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71-543: Rustaq is governed today by its own administration, and is represented by officials in offices affiliated with the province. These include the offices of Al Hawqayn (in the northern part of the province) and Wadi Bani Hani (in the western part of the province). Additionally, the province has two representatives in the Omani Shura Council , who are nominated by the province's residents during the Shura Council elections in

142-574: A 'large village.' The term is a cognate to other Indo-European tongues such as Latin , where 'rustica', means the same thing (whence the source for the English term, 'rustic'). Rustaq is located amidst the Hajar Mountains , and they surround the city from all directions except the northern side. This northern side is the direction from which the city opens up to the coastal regions in the area of Al-Batinah (including Al-Musannah and Al- Suwayq ), which

213-587: A caliph is enough for impeachment. Rather than just relying on impeachment, Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani obliged rebellion upon the people if the caliph began to act with no regard for Islamic law. Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani said that to ignore such a situation is haraam , and those who cannot revolt inside the caliphate should launch a struggle from outside. Al-Asqalani used two ayahs from the Qur'an to justify this: "...And they (the sinners on qiyama) will say, 'Our Lord! We obeyed our leaders and our chiefs, and they misled us from

284-464: A council or legislature, it is meant to indicate a body of individuals who advise, consult or determine. Majlis al Shura is a commonly used term for elected or co-opted assemblies with advisory or legislative powers in Arabic-speaking or Islamic-majority countries. In countries with bicameral national legislatures, the appellation is given to either the full legislative body or to the upper house; in

355-514: A derivative of Proto-Indo-European language *ar-yo- , meaning "one who assembles (skilfully)". In the Iranic languages spoken on the plateau, the gentilic is attested as a self-identifier, included in ancient inscriptions and the literature of the Avesta , and remains also in other Iranian ethnic names Alan ( Ossetian : Ир Ir ) and Iron ( Ирон ). When used as a linguistic term Iranian

426-561: A diameter of 6 m (20 ft). The Rustaq Castle  [ ar ] ( Arabic : قَلْعَة ٱلرُّسْتَاق , romanized :  Qalʿat Ar-Rustāq ) is located on the slopes of the Green Mountain at the edge of the Batinah plain in the Rustaq province of South Al Batinah Governorate. The castle was initially built on Persian ruins around the year 1250 AD, but the impressive current structure

497-518: A good caliph from a bad one, and must have sufficient wisdom and judgment to select the best caliph. Al-Mawardi also said in emergencies when there is no caliphate and no majlis, the people themselves should create a majlis, select a list of candidates for caliph, then the majlis should select from the list of candidates. Some modern interpretations of the role of the Majlis ash-Shura include those by Islamist author Sayyid Qutb and by Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani ,

568-507: A height of over 16 meters and has a diameter of nine and a half meters. The second tower is the "Wind Tower," built by Imam Saif bin Sultan Al Ya'arubi, whose tomb is located in the western corner of the castle. The "Wind Tower" reaches a height of 12 meters and has a diameter of 12 meters as well, with a hundred decorative triangles surrounding its walls. The third tower is the "Devils Tower," also built by Imam Saif bin Sultan Al Ya'arubi, and

639-501: A number of cases where Caliphs had to appear before judges as they prepared to take their verdict. According to Noah Feldman , a law professor at Harvard University , the legal scholars and jurists who once upheld the rule of law were replaced by a law governed by the state due to the codification of Sharia by the Ottoman Empire in the early 19th century: Middle Iranian languages The Iranian languages , also called

710-503: A third-century inscription at Naqsh-e Rostam , with the accompanying Parthian inscription using the term Aryān , in reference to the Iranian peoples . The Middle-Iranian ērān and aryān are oblique plural forms of gentilic nouns ēr- (Middle Persian) and ary- (Parthian), both deriving from Proto-Iranian language *arya- (meaning " Aryan ", i.e. "of the Iranians"), recognized as

781-508: Is an advisory council or consultative council. In Islamic context, the Majlis-ash-Shura is one of two ways that a khalifa (Islamic leader) may be selected, the other way being by nomination . The noun شورى ( shura ), alone, means "consultation" and refers to (among other things) a topic in Islamic law or sharia ; see Shura . Combined with the term Majlis , مجلس , which refers to

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852-419: Is an area of healing warm springs, the most notable being 'Ain al-Kasafa. Its waters runs at 45 °C (113 °F) and are regarded as a cure for rheumatism and skin diseases due to its sulphur content. There are three popular wadis to visit: Wadi Bani Ghafar, Wadi al-Sahtan and Wadi Bani Awf . In addition, the mountains are pitted with caves such as Al Sanaqha Cave with its own subterranean springs. One of

923-443: Is applied to any language which descends from the ancestral Proto-Iranian language . Some scholars such as John R. Perry prefer the term Iranic as the anthropological name for the linguistic family and ethnic groups of this category, and Iranian for anything about the modern country of Iran . He uses the same analogue as in differentiating German from Germanic or differentiating Turkish and Turkic . This use of

994-458: Is best attested in one of the three languages of the Behistun inscription, composed c.  520 BCE , and which is the last inscription (and only inscription of significant length) in which Old Persian is still grammatically correct. Later inscriptions are comparatively brief, and typically simply copies of words and phrases from earlier ones, often with grammatical errors, which suggests that by

1065-470: Is built on columns, and contains no wooden supports. Its walls, at no less than 3 m (9.8 ft) thick at any point, can withstand great impact. It is located in the Rustaq province of South Al Batinah Governorate and features a military stronghold that is among the traditional Omani defense landmarks. It includes prominent elements such as the massive wooden gate, secret escape tunnels, fortified towers, and upper-level gunports. There are also openings at

1136-446: Is famous for the cultivation of different types of palm including: Khalas, Zabad, Hilali, Al-Mabsli Obo Soih, Almeznaj, Subaa Al-Aroos and Jabri. It is also known for the cultivation of citrus and quince, lemon, Albalnj Alchkak and Nadan, as well as Almstafl and olives (guava), mango (Alamba), bananas and papaya and clover, in addition to seasonal crops such as maize, barley, Algeljlan, onions and garlic. The College of Education in Rustaq

1207-408: Is indistinguishable from effects due to other causes). In addition to Old Persian and Avestan, which are the only directly attested Old Iranian languages, all Middle Iranian languages must have had a predecessor "Old Iranian" form of that language, and thus can all be said to have had an (at least hypothetical) "Old" form. Such hypothetical Old Iranian languages include Old Parthian . Additionally,

1278-470: Is located about 40 km away from the center of Rustaq province and approximately 150 km away from Muscat governorate. This valley is characterized by its year-round flowing water, as well as its distinctive course featuring beautiful waterfalls and perennial flowing springs. Falaj Al-Meisar: One of the listed aflaj (traditional irrigation channels) in the World Heritage List , located in

1349-726: Is located in Al-Batinah South region within the Rustaq province. It falls under the Western Hajar governorates. It is bordered to the east by Al Awabi province, to the west by Ibri province, to the south by the Green Mountain , Nizwa , and Al Hamra , and to the north by Al Masnaah and Al Suwaiq provinces. The college offers academic departments in the Teacher Preparation Program for English language, mathematics, physics, chemistry, and biology. These programs started in

1420-524: Is nicknamed the "Underground Tower." It has a height of 18 and a half meters and a diameter of about six meters, with five decorative triangles encircling its walls. The fourth tower is the "Modern Tower," constructed during the reign of Imam Ahmed bin Said. It stands at a height of 11 and a half meters and is adorned with eighty decorative triangles. Within Rustaq Castle, there are ten cannons. Four of them are in

1491-451: Is not known where that dialect (or dialects) was spoken either. Certain is only that Avestan (all forms) and Old Persian are distinct, and since Old Persian is "western", and Avestan was not Old Persian, Avestan acquired a default assignment to "eastern". Further confusing the issue is the introduction of a western Iranian substrate in later Avestan compositions and redactions undertaken at the centers of imperial power in western Iran (either in

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1562-564: Is only "Eastern Iranian" in the sense that it is not Western. The Iranian languages all descend from a common ancestor: Proto-Iranian , which itself evolved from Proto-Indo-Iranian . This ancestor language is speculated to have origins in Central Asia , and the Andronovo culture of the Bronze Age is suggested as a candidate for the common Indo-Iranian culture around 2000 BCE. The language

1633-455: Is only exercised after factoring in the potential cost of life. The following hadith establishes the principle of rule of law in relation to nepotism and accountability Narrated ' Aisha : The people of Quraish worried about the lady from Bani Makhzum who had committed theft. They asked, "Who will intercede for her with Allah's Apostle?" Some said, "No one dare to do so except Usama bin Zaid

1704-579: Is the most active and important vital passage in the region. It is also considered a link connecting the city to the Omani capital, Muscat , which is only 160 km away. Rustaq is also distinguished by its rocky and sandy desert environment in the northeastern direction. During the days of the Sasanian Empire , Al-Rustaq had a Persian marzban (military governor), whom Sasanians in the area would report to. Dibba and Tuwwam , which Oman today shares with

1775-545: Is very archaic, and at roughly the same stage of development as Rigvedic Sanskrit . On the other hand, Younger Avestan is at about the same linguistic stage as Old Persian, but by virtue of its use as a sacred language retained its "old" characteristics long after the Old Iranian languages had yielded to their Middle Iranian stage. Unlike Old Persian, which has Middle Persian as its known successor, Avestan has no clearly identifiable Middle Iranian stage (the effect of Middle Iranian

1846-1103: The Achaemenid Empire ) and Old Avestan (the language of the Avesta ). Of the Middle Iranian languages, the better understood and recorded ones are Middle Persian (from the Sasanian Empire ), Parthian (from the Parthian Empire ), and Bactrian (from the Kushan and Hephthalite empires). As of 2000s , Ethnologue estimates that there are 86 languages in the group. Pontic Steppe Caucasus East Asia Eastern Europe Northern Europe Pontic Steppe Northern/Eastern Steppe Europe South Asia Steppe Europe Caucasus India Indo-Aryans Iranians East Asia Europe East Asia Europe Indo-Aryan Iranian Indo-Aryan Iranian Others European The term Iran derives directly from Middle Persian Ērān , first attested in

1917-634: The Iranic languages , are a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages in the Indo-European language family that are spoken natively by the Iranian peoples , predominantly in the Iranian Plateau . The Iranian languages are grouped in three stages: Old Iranian (until 400 BCE), Middle Iranian (400 BCE – 900 CE) and New Iranian (since 900 CE). The two directly-attested Old Iranian languages are Old Persian (from

1988-603: The U.A.E. , were taxed by Al-Julanda, who were clients of the Sasanians. There are also historical mosques in Rustaq, including Al-Bayada Mosque, the Basra Mosque, and the Qasra Mosque. Rustaq Fort, built four centuries prior to the 7th century C.E. , is an imposing structure built on three levels, containing separate houses, an armoury, a mosque and four towers. The tallest tower stands over 18.5 m (61 ft) high, and has

2059-428: The 4th century BCE the transition from Old Persian to Middle Persian was already far advanced, but efforts were still being made to retain an "old" quality for official proclamations. The other directly attested Old Iranian dialects are the two forms of Avestan , which take their name from their use in the Avesta , the liturgical texts of indigenous Iranian religion that now goes by the name of Zoroastrianism but in

2130-460: The Avesta itself is simply known as vohu daena (later: behdin ). The language of the Avesta is subdivided into two dialects, conventionally known as "Old (or 'Gathic') Avestan", and "Younger Avestan". These terms, which date to the 19th century, are slightly misleading since 'Younger Avestan' is not only much younger than 'Old Avestan', but also from a different geographic region. The Old Avestan dialect

2201-589: The Eastern category. The two languages of the Western group were linguistically very close to each other, but quite distinct from their eastern counterparts. On the other hand, the Eastern group was an areal entity whose languages retained some similarity to Avestan. They were inscribed in various Aramaic -derived alphabets which had ultimately evolved from the Achaemenid Imperial Aramaic script , though Bactrian

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2272-464: The Islamic caliphate, "but not one of its pillars," and may be neglected without the Caliphate's rule becoming unIslamic. Non-Muslims may serve in the majlis, though they may not vote or serve as an official. Five conditions must be met before the Majlis-ash-Shura can select a new Khalifa: The most common condition for selecting a candidate being that there can be no objection (supported by evidence) to

2343-458: The Majlis-ash-Shura is to discreetly inform the Khalifa of his problematic actions beforehand. Sunni Islamic lawyers have commented on when it is permissible to disobey, impeach or remove rulers in the Caliphate. This is usually when the rulers are not meeting public responsibilities obliged upon them under Islam. Al-Mawardi said that if the rulers meet their Islamic responsibilities to the public,

2414-520: The Modern Tower, three in the Wind Tower, and the remaining three at the lower section of the castle. The castle is also equipped with four gates: Ya'Aruba Gate, Al A'la Gate, Central Gate, and Sarhah Gate. Castle dimensions: Length 60 meters, Width 45 meters, Total area: 2700 square meters. Al-Hazm Castle is an outstanding example of Omani Islamic architecture and was built in 1711 AD. The fort's roof

2485-542: The academic year 2016/2017. There are also two applied programs: the International Business Management program, which started in the academic year 2008/2009, and the Information Technology program, which began in the academic year 2009/2010. Both programs offer four specializations that students can choose from after completing their second year. In the International Business Management program,

2556-446: The ancient speakers of Iranian languages. Of that variety of languages/dialects, direct evidence of only two has survived. These are: Indirectly attested Old Iranian languages are discussed below . Old Persian was an Old Iranian dialect as it was spoken in southwestern Iran (the modern-day province of Fars ) by the inhabitants of Parsa , Persia, or Persis who also gave their name to their region and language. Genuine Old Persian

2627-470: The beloved one to Allah's Apostle." When Usama spoke about that to Allah's Apostle Allah's Apostle said: "Do you try to intercede for somebody in a case connected with Allah's Prescribed Punishments?" Then he got up and delivered a sermon saying, "What destroyed the nations preceding you, was that if a noble amongst them stole, they would forgive him, and if a poor person amongst them stole, they would inflict Allah's Legal punishment on him. By Allah, if Fatima ,

2698-485: The call of their Lord and establish the prayer, and who conduct their affairs by Shura. [are loved by God]" "...consult them (the people) in their affairs. Then when you have taken a decision (from them), put your trust in Allah" The majlis is also the means to elect a new caliph. Al-Mawardi has written that members of the majlis should satisfy three conditions: they must be just, they must have enough knowledge to distinguish

2769-406: The candidate. Scholars, however, disagree on the number of votes there need to be for a candidate to be further considered. The number varies from two, to at least forty, to the majority of the Majlis-ash-Shura. The Majlis-ash-Shura has the authority to remove a Khalifa if he behaves contrary to Islam's Akhlaq (practice of morality). In effect, removal is only expected in cases of oppression, and

2840-484: The case of the scholar Faiyadh , who wrote that experts in various non-Islamic fields like economics, engineering and medicine are also qualified. Traditional Sunni Islamic lawyers agree that shura , loosely translated as 'consultation of the people', is a function of the Caliphate . The Majlis ash-Shura advise the caliph. The importance of this is premised by the following verses of the Qur'an: "...those who answer

2911-482: The case where the government doesn't function on a democratic basis, the legislature's powers are often restricted exclusively to consultation. There are no strict guidelines as to who can become part of the Majlis-ash-Shura. However, adulthood (in Islam, anyone who has reached puberty), a sound mind and strong knowledge of Islam are the most agreed upon prerequisites. Even these conditions are not completely agreed upon, as in

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2982-616: The city. In the Hazm Fort, there are several rooms used for teaching the Quran, sciences, and religious knowledge. The fort is crossed by the Hazm Falaj, serving residents and visitors of the fort. The total area of the fort is 1600 square meters. Among the tourist attractions in Rustaq are the "Ayun Al-Mas" (Diamond Eyes) hot springs, such as Al Khor, Al Hwayt, Al Khadra, Al Zurqa, and Ain Al-Kusfa, where

3053-961: The country. Within the province, there are administrative centers representing various governmental service ministries, including the Primary Court, the General Directorate of Education, and the General Police Directorate. These governmental institutions, along with others, serve the neighboring provinces in the southern part of the Batinah region. Al-Hilah : Located to the north of Rustaq Castle and west of Al-Jazeera Sports Team's stadium. Industrial Area : The industrial area in Rustaq includes various shops and stores for selling car parts, car repair workshops, aluminum shops, and also hosts activities related to mining, blacksmithing, and lathe work. It contains service facilities like restaurants, cafes, and grocery stores. Al-Hazm : Situated to

3124-463: The daughter of Muhammad (my daughter) stole, I would cut off her hand." Various Islamic lawyers do however place multiple conditions, and stipulations e.g. the poor cannot be penalised for stealing out of poverty, before executing such a law, making it very difficult to reach such a stage. It is well known during a time of drought in the Rashidun caliphate period, capital punishments were suspended until

3195-443: The effects of the drought passed. Islamic jurists later formulated the concept of the rule of law, the equal subjection of all classes to the ordinary law of the land, where no person is above the law and where officials and private citizens are under a duty to obey the same law. A Qadi (Islamic judge) was also not allowed to discriminate on the grounds of religion , race , colour , kinship or prejudice . There were also

3266-458: The entrance used for pouring boiling oil or date honey on charging attackers. It is also considered one of the most exquisite examples of Omani Islamic architectural treasures. It was built by Imam Sultan bin Saif bin Sultan Al Ya'arubi in the year 1711 CE. The fort stands out for its absence of wooden roofs, instead utilizing fixed round contracts resembling cylinders. The wall width is three meters, and

3337-409: The existence of unattested languages can sometimes be inferred from the impact they had on neighbouring languages. Such transfer is known to have occurred for Old Persian, which has (what is called) a " Median " substrate in some of its vocabulary. Also, foreign references to languages can also provide a hint to the existence of otherwise unattested languages, for example through toponyms/ethnonyms or in

3408-693: The far northwest; and the hypothetical "Old Parthian" (the Old Iranian ancestor of Parthian) in the near northwest, where original *dw > *b (paralleling the development of *ćw). What is known in Iranian linguistic history as the "Middle Iranian" era is thought to begin around the 4th century BCE lasting through the 9th century. Linguistically the Middle Iranian languages are conventionally classified into two main groups, Western and Eastern . The Western family includes Parthian ( Arsacid Pahlavi) and Middle Persian , while Bactrian , Sogdian , Khwarezmian , Saka , and Old Ossetic ( Scytho - Sarmatian ) fall under

3479-453: The following branches: According to modern scholarship, the Avestan languages are not considered to fall under these categories, and are instead sometimes classified as Central Iranian, since they diverged from Proto-Iranian before the east-west division rose to prominence. It has traditionally been viewed as Eastern Iranian; however, it lacks a large number of Eastern Iranian features and thus

3550-401: The fort features several massive gates that do not meet in a single passage. The fort houses various historical Portuguese and Spanish cannons with a firing range of up to 70 kilometers. It boasts specialized horse ascent staircases to the upper parts of the fort, along with secret passageways, each two meters wide and two meters high, dispersed in all four directions of the fort, leading out to

3621-417: The founder of a transnational political movement devoted to the revival of the Caliphate. In an analysis of the shura chapter of the Qur'an, Qutb argued Islam requires only that the ruler consult with at least some of the ruled (usually the elite), within the general context of God-made laws that the ruler must execute. Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani , writes that Shura is important and part of "the ruling structure" of

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3692-464: The main occupations in Rustaq is beekeeping. Pure Omani honey is a most sought-after commodity and is of the highest quality. Fruits such as pomegranates, apricots, plums and grapes are grown on the foothills of the Akhdar Mountains and brought to Rustaq for sale. There are also historical mosques in Rustaq, including Al-Bayada Mosque, the Basra Mosque, and the Qasra Mosque. Wadi Al-Hawqeen: It

3763-481: The north of Al-Wushail. Al-Hawqeen : This area is located to the northwest of Rustaq province, west of Al-Misfah, and to the north of Al-Sarh District. Industries prospered over the years due to the elementary needs of people Al Rustaq and some other states and regions in Sultanate of Oman. Al Rustaq was made by middle Iranians 40,000 years ago. Omani Halwa is also produced in Rustaq. People come from many places in

3834-440: The north of Rustaq Castle. Al-Wushail : Located to the north of Rustaq and Rustaq Castle, and to the southwest of Al-Misfah. Al-Tabaqah. College of Applied Sciences in Rustaq : Located to the north of Rustaq province in the area of Al-Wushail. Al-Shubaykah : Positioned north of Rustaq, and northwest of Al-Misfah in the south of Al-Hazm. Al-Ghashb : The area is situated north of Rustaq Castle. Falaj Al-Shurah : Found to

3905-565: The north of Rustaq province, notable landmarks include Al-Hazm Fort and Al-Hazm Sports Team's stadium. Rustaq Interior, Yaqa', Al-Jazeera, and Bil : Located to the north of Rustaq Castle. Al-Sarh District : Situated to the west of Rustaq Castle and west of Rustaq province. Al-Mazahit : Positioned to the north of Rustaq province and to the north of Rustaq Castle. Jammah : Located to the northeast of Rustaq province and northeast of Al-Misfah. Al-Nahdha. Al-Murji : Found west of Rustaq Castle and west of Al-Sarh District. Rustaq: Situated to

3976-545: The people must obey their laws, but if they become either unjust or severely ineffective then the caliph or ruler must be impeached via the Majlis al-Shura. Similarly Al-Baghdadi believed that if the rulers do not uphold justice , the ummah via the majlis should give warning to them, and if unheeded then the Caliph can be impeached. Al-Juwayni argued that Islam is the goal of the ummah, so any ruler that deviates from this goal must be impeached. Al-Ghazali believed that oppression by

4047-509: The reconstructed linguistic relationships of common Indo-European. Proto-Iranian thus dates to some time after the Proto-Indo-Iranian breakup, or the early-2nd millennium BCE, as the Old Iranian languages began to break off and evolve separately as the various Iranian tribes migrated and settled in vast areas of southeastern Europe , the Iranian Plateau , and Central Asia. Proto-Iranian innovations compared to Proto-Indo-Iranian include:

4118-472: The recording of vocabulary, as Herodotus did for what he called " Scythian " and in one instance, Median ( σπάκα "dog"). Conventionally, Iranian languages are grouped into "western" and "eastern" branches. These terms have little meaning with respect to Old Avestan as that stage of the language may predate the settling of the Iranian peoples into western and eastern groups. The geographic terms also have little meaning when applied to Younger Avestan since it

4189-411: The right path. Our Lord! Give them (the leaders) double the punishment you give us and curse them with a very great curse'..." Islamic lawyers commented that when the rulers refuse to step down via successful impeachment through the Majlis, becoming dictators through the support of a corrupt army, if the majority agree they have the option to launch a revolution against them. Many noted that this option

4260-499: The second-largest castle in Oman after Bahla Castle. Other notable structures include Al Hawqeen Fort and Al Hazm Fort, a masterpiece of Omani Islamic architecture. Rustaq boasts over 22 towers and several ancient alleys like Al Ghashb, Ayni, Jammah, Qusuri, and Al Mahadir. The area is adorned with unique old mosques and prayer halls, such as Al 'Ulayyah Mosque and Al Bia'dah Mosque located within Rustaq Castle, along with Qasri Mosque. Rustaq

4331-540: The south-west in Persia, or in the north-west in Nisa/Parthia and Ecbatana/Media). Two of the earliest dialectal divisions among Iranian indeed happen to not follow the later division into Western and Eastern blocks. These concern the fate of the Proto-Indo-Iranian first-series palatal consonants, *ć and *dź: As a common intermediate stage, it is possible to reconstruct depalatalized affricates: *c, *dz. (This coincides with

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4402-540: The specializations include International Business Management, Accounting, Tourism, and Hospitality. For the Information Technology program, the specializations include Software Development, Information Technology Security, Computer Networks, and Data Management. The name of this town is a derived from the Middle Iranian rōstāg , meaning "district" (also in Baluchi , Persian , Kumzari , etc.), New Iranian rusta , meaning

4473-454: The state of affairs in the neighboring Nuristani languages .) A further complication however concerns the consonant clusters *ćw and *dźw: A division of Iranian languages in at least three groups during the Old Iranian period is thus implied: It is possible that other distinct dialect groups were already in existence during this period. Good candidates are the hypothetical ancestor languages of Alanian/Scytho-Sarmatian subgroup of Scythian in

4544-637: The surface channels extend to about 19 meters. The number of ventilation openings (Fardi) reaches 270. The site of the falaj is surrounded by numerous historical and archaeological landmarks, including Rustaq Castle. This falaj was added to the World Heritage List in 2006, along with four other aflaj. Ain Al-Kasfah: Majlis-ash-Shura In Arab culture , a Majlis-ash-Shura ( Arabic : مجلس الشورى ; Shura Council in English)

4615-452: The term for the Iranian language family was introduced in 1836 by Christian Lassen . Robert Needham Cust used the term Irano-Aryan in 1878, and Orientalists such as George Abraham Grierson and Max Müller contrasted Irano-Aryan ( Iranian ) and Indo-Aryan ( Indic ). Some recent scholarship, primarily in German, has revived this convention. The Iranian languages are divided into

4686-475: The time of Eid and other occasions to buy Halwa. Rustaqi Khanjar production has also been done in Rustaq for a very long time. Old men spend hours and hours making Omani codes. Rustaq people have long been known for their care of palm trees and their dates. They have made use of the branches and leaves to build shelter and make baskets. Leather tanning is also one of the industries in Rustaq. People use leather to save water and food, and for making shoes. The state

4757-506: The turning of sibilant fricative *s into non-sibilant fricative glottal *h; the voiced aspirated plosives *bʰ, *dʰ, *gʰ yielding to the voiced unaspirated plosives *b, *d, *g resp.; the voiceless unaspirated stops *p, *t, *k before another consonant changing into fricatives *f, *θ, *x resp.; voiceless aspirated stops *pʰ, *tʰ, *kʰ turning into fricatives *f, *θ, *x, resp. The multitude of Middle Iranian languages and peoples indicate that great linguistic diversity must have existed among

4828-415: The village of Al-Khubayb in the Rustaq province of South Al-Batinah governorate. Its source of water comes from Wadi Al-Furayʿi, Wadi Al-Sinn, and Wadi Al-Halaa. Its origin is from Al-Ghadadiyah near the edges of Wadi Bani Awf. The main canal's depth reaches more than 50 meters, and the total length of its channels is about 5.5 kilometers. The underground channels extend to approximately 5.764 kilometers, while

4899-467: The water temperature reaches 45 degrees Celsius. There are also the Shalat Al-Hawqeen hot springs. The area also features various falaj systems, including Falaj Al-Hamam, Falaj Al-Maysar, and Falaj Abu Tha'lab. Rustaq is home to numerous archaeological sites, including forts, castles, and towers. Rustaq Castle dates back four centuries before Islam and comprises four towers and two floors. It ranks as

4970-419: Was rebuilt by the first Imams of the dynasty of Ya'Aruba during the period from 1624 to 1649 AD. It consists of two main floors in addition to the ground floor, featuring residences, weapon storage rooms, reception rooms, gates, a mosque, prisons, wells, and other facilities. In Rustaq Castle, there are four towers that were constructed in the years 1477 and 1906. The first one is the "Red Tower," which stands at

5041-590: Was situated precisely in the western part of Central Asia that borders present-day Russia and Kazakhstan . It was thus in relative proximity to the other satem ethno-linguistic groups of the Indo-European family , such as Thracian , Balto-Slavic and others, and to common Indo-European's original homeland (more precisely, the Pontic-Caspian Steppe to the north of the Black Sea and the Caucasus ), according to

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