Qatar in the 1880s that secured the western border of Abu Dhabi. The first conflicts between the two occurred in 1881, during the battles of Baynunah, Suwaihan and Al-Marsaf. In 1887, Jassim bin Mohammed Al Thani , accompanied by Ottoman troops, led an expedition into Khor Al Adaid in southern Qatar to assert his claim over

1000-584: The UK's Foreign Office Minister Goronwy Roberts visited the Trucial States and announced to its shocked rulers that the United Kingdom would abrogate its treaties with them and intended to withdraw from the area. In a seminal meeting on 18 February 1968 at a desert highland on the border between Dubai and Abu Dhabi, Sheikh Zayed and Sheikh Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum of Dubai shook hands on the principle of founding

1050-534: The area was poor and prone to outbreaks of disease. When parties from Petroleum Development (Trucial Coast) began exploring for oil in the area, Zayed assisted them. In 1952, a small Saudi Arabian force led by Turki bin Abdullah Al-Otaishan occupied the village of Hamasa in the Buraimi Oasis (the ' Buraimi Dispute '). Zayed was prominent in his opposition to Saudi territorial claims and reportedly rejected

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1100-576: The area, Abu Dhabi had so much already that she could well afford to spare some for her less fortunate neighbours". Furthermore, during the negotiations between Abu Dhabi and Dubai that resulted in forming the Abu Dhabi — Dubai Union (which preceded the formation of the United Arab Emirates), Sheikh Zayed was extremely generous with the Sheikh Rashid of Dubai. Kemal Hamza, Sheikh Rashid's envoy to

1150-973: The celebration of Zayed's life and legacy, the Founder's Memorial was opened in Abu Dhabi. The memorial consists of an open Heritage Garden and Sanctuary Garden at the centre of which is a cubic pavilion housing The Constellation, an artwork dedicated to Zayed's memory. Zayed bin Sultan married seven times and has 19 sons. His children are as follows: Spouse: Spouse: Spouses: Latifa bint Jamhour Al Qubaisi Spouses: Spouse: Spouse: Spouse: Spouse: Spouse: Spouse: Maitha bint Mohammed bin Khalid Al Nahyan Zayed bin Khalifa Al Nahyan Sheikh Zayed bin Khalifa Al Nahyan ( Arabic : زايد بن خليفة آل نهيان ; 1835 – 18 May 1909), also known as Zayed

1200-568: The coast. He only received a basic instruction in the principles of Islam, and lived in the desert with Bedouin tribesmen, familiarising himself with the life of the people , their traditional skills and their ability to survive under the harsh climatic conditions. Zayed was appointed the governor of the Eastern Region of Abu Dhabi in 1946, and was based in the Muwaiji fort in Al Ain. At this time,

1250-546: The complex is known locally as Ruwais Refinery East. It has a processing capacity of 420,000 bpd consisting of 140,000 bpd of crude oil and 280,000 bpd of condensates. In 2014, a second complex was opened to meet the growing demand for ADNOC’s refined products. Known locally as Ruwais Refinery West, the facility can process up to 417,000 crude oil barrels per day. It contains the world’s largest residue catalytic cracking (RFCC) unit, allowing for 127,000 barrels of heavy residue to be upgraded into middle distillates every day. In 2018,

1300-630: The country's agriculture and economy. The area of Ma'rib is reportedly from where his ancestors migrated to what is now the UAE. Controversy over the opinions of the Zayed Centre caused the Harvard Divinity School to return Sheikh Zayed's $ 2.5 million gift to the institution in 2000 as "tainted money." Former United States president Jimmy Carter accepted the Zayed International Prize for the Environment in 2001. The award included

1350-582: The decades that followed. In 1970 Zayed donated £50,000 to British politician Christopher Mayhew to establish an Arab Frienship Foundation. He also donated £40,000 to Margaret McKay , then president of the Anglo-Jordanian Alilance, to purchase a house to be used as a cultural and recreational centre for Arab students. Using the country's enormous oil revenues, Zayed built institutions such as hospitals, schools and universities and made it possible for UAE citizens to enjoy free access to them. He

1400-506: The future course of events proved, none of these arguments stood the test of judgment in light of the much higher goal that Sheikh Zayed had in mind, and which in the ultimate analysis amply justified the sacrifices incurred by him. Such concessions are rare in the records of history and news of this generosity travelled far and wide. He was considered a relatively liberal ruler , and permitted private media. However, they were expected to practice self-censorship and avoid criticism of Zayed or

1450-522: The governor of Eastern Region from 1946 until he succeeded Sheikh Shakhbut as the ruler of Abu Dhabi in 1966, and then as the first president of the United Arab Emirates while he retained his position as Abu Dhabi's ruler from 1971 until his death in 2004. He is revered in the United Arab Emirates as the Waalid al-Ummah (" Father of the Nation "), credited for being the principal driving force behind uniting

1500-428: The lack of progress under Sheikh Shakhbut's rule. Shakhbut was seen as averse to spending revenue from oil money to develop the emirate by other members of Al Nahyan and hence they requested British help to install Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan as the ruler of Abu Dhabi in his stead through a bloodless coup. On 6 August 1966, Shakhbut was deposed in a bloodless palace coup. The move to replace Shakhbut with Zayed had

1550-550: The late 1960s, Zayed hired Katsuhiko Takahashi, a Japanese architect, to design and plan the city of Abu Dhabi. Takahashi, working to instructions from Zayed, often marked out in sand with a camel stick, was responsible for a number of key buildings, while also introducing wide roads, the construction of corniches and also greening the city. Another architect, Egyptian Abdulrahman Makhlouf, also worked to render Zayed's instructions into city plans and infrastructural projects following Takahashi's departure. Between 8–11 January 1968,

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1600-529: The lead in calling for the lifting of economic sanctions on Iraq imposed by the United Nations in the aftermath of the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait in 1990, despite Kuwaiti displeasure and opposition. Zayed was one of the wealthiest men in the world. A Forbes estimate put his fortune at around US$ 20 billion in 2004. The source of this wealth was almost exclusively due to the immense oil wealth of Abu Dhabi and

1650-501: The mainland (it was at the time an island) and the Ruler of Sharjah, in 1890, appealed to the Resident to prevent this establishment of a non- Al Qasimi stronghold in the midst of his territory. This being upheld, to the annoyance of Zayed who had seen Al Zorah as an extension of his claim to the Northern coast, the scheme was abandoned and the decision to block it was subsequently upheld after

1700-520: The meeting between Sheikh Zayed and Sheikh Rashid in Sumeih remarked that "Zayed was extremely 'karim' (generous) throughout the negotiations and seemed prepared to give Rashid whatever he wanted". This amounted to Zayed giving Rashid "oil rights in the sea-bed that might be worth milions a year" even at the risk of criticism "at home for giving so much..." It also gave rise to comments that such concessions constituted "an alienation of territory by Abu Dhabi". But

1750-657: The norm among the coastal communities. He united with Omani forces to drive the Saudi troops from the Buraimi area in 1870. This left the forts defending the Buraimi Oasis in permanent control of Abu Dhabi and forced the Saudis to abandon their designs on Oman. Abu Dhabi's influence and control over this area steadily grew afterwards. Zayed supported the Omani Imam Azzan bin Qais against

1800-614: The outstanding border dispute with Saudi Arabia by the Treaty of Jeddah by which Saudi Arabia received the output of the Shaybah oilfield and access to the lower Persian Gulf in return for recognising the UAE. In 1976 he founded the Abu Dhabi Investment Authority , which grew to be the world's third-largest sovereign investment fund by 2020, with nearly a trillion US dollars ' worth of assets under management. Sheikh Zayed

1850-520: The petroleum industry is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan ( Arabic : زايد بن سلطان آل نهيان , romanized :  Zāyid bin Sulṭān Āl Nahyān ; 6 May 1918 – 2 November 2004) was an Emirati royal, politician, philanthropist and the founder of the United Arab Emirates . Zayed served as

1900-423: The position of leadership should deal with their subjects with compassion and understanding, because this is the duty enjoined upon them by Allah, who enjoins upon us to treat all living creatures with dignity. How can there be anything less for mankind, created as Allah's successors on earth? Our system of government does not derive its authority from man, but is enshrined in our religion and is based on Allah's Book,

1950-433: The refinery opened a carbon black and delayed coker plant, producing up to 430,000 tons per year of anode-grade calcined coke and 40,600 tons per year of carbon black. Other products include liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), unleaded gasoline, diesel, naphtha, jet-A1, base-oil, fuel oil, white spirit, and propylene. The Ruwais Refinery is connected to three jetties equipped with multiple berths to allow for cargo transfers via

2000-420: The royal family. His majlis (a traditional Arab consultation council) was open to the public. He allowed non-Muslim religious buildings, such as churches and a temple, to be built. Zayed was also in favour of certain rights for women, such as access to education and women's labour rights, within traditional parameters. His views regarding women's rights were considerably more liberal than his counterparts in

2050-466: The ruling families. Freedom of worship was permitted, and to a certain extent allowances were made for expatriate cultures, but this did not always sit comfortably in the eyes of the wider Arab world with Zayed's role as a Muslim head of state. Zayed did not shy away from controversy when it came to expressing his opinions on current events in the Arab world. Troubled by the suffering of Iraqi civilians, he took

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2100-501: The seven Trucial States to found the Union of the United Arab Emirates. Zayed replaced his older brother Sheikh Shakhbut bin Sultan as the ruler of Abu Dhabi on 6 August 1966 after Shakhbut was deposed through a bloodless coup by members of the ruling family with British support. Zayed was the youngest of four sons of Sheikh Sultan bin Khalifa Al Nahyan. His father was the ruler of Abu Dhabi from 1922 until his death in 1926. Zayed

2150-666: The territory, which was disputed with Zayed bin Khalifa. This action elicited strong British diplomatic protests to the Ottoman Porte, with the British Political Resident , Edward Ross, going so far as to threaten military intervention. Tensions peaked in 1888 following a series of raids and counter-raids. Following several of these skirmishes was the Battle of Khannour from January to February 1889, in which Jassim's forces penetrated deep into Abu Dhabi territory. The conflict

2200-577: The unanimous backing of the Al Nahyan family. The news was conveyed to Shakhbut by British Acting Resident Glen Balfour-Paul who added the support of the British to the consensus of the family. Shakhbut finally accepted the decision and, with the Trucial Oman Scouts providing safe transport, left for Bahrain . He subsequently lived in Khorramshahr , Iran before returning to live in Buraimi . In

2250-563: Was also known for making donations to the tune of millions [pounds sterling] for worthy causes around the Arab World as well as in the neighbouring countries and in the world at large. When asked by The New York Times in April 1997 why there is no elected legislature , Zayed replied, Why should we abandon a system that satisfies our people in order to introduce a system that seems to engender dissent and confrontation? Our system of government

2300-702: Was buried in the courtyard of the new Grand Mosque in Abu Dhabi. His eldest son, Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan , took an increasing role in government beginning in the 1980s. Directly after his father's death, he became the Ruler of Abu Dhabi, and was ratified as the president of the United Arab Emirates by his fellow rulers in the Supreme Council. On 6 August 2017, the Emirates News Agency reported that Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed al-Nahyan , President of

2350-490: Was determined to unite the Emirates into federation . His calls for cooperation extended across the Persian Gulf to Iran . He advocated dialogue as the means to settle the row with Tehran over three strategic Persian Gulf islands which Iran seized from the (future) UAE Emirate of Sharjah in 1971. The islands remain in Iranian hands, despite over three decades of UAE diplomatic initiatives. The attitude of Zayed towards his neighbors can best be seen in his position regarding

2400-477: Was eventually resolved in 1893 through an agreement jointly brokered by the British and Ottomans. In 1895, Zayed saw in Al Zorah (today part of Ajman) an ideal base for supplying Bani Qitab forces loyal to him in conflicts with the Northern Sheikhs and applied to the British Resident for permission to move supplies there by sea. Unaware of the true reasons for the movement, the Resident gave permission but Zayed faced opposition in his scheme from other Sheikhs and

2450-413: Was the youngest of his four brothers. His eldest brother, Sheikh Shakhbut bin Sultan Al Nahyan , became ruler of Abu Dhabi after their uncle, Saqr bin Zayed Al Nahyan . His mother was Sheikha Salama bint Butti. She extracted a promise from her sons not to use violence against each other, a promise which they kept. Sheikh Zayed was named after his grandfather, Sheikh Zayed bin Khalifa Al Nahyan ("Zayed

2500-425: Was unable to complete the movement. In 1897, a section of the Sudan (singular Al Suwaidi) tribe under Sultan bin Nasser Al Suwaidi requested permission to settle Al Zorah with the support of Zayed (himself a Suwaidi on his mother's side and married to one of Sultan's daughters) and this was granted by the Resident. Alarmed by the scheme, the Ruler of Ajman built a fort at one of the waterways connecting Al Zorah with

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