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164-564: The beginning of this body was laid in 1990, when the cleric of the Moscow Patriarchate, Archimandrite Valentin (Rusantsov) , was admitted to the Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia (ROCOR) and began to create new parishes in his subordination, receiving the rank of bishop of Suzdal in 1991. In 1995, Bishops Valentin (Rusantsov), Theodore (Gineyevsky), Seraphim (Zinchenko) and their clergy and parishes separated from

328-520: A Habsburg Empire "on which the sun never sets" with Brussels serving as one of his main capitals. It was in the Coudenberg Palace that Charles V was declared of age in 1515, and it was there in 1555 that he abdicated all of his possessions and passed the Habsburg Netherlands to King Philip II of Spain . This palace, famous all over Europe, had greatly expanded since it had first become

492-518: A federal district . The Brussels-Capital Region is governed by a parliament of 89 members (72 French-speaking, 17 Dutch-speaking—parties are organised on a linguistic basis) and an eight-member regional cabinet consisting of a minister-president , four ministers and three state secretaries . By law, the cabinet must comprise two French-speaking and two Dutch-speaking ministers, one Dutch-speaking secretary of state and two French-speaking secretaries of state. The minister-president does not count against

656-541: A ROAC cathedral and gave them to the Russian Orthodox Church . The ROAC as of 2017 consisted of: 35 officially registered parishes; 30 parishes operating as religious groups; 20-30 illegal ("catacomb") parishes; 10 bishops, 40 priests, 20 nuns and approximately 5,000 laypeople. The ROAC reject the " Sergianist heresy " and holds that the sacraments of the Moscow Patriarchate (considered distinct from

820-625: A cleric of the ROCOR. On May 15, 1990, the ROCOR Bishops' Council, despite the disagreement of a number of bishops, priests and laity, adopted the "Regulation on Free Parishes", which presupposed the beginning of the legal existence of ROCOR parishes on the territory of the USSR, that is, on the territory under the jurisdiction of the Moscow Patriarchate . The new structure became known as the "Russian Orthodox Free Church". The admission of Archimandrite Valentine to

984-648: A few neighbouring municipalities have been merged into the City of Brussels , including Laeken , Haren and Neder-Over-Heembeek in 1921. These comprise the northern bulge in the municipality. To the south-east is a strip of land along the Avenue Louise/Louizalaan that, in addition to the Bois de la Cambre/Ter Kamerenbos , was annexed from Ixelles in 1864. Part of the Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB)'s Solbosch campus

1148-504: A letter to the Department of Internal Affairs of Suzdal with a request to initiate criminal proceedings the case against the ROAC and its primate. The document refers to the "violation of wall structures" in connection with the dismantling of the heating system in some churches, the "destruction of ancient frescoes" and the application of new ones that do not correspond to the historical painting and

1312-733: A national legislative act, in the field of the welfare powers of the communities: in the Brussels-Capital Region, both the French Community and the Flemish Community can exercise powers in the field of welfare, but only in regard to institutions that are unilingual (for example, a private French-speaking retirement home or the Dutch-speaking hospital of the Vrije Universiteit Brussel ). The Common Community Commission

1476-666: A small rural settlement on the river Senne to become an important city-region in Europe. Since the end of the Second World War , it has been a major centre for international politics and home to numerous international organisations, politicians, diplomats and civil servants . Brussels is the de facto capital of the European Union , as it hosts a number of principal EU institutions , including its administrative-legislative , executive-political , and legislative branches (though

1640-461: A state of disorganization. The Moscow Patriarchate clergy heretofore sympathizing with the ROCOR, have cooled down their desire to move to its jurisdiction. Some of those who came from the Moscow Patriarchate were disappointed about the "free church". Some, due to pressure from local authorities or the Moscow Patriarchate, some, for ideological reasons, return to the latter, some go to "independent" jurisdictions. In July 1993, Archbishop Lazar announced

1804-724: A trial began in Yaroslavl on the seizure from the ROAC community of the church of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God on Bozhedomka, transferred to the use of the ROAC in 1999. On November 21 of the same year, a decision was made to withdraw the church. In May 2017, bailiffs ordered the rector to vacate the premises. On December 19, 2018, in Tula , the Appellate instance of the Arbitration Court on

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1968-716: Is 57 m (187 ft) above sea level , varying from a low point in the valley of the almost completely covered Senne , which cuts the Brussels-Capital Region from east to west, up to high points in the Sonian Forest , on its southeastern side. In addition to the Senne, tributary streams such as the Maalbeek and the Woluwe , to the east of the region, account for significant elevation differences. Brussels' central boulevards are 15 m (49 ft) above sea level. Contrary to popular belief,

2132-672: Is a region of Belgium comprising 19 municipalities , including the City of Brussels , which is the capital of Belgium. The Brussels-Capital Region is located in the central portion of the country and is a part of both the French Community of Belgium and the Flemish Community , but is separate from the Flemish Region (within which it forms an enclave ) and the Walloon Region , located less than 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) to

2296-444: Is a bilingual enclave in the monolingual Flemish Region. Regions are one component of Belgium's institutions; the three communities being the other component. Brussels' inhabitants deal with either the French Community or the Flemish Community for matters such as culture and education, as well as a Common Community for competencies which do not belong exclusively to either Community, such as healthcare and social welfare . Since

2460-469: Is also part of the City of Brussels, partially accounting for the bulge in the south-eastern end. The largest municipality in area and population is the City of Brussels, covering 32.6 km (12.6 sq mi) and with 145,917 inhabitants; the least populous is Koekelberg with 18,541 inhabitants. The smallest in area is Saint-Josse-ten-Noode , which is only 1.1 km (0.4 sq mi), but still has

2624-462: Is composed of the members of the regional parliament, and its board are the ministers—not the secretaries of state—of the region, with the minister-president not having the right to vote. This commission has two capacities: it is a decentralised administrative public body, responsible for implementing cultural policies of common interest. It can give subsidies and enact by-laws . In another capacity, it can also enact ordinances, which have equal status as

2788-526: Is enough <...> In the villages of the Suzdal district, the picture was similar, with one exception, the village of Ves. <...> In other villages, parishes either collapsed (mostly elderly parishioners stopped going to church at all, and some began to go to Suzdal), or, as in the largest village parish of the village of Borisovskoye, <...> they moved to the ROC MP after their rector.". On October 26, 2016,

2952-477: Is one of the three federal regions of Belgium , along with Flanders and Wallonia , and has bilingual status. The yellow iris is the emblem of the region (referring to the presence of these flowers on the city's original site) and a stylised version is featured on its official flag. In recent years, Brussels has become an important venue for international events. In 2000, it was named European Capital of Culture alongside eight other European cities. In 2013,

3116-708: Is pronounced / s / , as in English , and the final s is silent) and in Dutch, Brussel is pronounced [ˈbrʏsəl] . Inhabitants of Brussels are known in French as Bruxellois (pronounced [bʁysɛlwa] ) and in Dutch as Brusselaars (pronounced [ˈbrʏsəlaːrs] ). In the Brabantian dialect of Brussels (known as Brusselian , and also sometimes referred to as Marols or Marollien), they are called Brusseleers or Brusseleirs . Originally,

3280-732: Is related to different conceptions in the two communities, one focusing more on the Communities and the other more on the Regions, causing an asymmetrical federalism . Because of this devolution, the French Community Commission can enact decrees , which are legislative acts. A bi-communitarian public authority, the Common Community Commission (French: Commission communautaire commune , COCOM, Dutch: Gemeenschappelijke Gemeenschapscommissie , GGC) also exists. Its assembly

3444-413: Is responsible for policies aiming directly at private persons or at bilingual institutions (for example, the centres for social welfare of the 19 municipalities). Its ordinances have to be enacted with a majority in both linguistic groups. Failing such a majority, a new vote can be held, where a majority of at least one third in each linguistic group is sufficient. Brussels serves as de facto capital of

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3608-581: Is the only rapid transit system in Belgium. In addition, both its airport and railway stations are the largest and busiest in the country. Brussels is known for its cuisine and gastronomic offer (including its local waffle , its chocolate , its French fries and its numerous types of beers ), as well as its historical and architectural landmarks; some of them are registered as UNESCO World Heritage Sites . Principal attractions include its historic Grand-Place/Grote Markt (main square), Manneken Pis ,

3772-456: The Atlantic Ocean . Nearby wetlands also ensure a maritime temperate climate. On average (based on measurements in the period 1981–2010), there are approximately 135 days of rain per year in the Brussels-Capital Region. Snowfall is infrequent, averaging 24 days per year. The city also often experiences violent thunderstorms in summer months. Despite its name, the Brussels-Capital Region is not

3936-661: The Atomium , and cultural institutions such as La Monnaie/De Munt and the Museums of Art and History . Due to its long tradition of Belgian comics , Brussels is also hailed as a capital of the comic strip . The most common theory of the origin of the name Brussels is that it derives from the Old Dutch Bruocsella , Broekzele or Broeksel , meaning ' marsh ' ( bruoc / broek ) and ' home, settlement ' ( sella / zele / sel ) or ' settlement in

4100-619: The Belgian Revolution began in Brussels, after a performance of Auber's opera La Muette de Portici at the Royal Theatre of La Monnaie . The city became the capital and seat of government of the new nation. South Brabant was renamed simply Brabant , with Brussels as its administrative centre. On 21 July 1831, Leopold I , the first King of the Belgians , ascended the throne, undertaking

4264-583: The Brussels International Exposition of 1935 and the 1958 Brussels World's Fair ( Expo 58 ). During World War I , Brussels was an occupied city, but German troops did not cause much damage. During World War II , it was again occupied by German forces , and spared major damage, before it was liberated by the British Guards Armoured Division on 3 September 1944. Brussels Airport , in the suburb of Zaventem , dates from

4428-738: The Council of Ministers holds its meetings. The Court of Cassation , Belgium's main court, has its seat in the Palace of Justice . Other important institutions in the City of Brussels are the Constitutional Court , the Council of State , the Court of Audit , the Royal Belgian Mint and the National Bank of Belgium . The City of Brussels is also the capital of both the French Community of Belgium and

4592-640: The Diveyevo Convent during the life of St. Seraphim of Sarov and in the XIX — early XX century took place. On April 30 — May 1, 2001, celebrations were held at the Tsar-Сonstantine Cathedral on the occasion of the glorification of the Metropolitan of New York and Eastern America, the third first hierarch of ROCOR Philaret (Voznesensky) by the ROAC as saint. In 2001, Theological and pastoral courses for

4756-434: The European Union (EU), and many modern offices were built. Development was allowed to proceed with little regard to the aesthetics of newer buildings, and numerous architectural landmarks were demolished to make way for newer buildings that often clashed with their surroundings, giving name to the process of Brusselisation . The Brussels-Capital Region was formed on 18 June 1989, after a constitutional reform in 1988. It

4920-738: The European Union (EU), hosting the major political institutions of the Union . The EU has not declared a capital formally, though the Treaty of Amsterdam formally gives Brussels the seat of the European Commission (the executive branch of government) and the Council of the European Union (a legislative institution made up from executives of member states). It locates the formal seat of European Parliament in Strasbourg , where votes take place, with

5084-605: The Flemish Community . The Flemish Parliament and Flemish Government have their seats in Brussels, and so do the Parliament of the French Community and the Government of the French Community . The 19 municipalities (French: communes , Dutch: gemeenten ) of the Brussels-Capital Region are political subdivisions with individual responsibilities for the handling of local level duties, such as law enforcement and

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5248-592: The Flemish Diamond , as well as the province of Walloon Brabant , in total home to over 5 million people. As Belgium's economic capital and a top financial centre in Western Europe with Euronext Brussels , Brussels is classified as an Alpha global city . It is also a national and international hub for rail, road and air traffic, and is sometimes considered, together with Belgium, as Europe's geographic, economic and cultural crossroads. The Brussels Metro

5412-562: The French Community Commission (French: Commission communautaire française or COCOF) and the Flemish Community Commission (Dutch: Vlaamse Gemeenschapscommissie or VGC). These two bodies each have an assembly composed of the members of each linguistic group of the Parliament of the Brussels-Capital Region . They also have a board composed of the ministers and secretaries of state of each linguistic group in

5576-727: The Grand-Place/Grote Markt and Tomberg in Woluwe-Saint-Lambert , for example). During late antiquity , the region was home to Roman occupation, as attested by archaeological evidence discovered on the current site of Tour & Taxis , north-west of the Pentagon (Brussels' city centre). Following the decline of the Western Roman Empire , it was incorporated into the Frankish Empire . According to local legend,

5740-546: The Kingdom of Germany , Brussels became a commercial centre specialised in the textile trade. The town grew quite rapidly and extended towards the upper town (Treurenberg, Coudenberg and Sablon/Zavel areas), where there was a reduced risk of floods. As the town grew to a population of around 30,000, the surrounding marshes were drained to allow for further expansion. In 1183, the Counts of Leuven became Dukes of Brabant . Brabant, unlike

5904-679: The Royal Palace of Laeken , the official home of the Belgian royal family ). The Palace of the Nation is located on the opposite side of this park, and is the seat of the Belgian Federal Parliament . The office of the Prime Minister of Belgium , colloquially called Law Street 16 (French: 16, rue de la Loi , Dutch: Wetstraat 16 ), is located adjacent to this building. It is also where

6068-602: The Russian Orthodox Church that existed before the Bolshevik revolution ) are anathema or invalid and ineffectual for salvation. The ROAC upholds in principle and emphasizes the ROCOR 1983 anathema against ecumenism . At the beginning of 1990, the clergy and the parish of the Tsar-Сonstantine Church in Suzdal, headed by Archimandrite Valentin (Rusantsov) , who was banned from serving, decided to transfer to

6232-569: The Seventeen Provinces . After the death of Mary in 1482, her son Philip the Handsome succeeded as Duke of Burgundy and Brabant. Philip died in 1506, and he was succeeded by his son Charles V who then also became King of Spain (crowned in the Cathedral of St. Michael and St. Gudula ) and even Holy Roman Emperor at the death of his grandfather Maximilian I in 1519. Charles was now the ruler of

6396-783: The Treaty of Utrecht in 1713, Spanish sovereignty over the Southern Netherlands was transferred to the Austrian branch of the House of Habsburg. This event started the era of the Austrian Netherlands . Brussels was captured by France in 1746, during the War of the Austrian Succession , but was handed back to Austria three years later. It remained with Austria until 1795, when the Southern Netherlands were captured and annexed by France, and

6560-410: The World Customs Organization and Eurocontrol , as well as international corporations, have their main institutions in the city. In addition, the main international trade union confederations have their headquarters there: the European Trade Union Confederation (ETUC), the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU) and the World Confederation of Labour (WCL). Brussels is third in

6724-454: The boroughs in London or arrondissements in Paris , to keep politics close enough to the citizen. In the 2010s, Molenbeek-Saint-Jean gained international attention as the base for Islamist terrorists who carried out attacks in both Paris and Brussels . The Brussels-Capital Region is one of the three federated regions of Belgium, alongside the Walloon Region and the Flemish Region . Geographically and linguistically, it

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6888-501: The "Act of Reconciliation", and to remain on probation in the United States. Only after this was to be the final recognition of the newly ordained bishops. Such conditions were rejected by Bishops Theodore and Agathangel, after which they returned to Russia. On March 12, 1995, an emergency meeting of the "Russian Eminences" was held in Suzdal, consisting of five bishops: Lazar (Zhurbenko), Valentin (Rusantsov), Theodore (Gineyevsky), Seraphim (Zinchenko), Agathangel (Pashkovsky), who "in view of

7052-474: The Bishops' Conference and was elected its Chairman. In the autumn of 2006, the process began in the Arbitration Court of the Vladimir Oblast : the territorial administration of the Federal Agency for State Property Management demanded that 13 Suzdal churches be withdrawn from use from the ROAC. On February 5, 2009, the Arbitration Court of the Vladimir Oblast, at the request of the Federal Agency for State Property Management, decided to withdraw 13 churches from

7216-399: The Bishops' Council in 1993 "for health reasons", and in fact in protest against the Synod's connivance with the violations made by Bishop Barnabas. Despite the prohibitions, both dismissed bishops continued to manage the parishes that remained in their subordination, considering the dismissal itself to be an absolutely non-canonical measure, however, a fairly large group of parishes (almost all

7380-431: The Bishops' Council in France in November 1994 <...> completely denounced and lost all meaning", resumed the work of the Provisional Supreme Church Administration. The definition of the Bishops' Council of the ROCOR of February 9/22 and "the claims contained therein to the leadership of the entire Russian Church by the Synod of Bishops and the First Hierarch of the ROCOR" were qualified as "abuse of power in violation of

7544-407: The Burgundian duke Charles the Bold perished in the Battle of Nancy . Through the marriage of his daughter Mary of Burgundy (who was born in Brussels) to Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I , the Low Countries fell under Habsburg sovereignty. Brabant was integrated into this composite state, and Brussels flourished as the Princely Capital of the prosperous Burgundian Netherlands , also known as

7708-399: The Department of Property and Land Relations the Church of St. Ephraim the Syrian in the village of Omutskoye , George the Victorious in the village of Krapivye and Archangel Michael in the village of Ivanovskoye , Suzdal district of the Vladimir region. On February 24, 2010, the same court issued a decision on the seizure from the ROAC of the church of the Blessed Prince Alexander Nevsky in

7872-442: The Federal Agency for State Property Management said that the buildings began to collapse despite the fact that large sums were transferred for restoration from abroad. The ROAC explained the poor condition of the temples by the fact that in the early 1990s the ROAC (then the Suzdal diocese of ROCOR) received them in a state of ruins. According to the representative of the Suzdal diocese of the ROAC, "violation of wall structures" during

8036-426: The Government of the Brussels-Capital Region. The French Community Commission also has another capacity: some legislative powers of the French Community have been devolved to the Walloon Region (for the French language area of Belgium) and to the French Community Commission (for the bilingual language area). The Flemish Community, however, did the opposite; it merged the Flemish Region into the Flemish Community. This

8200-444: The Holy Canons and Regulations on ROCOR". The prohibition in the ministry imposed on these bishops was decided "not to recognize and not to fulfill." On March 14, 1995, by the decision of the Provisional Supreme Church Аdministration, the following bishops were elected: Archimandrite Seraphim (Novakovsky), Archimandrite Arsenius (Kiselyov), Archimandrite Alexander (Mironov), Hegumen Victor (Kontoruzov). In April 1995, Alexander (Mironov)

8364-403: The Moscow Patriarchate. On August 23, 2002, Valentin (Rusantsov) was found guilty of committing a crime "against the sexual integrity of the individual" and sentenced to 4 years and 3 months of probation. On May 2, 2002, Alexander Soldatov created and headed the website portal-credo.ru, which provided significant information support to the ROAC. Since that time, internal disturbances have begun in

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8528-437: The Parliament. Nowadays, the presence has increased considerably, with the Commission alone occupying 865,000 m (9,310,000 sq ft) within the European Quarter (a quarter of the total office space in Brussels). The concentration and density has caused concern that the presence of the institutions has created a ghetto effect in that part of the city. However, the European presence has contributed significantly to

8692-418: The ROAC Synod of Bishops, accused Valentin (Rusantsov) of child molestation. This group of clergymen referred their accusations to the prosecutor's office, and a criminal case was opened. Andrey Osetrov sent telegrams to the bishops of the ROAC before the start of the synod informing them that Metropolitan Valentin had been arrested and would be sentenced. The clerics who supported Andrei Osetrov were defrocked by

8856-402: The ROAC due to the absence of a contract for their use. In the acts of inspection of churches presented to the court by the State Property, "violations in the operation of religious buildings were noted." The ROAC disagreed with the reasoning of the department, pointing out that its head, Metropolitan Valentin, received the title of honorary citizen of Suzdal precisely for his great contribution to

9020-472: The ROAC from the ROCOR. Basil Lourié was soon ordained a priest in Suzdal, and then became a monk with the name Gregory. At the same time, another parish of the ROAC was formed in St. Petersburg, which was based on members of the St. Petersburg Center for Spiritual Enlightenment. These parishes united parishioners from remote places of the Leningrad region and some other cities of Russia, where new communities were gradually formed. On May 24, 1999, Anthony (Aristov)

9184-426: The ROAC was visited by bailiffs of the Department of the Federal Bailiff Service in the Vladimir region and informed about the initiation of enforcement proceedings against the Suzdal Diocese of the ROAC in favor of the Vladimir Department of the Federal Property Management Agency and presented the writ of execution issued by the Vladimir Arbitration Court. On September 11, the Department of the Federal Bailiff Service in

9348-432: The ROAC, stopped working. On May 6, 2022, Archimandrite Bessarion (Varyukhin) was consecrated bishop of Tulgan. On May 8, 2022, the consecration of Archimandrite Cassian (Angelov) to the Bishop of Velbazhd took place. On October 4, 2022, Archbishop Seraphim (Zinchenko) of Sukhumi and Abkhazia died. Valentine Rusantsov Too Many Requests If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include

9512-447: The ROAC, which led to the departure of people from it. The publicists Vladimir Moss, who joined the Chrysostomite synod (the parish in Guildford also left the ROAC with him), Kirill Frolov and Egor Kholmogorov, who joined the Moscow Patriarchate, and Alexey Muravyov, who joined the Russian Orthodox Old-Rite Church , are leaving the ROAC. On February 4, 2004, the community in Serpukhov of the ROAC, headed by Priest Roman Pavlov, and part of

9676-484: The ROCOR gathered for their First meeting. The Russian clergy and laity gathered at the Meeting expressed their categorical disagreement with the new division of dioceses, since it entailed the re-registration of many parishes, which was fraught with the loss of all registration, as well as churches. On the basis of this, it was decided at the Meeting that the final decision on the territorial division should be made by all Russian bishops after some necessary time. Disagreement

9840-412: The ROCOR with a request to accept him into the ROCOR on the same conditions on which Bishop Agathangel (Pashkovsky) was admitted in February 1995. After reviewing Bishop Arsenius case, the Synod offered him tougher conditions: three years of repentance in a remote Australian monastery and, possibly, a subsequent appointment to one of the foreign chairs. Bishop Arsenius rejected these conditions, referring to

10004-400: The ROCOR, from the nonconformist TV program "The Fifth Wheel", as well as the Moscow newspaper " Moskovskiye Novosti " and the magazine " Ogonyok ". On March 21 of the same year, the Synod of Bishops of the ROCOR received Archimandrite Valentin, clerics and parishioners of this parish into the ROCOR. On April 6, Archimandrite Valentin led his first divine service in the Tsar-Сonstantine Church as

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10168-414: The ROCOR. All Russian parishes were transferred to the jurisdiction of the Bishops' Conference, and therefore the Synodal Representative in Russia was abolished. According to the new administrative division of the Russian dioceses, a significant part of the parishes subordinated to the Suzdal diocese were to go under the omophorion of other bishops. At the end of January 1995, in Suzdal, the Russian bishops of

10332-438: The ROCOR. In connection with the adoption of the law "On Freedom of Conscience and on Religious Associations", the Suzdal Synod was re—registered in October 1998, adopting a new official name - the Russian Orthodox Autonomous Church (ROAC). In September 1999, the parish of the Venerable Martyr Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna in St. Petersburg , whose de facto leader was the famous theologian and patrologist Basil Lourié, moved to

10496-427: The ROCOR. On the basis of different approaches to the forms of ROCOR church ministry in Russia, serious disagreements arose between Bishop Lazar and Archimandrite Valentin. Bishop Lazar began to avoid trips to Suzdal. On October 4, 1990, the Synod of Bishops of the ROCOR appointed Archimandrite Valentin (Rusantsov) as Exarch of the Russian Orthodox Free Church and Managing affairs at the Suzdal Diocesan Administration with

10660-497: The ROCOR. The Suzdal diocese of Valentin (Rusantsov) became the center of the new church. The 2000s were characterized by the weakening of the ROAC and a reduction in the number of parishes and laity due to various conflicts and schisms. In 2009, the process of seizure of historical churches, previously transferred to the use of the ROAC, began. This process was completed in 2019, when the ROAC had no such churches left. In March 2015 Federal Bailiffs Service officials took two relics from

10824-439: The ROCOR. The appeal of the Suzdal community to the Synod of Bishops of the ROCOR received a wide resonance in the church and secular society. The community that " went its own way " was supported by the democratic media, some deputies of the Supreme Council of Russia . Archimandrite Valentin and the community received significant assistance in the days when they had already left the ROC, but had not yet been officially accepted into

10988-404: The ROFC from the Latvian Orthodox Church, was ordained Bishop of Daugavpils, after which the parishes headed by him actually became a diocese of the ROFC. In 1996, the church became known as the Latvian Free Orthodox Church . On June 22, 1995, the Provisional Supreme Church Administration decided: "Due to the fact that for a number of years the ROCOR Synod of Bishops did not listen to the voice of

11152-433: The Russian Bishops, clergy and laity of the ROFC, henceforth all the resolutions of the Synod of Bishops of the ROCOR will not recognize and will not execute. All parishes of the ROFC should be informed about this decision of the Provisional Supreme Church Administration." In the same year, the Provisional Supreme Church Administration ordered to stop commemorating the first hierarch of the ROCOR Metropolitan Vitaly (Ustinov) in

11316-417: The Russian Orthodox Free Church. Archbishop Lazar was elected Chairman of the Provisional Supreme Church Аdministration, and his deputy, who actually became the head of the new body of church authority, Bishop Valentin, elevated by Archbishop Lazar to the rank of archbishop . The first acts of the Provisional Supreme Church Аdministration were the ordination of new bishops from among the closest collaborators of

11480-412: The Russian True Orthodox Church formed in the fall of 1996 by the former subdeacon of the ROCOR Alexander Mikhalchenkov. Reacting to this, the Synod of the ROFC in 1997 defrocked both bishops. In 1997, Archimandrite Peter (Kucher) came under the jurisdiction of the Russian Orthodox Church together with the community of former residents of the Zadonsk monastery . He attempted to organize a monastery within

11644-399: The Suzdal Diocese. in the village of Omutskoye near Suzdal, but a month later he returned to the Moscow Patriarchate with repentance. In 1998, the parish of Archangel Michael in Guildford , Great Britain , headed by the famous publicist Vladimir Moss, was accepted into the ROFC from the ROCOR. Thus, the ROFC began to create its canonical structures on the territory of the foreign dioceses of

11808-530: The Suzdal diocesan administration, was transferred illegally and should be returned to municipal ownership. Despite the fact that in September 2001, Valentin (Rusantsov) was signed not to leave, on October 13–30 he visited the United States, where he visited several parishes that had transferred to the ROAC from the ROCOR. On May 2, 2002, Priest Andrey Osetrov, the chief accuser of Valentin (Rusantsov), transferred to

11972-507: The Suzdal district, the departure of priests and laypeople and the death of Valentin (Rusantsov) weakened the position of the ROAC. Bishop Gregory (Lourié) noted at the beginning of 2012 that only 3 churches remained in Suzdal: "a small church in the "sleeping area" of the town and two house churches in the center are all that were not state property <...> A few years ago their capacity would not have been enough for Sunday services, but now there

12136-537: The Synod of Bishops of ROCOR in Russia. Bishop Barnabas' rapprochement with the far-right " Pamyat " Society caused irreparable damage to the ROCOR reputation in Russia. The interference of Bishop Barnabas, or rather his secretary Archpriest Alexei Averyanov, in the affairs of other Russian ROCOR dioceses, the acceptance of clergy banned by other bishops, the actual management of parishes subordinate to other ROCOR bishops, and finally

12300-586: The Synod of Bishops of the ROCOR, having rendered this visit invaluable support to Bishop Valentin and the clergy of the former Suzdal-Vladimir Diocese of the ROCOR who supported him. The interview given by Bishop Gregory after the celebration of the liturgy in the St. Nicholas Church of Suzdal on May 22, 1995, was published in "Suzdal Diocesan Vedomosti", the print organ of the ROFC, and in a number of secular media. On June 21, 1995, Hegumen Victor (Kontuzorov), previously accepted into

12464-598: The Synod of the ROAC. The Provisional Church Council of the Russian Orthodox Autonomous Church was headed by hegumen Gregory (Lourié), rector of the Church of the Holy Martyr Elizabeth in St. Petersburg. Boris Redkin was elected his Deputy, a journalist Alexander Soldatov as Chancellor, and Olga Mitrenina (nun Xenia) as Secretary. The Synod of the ROAC did not recognize this body. On February 8–11, 2008,

12628-574: The USA, was received into the ROAC, who received ordination in one of the Greek old-style jurisdictions and was accepted as a retired bishop, and Archpriest Vladimir Shishkov, who transferred from the ROCOR. On November 18, 2002, an independent Diocese of Denver and Colorado was established within the ROAC, which included all parishes of North and South America, and Bishop Gregory was appointed its ruling bishop. On July 17, 2003, Archimandrite Sebastian (Zhatkov), rector of

12792-664: The Vladimir Territorial Administration of the Federal Property Management Agency announced the agency's entry into the management of the building. By October, 14 churches in Suzdal had been seized from the ROAC in favor of the state, and proceedings were underway for six more located in the vicinity of the city. The buildings erected in the XV—XIX centuries were returned, according to the plaintiff's representatives, in poor condition. A representative of

12956-515: The Vladimir region completed enforcement proceedings on the decisions of the Arbitration Court of the Vladimir region on the liberation of 10 churches of the city of Suzdal from the communities of the ROAC occupying them: officially, the churches were completely freed from their former owners; after the service in the Tsar-Constantine church, cleared of movable property, the official representative of

13120-514: The administrative separation from the Synod of Bishops and the independent management of the diocese under the pretext of the Patriarch Tikhon and the supreme church administration Decree No 362 on November 20, 1920. In response, the ROCOR Synod of Bishops deprived Archbishop Lazar of the right to serve independently and manage parishes, and also dismissed Bishop Valentine, who refused to come to

13284-468: The aggravation of the conflict. In November 2006, Bishop Sebastian received Abbot Gregory (Lourié) into communion. In the same 2006, Bishop Sebastian formally separated from the ROAC, declaring the formation of the "Provisional Church Council of the Russian Orthodox Autonomous Church." He motivated his decision by the lack of the spirit of conciliarity in the ROAC and the usurpation of the highest church authority by Metropolitan Valentin (Rusantsov). Reacting to

13448-608: The analysis of heating are equal to the same "violations" when installing this heating; the notches on the paintings of the church of John the Baptist were applied in the Soviet period. The new murals of the Assumption Church were made in accordance with the miraculously preserved small remnants of the painting of the beginning of the XX century. All restoration work was carried out by the ROAC under

13612-516: The appearance in the ROCOR Synod of the idea of creating a structure in Russia, which by its very position would be "above the fray." In January 1992, the Synod sent to Russia the vicar of the Western European Diocese of ROCOR, Bishop Barnabas (Prokofiev)  [ ru ] of Cannes with the assignment to organize a permanent Synodal compound in Moscow, which would exercise the authority of

13776-490: The application of notches on the frescoes of the church of John the Baptist. On December 4, 2009, the ROAC filed a lawsuit with the European Court of Human Rights . In December 2009, three churches in Suzdal, seized from the ROAC, Kresto-Nikolskaya, Lazarevskaya and Antipyevskaya, were transferred to the Russian Orthodox Church . On January 7, 2010, a new temporary church of Tsar Constantine was consecrated in Suzdal instead of

13940-510: The behavior of Bishop Sebastian of Chelyabinsk , the Synod of Bishops of the ROAC in February 2007 banned him from the priesthood and excommunicated him from communion for a period of one year. In May 2007, an alternative center was formed in Bezhetsk , named the "Provisional Church Council" under Bishop Sebastian (Zhatkov) of Chelyabinsk, which united several parishes that had left the subordination of

14104-543: The capital of Belgium . Article 194 of the Belgian Constitution establishes that the capital of Belgium is the City of Brussels , the municipality in the region that is the city's core. The City of Brussels is the location of many national institutions. The Royal Palace of Brussels , where the King of the Belgians exercises his prerogatives as head of state, is situated alongside Brussels Park (not to be confused with

14268-722: The centre of activities, as the Commission and Council based their activities in what has become the European Quarter , in the east of the city. Early building in Brussels was sporadic and uncontrolled, with little planning. The current major buildings are the Berlaymont building of the commission, symbolic of the quarter as a whole, the Europa building of the Council and the Espace Léopold of

14432-665: The city became the chef-lieu of the department of the Dyle . The French rule ended in 1815, with the defeat of Napoleon on the battlefield of Waterloo , located south of today's Brussels-Capital Region. With the Congress of Vienna , the Southern Netherlands joined the United Kingdom of the Netherlands , under King William I of Orange . The former Dyle department became the province of South Brabant , with Brussels as its capital. In 1830,

14596-615: The city was the site of the Brussels Agreement . In 2014, it hosted the 40th G7 summit , and in 2017, 2018 and 2021 respectively the 28th , 29th and 31st NATO Summits . On 22 March 2016 , three coordinated nail bombings were detonated by ISIL in Brussels—two at Brussels Airport in Zaventem and one at Maalbeek/Maelbeek metro station —resulting in 32 victims and three suicide bombers killed, and 330 people were injured. It

14760-846: The claim of the Klintsу Diocese of the Russian Orthodox Church decided to withdraw from the ROAC community the Church of Elijah the Prophet, located in Trubchevsk , Bryansk Oblast . The modern building of the Church was built in 1845, and in 1890-1893 it was completely rebuilt. This is the last of the churches belonging to the ROAC, built before the revolution of 1917. On March 12, 2021, Bishop James (Antonov) of Sukhodol died. On July 8, 2021, Archbishop Hilarion (Goncharenko) of Smelyansk died. In March 2022, website Credo.Press (until 2018 — Portal-Credo.ru), which provided constant information support to

14924-491: The clergy of the ROAC. Valentin (Rusantsov) and the leadership of the ROAC categorically rejected all the accusations, which were declared the machinations of supporters of the Moscow Patriarchate. In August–September 2001, interrogations and other active investigative actions were carried out. During the investigation, representatives of the prosecutor's office stated that the building of the Sacristy Monastery, which housed

15088-476: The council was subject to many difficulties caused by the linguistic and socio-economic tensions between the two communities. After the creation of the Brussels-Capital Region, the Brussels Agglomeration was never formally abolished, although it no longer has a purpose. The French Community and the Flemish Community exercise their powers in Brussels through two community-specific public authorities:

15252-575: The council, on the proposals made by the commission. However, meetings of political groups and committee groups are formally given to Brussels, along with a set number of plenary sessions. Three quarters of Parliament sessions now take place at its Brussels hemicycle . Between 2002 and 2004, the European Council also fixed its seat in the city. In 2014, the Union hosted a G7 summit in the city. Brussels, along with Luxembourg and Strasbourg, began to host European institutions in 1957, soon becoming

15416-538: The country. Gradually, clear principles were revealed that divided the Russian Orthodox Free Church into Valentinian and Lazarite parts. As a rule, legal parishes (usually with their own churches) from the Moscow Patriarchate passed to Bishop Valentin, while Archbishop Lazar headed communities that remained in illegal or semi-legal position. The desire to overcome the division between the Russian bishops led to

15580-470: The county of Flanders, was not fief of the king of France but was incorporated into the Holy Roman Empire . In the early 13th century, the first walls of Brussels were built and after this, the city grew significantly. Around this time, work began on what is now the Cathedral of St. Michael and St. Gudula (1225), replacing an older Romanesque church. To let the city expand, a second set of walls

15744-488: The decision of the Provisional Supreme Church Аdministration, Archbishop Lazar (Zhubenko), in connection with his return to the ROCOR, was dismissed from his post by the chairman of the Provisional Supreme Church Аdministration. Archbishop Valentin (Rusantsov) of Suzdal and Vladimir was elected chairman instead of Lazar. Bishop Theodore (Gineyevsky) of Borisovo was elected Deputy Chairman. Archpriest Andrey Osetrov

15908-503: The decision of the ecclesiastical court on May 31, 2001. On June 28, 2001, the regional newspaper "Prizyv" published an article "Holy Outcasts", in which Valentine was accused of child molestation. In total, this newspaper published at least a dozen articles accusing the First Hierarch of the ROAC. The ROAC officials called these articles avertorial. The defrocked clerics organized street riots several times against Metropolitan Valentin and

16072-561: The destruction of the city walls and the construction of many buildings. Following independence, Brussels underwent many more changes. It became a financial centre, thanks to the dozens of companies launched by the Société Générale de Belgique . The Industrial Revolution and the opening of the Brussels–Charleroi Canal in 1832 brought prosperity to the city through commerce and manufacturing. The Free University of Brussels

16236-580: The details below. Request from 172.68.168.150 via cp1114 cp1114, Varnish XID 453767933 Upstream caches: cp1114 int Error: 429, Too Many Requests at Fri, 29 Nov 2024 08:34:21 GMT Brussels Brussels ( French : Bruxelles , pronounced [bʁysɛl] or [bʁyksɛl] ; Dutch : Brussel [ˈbrʏsəl] ), officially the Brussels-Capital Region (French: Région de Bruxelles-Capitale ; Dutch: Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Gewest ),

16400-544: The development of the Art Nouveau style in the 1890s and early 1900s. The architects Victor Horta , Paul Hankar , and Henry van de Velde , among others, were known for their designs, many of which survive today. During the 20th century, the city hosted various fairs and conferences, including the Solvay Conference on Physics and on Chemistry, and three world's fairs : the Brussels International Exposition of 1910 ,

16564-472: The entire Soviet system, including the "Soviet church". At the same time, the ROCOR already had a bishop in the USSR, Bishop Lazar (Zhurbenko) , who was distrustful of the new Russian government, was not in the mood to "come out of the catacombs" and skeptically regarded the mass transition of the "patriarchal" clergy to the ROCOR, while Archimandrite Valentin sought to expose the Moscow Patriarchate as actively as possible and call for Orthodox Christians to join

16728-475: The entire history of Brussels. The Grand-Place was destroyed, along with 4,000 buildings—a third of all the buildings in the city. The reconstruction of the city centre , effected during subsequent years, profoundly changed its appearance and left numerous traces still visible today. During the War of the Spanish Succession in 1708, Brussels again sustained a French attack , which it repelled. Following

16892-628: The episcopal consecration of Archimandrite Mark (Rassokha) took place, who, contrary to definition, became only a vicar of the North Caucasus diocese with the title of "Bishop of Armavir". In June 2011, the only parish of the ROAC in Argentina, headed by Priest Siluán Dignac, transferred to the Russian True Orthodox Church . On January 16, 2012, the first hierarch of the ROAC, Valentin (Rusantsov), died. The seizure of churches in Suzdal and

17056-557: The first Bishops' Council in the history of this church jurisdiction was held in Suzdal, which, however, failed to reconcile the warring parties. On November 5, 2008, a final split occurred in the ROAC, as a result of which Sebastian (Zhatkov) and the retired former Bishop of Khabarovsk Ambrose (Yepifanov) announced the creation of a new body within the ROAC named the "Bishops' Conference of the Russian Orthodox Autonomous Church". The next day, Sebastian and Ambrose ordained Gregory (Lourié) as bishop of Petrograd and Gdov, after which Lourié joined

17220-536: The founders of the Provisional Supreme Church Аdministration: on the part of Bishop Valentin — Bishops Theodore (Gineyevsky) (March 19, 1994) and Seraphim (Zinchenko) (March 20, 1994), on the part of Archbishop Lazar — Bishop Agathangel (Pashkovsky) (March 27, 1994). April 4–5, 1994 The Synod of Bishops of the ROCOR recognized the creation of the Suzdal Provisional Supreme Church Аdministration as illegal, banning Archbishop Lazar and Bishop Valentin from

17384-451: The head of all foreign parishes in the ROAC, was expelled from the clergy of the ROAC. Finding himself alone, Archbishop Gregory of Denver and Colorado proclaimed the formation of a new schismatic group, called the "Russian Orthodox Autonomous Church in America." Thus, most of the parishes in the far abroad (USA, Bulgaria, England) were lost. One of the problematic topics for the ROAC in the 2000s

17548-432: The highest GDP per capita , it has the lowest available income per household. The Brussels Region covers 162 km (63 sq mi) and has a population of over 1.2 million. Its five times larger metropolitan area comprises over 2.5 million people, which makes it the largest in Belgium . It is also part of a large conurbation extending towards the cities of Ghent , Antwerp , and Leuven , known as

17712-597: The highest point (at 127.5 m (418 ft)) is not near the Place de l'Altitude Cent / Hoogte Honderdplein in Forest , but at the Drève des Deux Montages / Tweebergendreef in the Sonian Forest. Brussels experiences an oceanic climate ( Köppen : Cfb ) with warm summers and cool winters. Proximity to coastal areas influences the area's climate by sending marine air masses from

17876-400: The highest population density in the region, with 20,822/km (53,930/sq mi). Watermael-Boitsfort has the lowest population density in the region, with 1,928/km (4,990/sq mi). There is much controversy on the division of 19 municipalities for a highly urbanised region, which is considered as (half of) one city by most people. Some politicians mock the "19 baronies" and want to merge

18040-548: The importance of Brussels as an international centre. Brussels has, since World War II , become the administrative centre of many international organisations. The city is the political and administrative centre of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). NATO's Brussels headquarters houses 29 embassies and brings together over 4,500 staff from allied nations, their militaries, and civil service personnel. Many other international organisations such as

18204-504: The impossibility of a long separation from his flock. After returning to Russia, he gathered the diocesan congress of his diocese, at which it was decided to switch to self-government, referring at the same time, as earlier the ROFC, to the decree of Patriarch Tikhon and the Supreme Church Administration under him for No 362. Soon another bishop of the ROFC joined him — Bishop Alexander of Kazan and Mari. Together they joined

18368-701: The increased illegal claims of the Synod of Bishops and the First Hierarch of ROCOR for the appropriation of by them of the All-Russian Church Authority and violations by them of the Holy Canons of the Church, disregard of the Resolutions of the All-Russian Council of 1917-18 , the Decree of St. Patriarch Tikhon and the precepts of St. The New Martyrs and Confessors of Russia", determined "The Act signed at

18532-618: The judicial branch is located in Luxembourg , and the European Parliament meets for a minority of the year in Strasbourg ). Because of this, its name is sometimes used metonymically to describe the EU and its institutions. The secretariat of the Benelux and the headquarters of NATO are also located in Brussels. Brussels is the most densely populated region in Belgium, and although it has

18696-417: The jurisdiction of the ROCOR became an example for several dozen parish communities in various regions of the USSR. The most active supporters of the creation of legal canonical structures of the ROCOR in Russia, alternative to the Moscow Patriarchate, in the late 1980s were dissidents — both ecclesiastical and secular — who formed a democratic opposition to the Soviet regime, advocating the speedy dismantling of

18860-477: The language quota, but in practice every minister-president has been a bilingual francophone. The regional parliament can enact ordinances (French: ordonnances , Dutch: ordonnanties ), which have equal status as a national legislative act. Nineteen of the 72 French-speaking members of the Brussels Parliament are also members of the Parliament of the French Community of Belgium , and, until 2004, this

19024-427: The legal parishes of Archbishop Lazarus and several valentinian ones) recognizes the validity of the decisions of the Council and passes into the direct management of the First Hierarch of the ROCOR, which was nominal character. In March 1994, in Suzdal, Archbishop Lazar and Bishop Valentin, who had previously seemed irreconcilable antagonists, announced the formation of a joint Provisional Supreme Church Аdministration of

19188-455: The marsh ' . Saint Vindicianus , the Bishop of Cambrai , made the first recorded reference to the place Brosella in 695, when it was still a hamlet . The names of all the municipalities in the Brussels-Capital Region are also of Dutch origin, except for Evere , which is possibly Celtic or Old Frankish . In French , Bruxelles is pronounced [bʁysɛl] (the x

19352-440: The middle of 1991, communion in prayer between these two hierarchs ceased. Realizing the impossibility of creating normal church administrative structures in Russia and striving to facilitate the possibility of joining the ROCOR as many clerics of the Moscow Patriarchate as possible, the Synod of Bishops of the ROCOR proclaimed the USSR a "mission territory", giving each of the bishops the right to establish parishes in any region of

19516-412: The municipalities under one city council and one mayor. That would lower the number of politicians needed to govern Brussels, and centralise the power over the city to make decisions easier, thus reduce the overall running costs. The current municipalities could be transformed into districts with limited responsibilities, similar to the current structure of Antwerp or to structures of other capitals like

19680-462: The number of international conferences it hosts, also becoming one of the largest convention centres in the world. The presence of the EU and the other international bodies has, for example, led to there being more ambassadors and journalists in Brussels than in Washington, D.C. The city hosts 120 international institutions, 181 embassies ( intra muros ) and more than 2,500 diplomats , making it

19844-472: The occupation. After World War II, Brussels underwent extensive modernisation. The construction of the North–South connection , linking the main railway stations in the city, was completed in 1952, while the first premetro (underground tram) service was launched in 1969, and the first Metro line was opened in 1976. Starting from the early 1960s, Brussels became the de facto capital of what would become

20008-518: The origin of the settlement which was to become Brussels lies in Saint Gaugericus ' construction of a chapel on an island in the river Senne around 580. The official founding of Brussels is usually said to be around 979, when Duke Charles of Lower Lorraine transferred the relics of the martyr Saint Gudula from Moorsel (located in today's province of East Flanders ) to Saint Gaugericus' chapel. When Holy Roman Emperor Otto II appointed

20172-519: The parishes of the ROAC in Chelyabinsk and the Chelyabinsk Oblast, was ordained Bishop of Chelyabinsk, vicar of the Suzdal diocese. November 24, 2003 Irenarchus (Nonchin) was ordained bishop of Tula and Bryansk. In the second half of 2001 — early 2002, the Russian Orthodox Autonomous Church was shaken by a powerful crisis: 5 clerics of the ROAC, led by Archpriest Andrei Osetrov, former secretary of

20336-746: The parishioners of the Church of the New Martyrs and Confessors of Russia at the Golovinsky Cemetery in Moscow, headed by Archpriest Mikhail Makeyev, as well as the Orthodox Brotherhood of the Holy Apostle James, left the ROAC and came under the omophorion of Metropolitan Epiphanius (Panayotou) from the Old-Calindarist True Orthodox Church of Cyprus. In July 2004, Archbishop Gregory (Abu-Asaly) of Denver, who claimed to be

20500-603: The press and on the Internet, advocating for the ROAC. The ROAC also enjoyed the support of political strategist Gleb Pavlovsky . In order to strengthen their own position, the ROAC began to canonize saints. On November 22–23, 2000, as part of the celebrations dedicated to the VIII Congress of the clergy, monastics and laity of the Diocese of Suzdal of the ROAC, the glorification of the "reverend wives of Diveyevo" — ascetics who labored in

20664-605: The priesthood and not recognizing the ordination of new bishops, as well as all other decisions of the Provisional Supreme Church Аdministration. Everyone was aware of the abnormality of the division that had arisen, and steps were being taken towards rapprochement on both sides. The result of these efforts was reconciliation, which took place at the Bishops' Council in the Lesninsky Monastery in December 1994. The "Reconciliation Act"

20828-452: The pronunciations [bʁyksɛl] and [bʁyksɛlwa] (for bruxellois ) are often heard, but are rather rare in Belgium. The history of Brussels is closely linked to that of Western Europe . Traces of human settlement go back to the Stone Age , with vestiges and place-names related to the civilisation of megaliths , dolmens and standing stones (Plattesteen near

20992-404: The reign of King Leopold II . The International Exposition of 1897 contributed to the promotion of the infrastructure. Among other things, the Palace of the Colonies , present-day Royal Museum for Central Africa , in the suburb of Tervuren , was connected to the capital by the construction of an 11 km-long (6.8 mi) grand alley . Brussels became one of the major European cities for

21156-431: The restoration of religious buildings. In addition, the Church referred to contracts with the State Center for the Accounting, use and restoration of historical and cultural monuments of the Vladimir Oblast, which give them the right to dispose of all 13 religious buildings. Representatives of the ROAC stated that they do not intend to give up the churches in any event. On August 12, 2009, the Suzdal Diocesan Administration of

21320-443: The right to independently accept clergy and communities from the Moscow Patriarchate. Bishops' Council of the Moscow Patriarchate, held on October 25–27, 1990, in this regard, issued an appeal "To the archpastors, pastors and all faithful children of the Russian Orthodox Church", in which he called for the preservation of the unity of the Church, and appealed to the foreign hierarchs with a fraternal request not to create new obstacles to

21484-400: The right to wear a diamond cross on his klobuk . During a conversation with the First Hierarch of the ROAC, Bishop Sebastian categorically refused to remove the cross from the klobuk and return to his former title. In addition to these actions, Sebastian refused to comply with some personnel orders made by Metropolitan of Suzdal, Metropolitan of Suzdal, Valentin (Rusantsov), which contributed to

21648-440: The same Charles to become Duke of Lower Lotharingia in 977, Charles ordered the construction of the city's first permanent fortification, doing so on that same island. Lambert I of Leuven , Count of Leuven , gained the County of Brussels around 1000 by marrying Charles' daughter. Because of its location on the banks of the Senne, on an important trade route between the Flemish cities of Bruges and Ghent , and Cologne in

21812-424: The seat of the Dukes of Brabant, but it was destroyed by fire in 1731. In the 16th and 17th centuries, Brussels was a centre for the lace industry. In addition, Brussels tapestry hung on the walls of castles throughout Europe. In 1695, during the Nine Years' War , King Louis XIV of France sent troops to bombard Brussels with artillery . Together with the resulting fire, it was the most destructive event in

21976-402: The second centre of diplomatic relations in the world (after New York City ). International schools have also been established to serve this presence. The "international community" in Brussels numbers at least 70,000 people. In 2009, there were an estimated 286 lobbying consultancies known to work in Brussels. Finally, Brussels has more than 1,400 NGOs . The Treaty of Brussels , which

22140-410: The seized churches, under which the attic of a two-story diocesan house on Vasilevskaya Street in the center of Suzdal was converted. On February 16, 2010, the Vladimir Arbitration Court granted three claims of the Department of Property and Land Relations of the Administration of the Vladimir Oblaast to the communities of the ROAC; according to the court decision, the ROAC should release and transfer to

22304-430: The south. Historically Dutch-speaking, Brussels saw a language shift to French from the late 19th century. Nowadays, the Brussels-Capital Region is officially bilingual in French and Dutch, although French is the majority language and lingua franca . Brussels is also increasingly becoming multilingual. English is spoken widely and many migrants and expatriates speak other languages as well. Brussels grew from

22468-422: The split of Brabant in 1995, the Brussels Region does not belong to any of the provinces of Belgium , nor is it subdivided into provinces itself. Within the Region, 99% of the areas of provincial jurisdiction are assumed by the Brussels regional institutions and community commissions. Remaining is only the governor of Brussels-Capital and some aides, analogously to provinces. Its status is roughly akin to that of

22632-460: The subordination of Lazar and Valentin to Bishop Barnabas, which they did not recognize, led to an even greater discord in the ROCOR church administration in Russia. By the end of 1992, at least one hundred parishes in different regions of Russia and the " near abroad " were subordinate to Suzdal, but already in 1993 there was a decline in the activities of the ROCOR in Russia; internal ideological and personal conflicts lead Russian ROCOR structures into

22796-402: The supervision of the State Center for the Protection, Accounting and Restoration of Historical and Cultural Monuments of the Vladimir region, whose specialists at the last inspection of the temples in 2006 found their condition good, with the exception of minor shortcomings in the arrangement of the blind area, etc. At the end of November 2009, the Federal Agency for State Property Management sent

22960-399: The temples subordinate to him. In January 1996, the Provisional Supreme Church Administration was renamed the Synod of Bishops. In September 1996, at the Bishops' Council of the ROCOR, Bishop Valentin (Rusantsov) was deprived of his holy dignity. Soon the first schism appeared in the ROFC. In the summer of 1996, Bishop Arsenius (Kiselyov) of Bryansk and Tula appealed to the Synod of Bishops of

23124-492: The tenure of the city's then-mayor , Jules Anspach , its entire course through the urban area was completely covered over . This allowed urban renewal and the construction of modern buildings of Haussmann -esque style along grand central boulevards , characteristic of downtown Brussels today. Buildings such as the Brussels Stock Exchange (1873), the Palace of Justice (1883) and Saint Mary's Royal Church (1885) date from this period. This development continued throughout

23288-422: The training of clergy were founded at the Suzdal Diocesan Administration. The ROAC continued to replenish its own episcopate. On November 26, 2000 Hieromonk Ambrose (Yepifanov) was ordained bishop of Khabarovsk, vicar of the Suzdal diocese. On February 6, 2001, Gerontius (Ryndenko) was ordained bishop of Sukhodol. On March 15, 2001, by the decision of the Synod of Bishops of the ROAC, Archbishop Valentin (Rusantsov)

23452-458: The unity of the Church. This request was not heard. On February 10, 1991, in the Church of the Holy Righteous Job the Long-Suffering in Brussels , Archimandrite Valentin (Rusantsov) was consecrated bishop of Suzdal and Vladimir. In the same year, the ROCOR's Diocese of Suzdal was registered with the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation . All this has further exacerbated the contradictions between Valentin (Rusantsov) and Lazar (Zhurbenko). By

23616-450: The upkeep of schools and roads within its borders. Municipal administration is also conducted by a mayor, a council, and an executive. In 1831, Belgium was divided into 2,739 municipalities, including the 19 currently located in the Brussels-Capital Region. Unlike most of the municipalities in Belgium, the ones now located in the Brussels-Capital Region were not merged with others during mergers occurring in 1964, 1970, and 1975. However,

23780-405: The village of Ves , on June 9 — the church of St. Basil the Great in the village of Borisovskoye and John the Baptist in the village of Pavlovskoye , Suzdal district. In October 2010, three (Andrey Chesnokov, Andrey Smirnov, Arkady Makovetsky) of the 11 priests that the ROAC had in Suzdal and the district transferred to the Moscow Patriarchate. On February 4, 2011, the Bishops' Council of the ROAC

23944-434: The written x noted the group / k s / . In the Belgian French pronunciation as well as in Dutch, the k eventually disappeared and z became s , as reflected in the current Dutch spelling , whereas in the more conservative French form , the spelling remained. The pronunciation / k s / in French only dates from the 18th century, but this modification did not affect the traditional Brussels usage. In France ,

24108-403: Was imiaslavie , the main supporter of which in the ROAC was hieromonk Gregory (Lourié). Also supporters of the imiaslavie views were Hegumen Theofan (Areskin), Alexander Soldatov, Tatiana Senina (nun Marfa), Olga Mitrenina. At the same time, many laymen and clerics of the ROAC condemned the imiaslavie as heresy; they were supported by Valentin (Rusantsov). On July 20, 2005, hegumen Gregory (Lourié)

24272-405: Was abolished, the division into six dioceses was introduced according to the geographical principle: 1) Moscow, 2) St. Petersburg and North Russia, 3) Odessa and South Russia, 4) Suzdal, 5) Black Sea and Kuban, 6) Siberia. Instead of the abolished Provisional Supreme Church Аdministration, the Council established the Bishops' Conference of the Russian Eminences, subordinated to the Synod of Bishops of

24436-429: Was also expressed with some other points of the Act. In February 1995, newly ordained bishops Theodore (Gineyevsky) and Agathangel (Pashkovsky) arrived at the Synod of Bishops of the ROCOR . They hoped that their approval would be a formality, but they were given strict conditions: to recognize the conviction in absentia and the prohibition by the Synod of ROCOR of Lazar and Valentin "until repentance" for not recognizing

24600-406: Was also the case for six Dutch-speaking members, who were at the same time members of the Flemish Parliament . Now, people voting for a Flemish party have to vote separately for 6 directly elected members of the Flemish Parliament. Before the creation of the Brussels-Capital Region, regional competences in the 19 municipalities were performed by the Brussels Agglomeration. The Brussels Agglomeration

24764-432: Was an administrative division established in 1971. This decentralised administrative public body also assumed jurisdiction over areas which, elsewhere in Belgium, were exercised by municipalities or provinces. The Brussels Agglomeration had a separate legislative council, but the by-laws enacted by it did not have the status of a legislative act. The only election of the council took place on 21 November 1971. The working of

24928-435: Was awarded the title of metropolitan with the right to wear two panagias. On April 10, 2001, Metropolitan Valentin (Rusantsov) received into the ROAC the parish of St. Basil of Ryazan in Ryazan (with the Church of the Epiphany of the XVII century), the Orthodox Brotherhood of St. James the Apostle, brother of the Lord in the flesh (Moscow) and the Orthodox Brotherhood of Tsarevich-Martyr Alexy (Moscow). Among those who transferred

25092-425: Was banned from serving, and on September 5 of the same year he was defrocked, but he did not recognize the legality of this, and continued to perform divine services. In the same year, a conflict between Metropolitan Valentin (Rusantsov) and the vicar of the Suzdal diocese, Bishop Sebastian (Zhatkov) was became, which led to the fact that the latter in 2006 spontaneously endowed himself with the title of archbishop and

25256-661: Was compact within the Suzdal district of the Vladimir Oblast and extremely diffuse in the CIS and far abroad. Despite the fact that some of the bishops of that time had diocesan titles, the center of actual diocesan power remained alone — in Suzdal". Among the famous people who belonged to the ROAC at that time were: publicist and memoirist, rector of the ROAC Church at the Golovinskoye cemetery Archpriest Mikhail Ardov  [ ru ] ; patrologist, historian, publicist Hieromonk Gregory (Lourié); historian, orientalist and publicist Alexei Muravyov  [ ru ] ; publicist Yegor Kholmogorov . All of them were actively published in

25420-402: Was consecrated bishop of Yaransk and Vyatka, who later cared catacomb communities of the Vyatka region and the Middle Volga region . In total, the ROAC in early 2000s had about 60 registered parishes and over 100 "catacomb" ones. The clergy consisted of 9 bishops and about 50 priests. As Gregory (Lourié)  [ ru ] noted, "The ROAC as of 2000 represented one Diocese of Suzdal, which

25584-472: Was elected Secretary. Metropolitan Vitaly (Ustinov) and the members of the ROCOR Synod of Bishops refused to understand aspirations of elderly Bishop Gregory (Grabbe) to support the Russian bishops and clergy who created the Provisional Supreme Church Аdministration. Bishop Gregory from the very beginning was a supporter of the opening of ROCOR parishes in USSR, made a trip to Suzdal from May 16 to 24, 1995, where he participated in divine services, meetings of

25748-400: Was erected between 1356 and 1383. Traces of these walls can still be seen; the Small Ring , a series of boulevards bounding the historical city centre, follows their former course. In the 14th century, the marriage between heiress Margaret III of Flanders and Philip the Bold , Duke of Burgundy , produced a new Duke of Brabant of the House of Valois , namely Antoine , their son. In 1477,

25912-421: Was established in 1834 and Saint-Louis University in 1858. In 1835, the first passenger railway built outside England linked the municipality of Molenbeek-Saint-Jean with Mechelen . During the 19th century, the population of Brussels grew considerably; from about 80,000 to more than 625,000 people for the city and its surroundings. The Senne had become a serious health hazard , and from 1867 to 1871, under

26076-461: Was held in Suzdal, at which it was decided to ordain two bishops. Cleric of the Iveron Synodal Church of the ROAC Archimandrite Trophim (Tarasov) He was elected Bishop of Simbirsk, vicar of the Suzdal diocese, and Archimandrite Mark (Rassokha), rector of St. John the Baptist Church of Armavir, was elected bishop of Armavir and the Black Sea. On February 5, 2011, the episcopal consecration of Archimandrite Trophim (Tarasov) took place. On February 10, 2011,

26240-428: Was ordained bishop of Kazan and Mari, and Arsenius (Kiselyov) was ordained bishop of Tula and Bryansk. At the same time, Archbishop Lazar (Zhurbenko) and Bishop Agathangel (Pashkovsky), who repented before and returned to ROCOR, are separated from the Provisional Supreme Church Аdministration. Agathangel (Pashkovsky) finally accepted the conditions set for him and lived for some time in the United States. On May 8, 1995, by

26404-463: Was signed on 17 March 1948 between Belgium, France , Luxembourg , the Netherlands and the United Kingdom , was a prelude to the establishment of the intergovernmental military alliance which later became the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). Nowadays, the alliance consists of 32 independent member countries across North America and Europe. Several countries also have diplomatic missions to NATO through embassies in Belgium . Since 1949,

26568-415: Was signed. The CCU was abolished and its decisions were recognized as invalid (so Valentin (Rusantsov) refused the rank of archbishop), and the ordained bishops had to take the Episcopal oath to the Synod, after which they could be recognized as legitimate bishops. The council in Lesninsky convent established a new order for the management of Russian ROCOR parishes: the status of Russia as a "mission territory"

26732-432: Was the deadliest act of terrorism in Belgium. Brussels lies in the north-central part of Belgium, about 110 km (68 mi) from the Belgian coast and about 180 km (110 mi) from Belgium's southern tip. It is located in the heartland of the Brabantian Plateau, about 45 km (28 mi) south of Antwerp ( Flanders ), and 50 km (31 mi) north of Charleroi ( Wallonia ). Its average elevation

26896-470: Was the journalist and publicist Alexander Soldatov . On July 26–27, 2001, Dionysius McGowan was ordained a deacon and priest, becoming the first cleric of the ROAC in the USA. On August 25 of the same year, Archimandrite Gregory (Abu-Asaly) with a small monastic community was admitted to the ROAC from the Kallinikite Synod. On December 2, 2001, he was ordained Bishop of Denver, vicar of the Diocese of Suzdal. In December 2001, Bishop Anthony (Grabbe), who lived in

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