Russian Expo Arms (or Russia Arms Expo , abbreviated as RAE ) is the international exhibition of arms, military equipment and ammunition that is regularly held in Nizhny Tagil , Russia since 1999.
111-496: According to organizers, the event is dedicated to "active innovative policy of the enterprises of the defense and industrial complex, adoption of advanced technology are guarantees of success of modernization and creation of samples of armament and military equipment, and perspective view of Armed Forces of Russia ." The venue of the exhibit is the Staratel test range at Nizhny Tagil Institute of Metal Testing (NTIIM). The main exhibitor
222-649: A Burns Supper , an expensive watch and a day out at the Royal Windsor Horse Show . The Saudi-led coalition was accused of attempting to buy influence in the UK. While the MPs registered the trips and gifts at Westminster as per the rules, critics called it “absolutely shameful” to accept donations from countries with poor human rights records. Police corruption is a specific form of police misconduct designed to obtain financial benefits, personal gain, career advancement for
333-558: A corporation (i.e., a business entity having a separate legal personality from the natural persons that manage its activities), or by individuals acting on behalf of a corporation or other business entity (see vicarious liability and corporate liability ). Some negative behaviours by corporations may not be criminal; laws vary between jurisdictions. For example, some jurisdictions allow insider trading . Petróleo Brasileiro S.A. — Petrobras, more commonly known as simply Petrobras ( Portuguese pronunciation: [ˌpɛtɾoˈbɾas] ),
444-486: A military academy or the ROTC . Students of Russian civilian institutions of higher education wishing to join the reserve officer training program cannot choose a military occupational specialty, because each civilian specialty taught by civilian university is attached to a particular military occupational specialty taught by the military training center of the same university by the rector 's order. It also differs from
555-462: A politician or a crime boss bribes a prosecutor to open investigations and file charges against an opposing politician or a rival crime boss, in order to hurt the competition. Governmental corruption of the judiciary is broadly known in many transitional and developing countries because the budget is almost completely controlled by the executive. The latter critically undermines the separation of powers, because it fosters financial dependence on
666-640: A 2017 survey study, the following factors have been attributed as causes of corruption: It has been noted that in a comparison of the most corrupt with the least corrupt countries, the former group contains nations with huge socio-economic inequalities , and the latter contains nations with a high degree of social and economic justice. Social norms have been posited as an explanation for why some environments are corrupt and others are not. Corruption can occur in many sectors, whether they be public or private industry or even NGOs (especially in public sector). However, only in democratically controlled institutions
777-595: A 2022 speech on "Modern Corruption," USAID Administrator Samantha Power stated: "Corruption is no longer just about individual autocrats pilfering their nation's wealth to live large", but also involves sophisticated transnational networks, including financial institutions hidden in secrecy. Responding to Whyte's book, George Monbiot criticized the CPI for its narrow definition of corruption that surveys mostly only Western executives about bribery. Similarly, others point out that "global metrics systematically under-measure 'corruption of
888-431: A Russian passport. Under a 2010 Defence Ministry plan, foreigners without dual citizenship would be able to sign up for five-year contracts and will be eligible for Russian citizenship after serving three years. The change could open the way for CIS citizens to get fast-track Russian citizenship, and counter the effects of Russia's demographic crisis on its army recruitment. Each soldier in duty receives an Identity Card of
999-568: A clear lack of university autonomy. Both quantitative and qualitative methodologies are employed to study education corruption, but the topic remains largely unattended by the scholars. In many societies and international organizations, education corruption remains a taboo. In some countries, such as certain eastern European countries, some Balkan countries and certain Asian countries, corruption occurs frequently in universities. This can include bribes to bypass bureaucratic procedures and bribing faculty for
1110-475: A contract [with the armed forces] in 2007, and now there are only slightly more than 11,000 of them, including 4,300 officers of various rank." Lt. Col. Yelena Stepanova, the chief of the social processes monitoring department at the Russian armed forces' sociological research center, said. This trend [was] "not ..special" but correspond[ed] with the general .. reduction of the Russian armed forces." On 28 May 2022, on
1221-447: A crisis in the conscript service where there simply were not sufficient able-bodied men to draft and was forced to halve its conscription. In March 2013, Defence Minister Sergey Shoygu promised that all army quarters would have showers by the end of the year. In 2013, it was reported that: "Compared to 2007, the number of female officers and warrant-officers has dropped by nearly two thirds. There were over 30,000 women serving under
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#17330860106371332-526: A decree of President Medvedev on 14 July 2010. In July 2011, an Operational-Strategic Command of Missile-Space Defence has also been established on the basis of the former Special Purpose Command of the Russian Air Force . A Presidential decree of January 2011 named commanders for several of the new organisational structures. Russian security bodies not under the control of the Ministry of Defence include
1443-470: A military position in particular military units and are involved in all operational, mobilization, and combat activities of these military units. As a rule, in peacetime time reservists perform their duties 2–3 days per month and during an annual military camp training of 20 to 30 days. The exact number of reservists is unknown because a relevant paragraph of the Presidential Decree which determines
1554-561: A new decree was signed in March 2007, which cut the conscription service term from 24 to 18 months. The term was cut further to one year on 1 January 2008. Thirty percent of Russian Armed Forces' personnel were contract servicemen at the end of 2005. For the foreseeable future, the Armed Forces will be a mixed contract/conscript force. The Russian Armed Forces need to maintain a mobilization reserve to have manning resources capable of reinforcing
1665-661: A newer literature has turned to money politics in wealthy democracies and extreme global inequalities. Simon Weschle at Syracuse University examines the prevalence of campaign finance and its consequences for democracy. Kristin Surak at the London School of Economics explores the controversial practice of millionaires buying "golden passports" with no intention of actually migrating. In her words, "a full-blown citizenship industry that thrives on global inequalities" has arisen." While not necessarily involving bribery, recent research documents
1776-515: A number of other important cities and regions. In Moscow alone 15,000 personnel expressed their desire to service in the new Russian Army, mostly former Soviet Armed Forces servicemen. In the end, President Yeltsin tabled a decree "On the temporary position of the Russian Guard", but it was not put into practice. After signing the Belavezha Accords on 21 December 1991, the countries of
1887-579: A police officer or officers in exchange for not pursuing or selectively pursuing an investigation or arrest or aspects of the " thin blue line " itself where force members collude in lies to protect their precincts , unions and/or other law enforcement members from accountability. One common form of police corruption is soliciting or accepting bribes in exchange for not reporting organized drug or prostitution rings or other illegal activities. When civilians become witnesses to police brutality , officers are often known to respond by harassing and intimidating
1998-412: A professor of politics , wrote that political corruption is the illegitimate use of public power to benefit a private interest. Economist Ian Senior defined corruption as an action to secretly provide a good or a service to a third party to influence certain actions which benefit the corrupt, a third party, or both in which the corrupt agent has authority. World Bank economist Daniel Kaufmann extended
2109-567: A report claiming the Emirati city, Dubai , of being an enabler of global corruption, crime and illicit financial flows . It stated that the global corrupt and criminal actors either operated through or from Dubai. The city was also called a haven for trade-based money laundering , as it gives space to free trade zones, with minimal regulatory laws and customs enforcement. A report in September 2022 revealed that British Members of Parliament received
2220-409: A small number of people (petty corruption), to corruption that affects the government on a large scale (grand corruption), and corruption that is so prevalent that it is part of the everyday structure of society, including corruption as one of the symptoms of organized crime (systemic corruption). "Corruption of the rich" is particularly hard to measure and largely excluded from conventional metrics like
2331-571: A total of £828,211 over a period of eight years from countries of the Saudi-led coalition in the Yemeni Civil War . The money was granted in the form of all-expenses-paid trips to 96 MPs by Saudi Arabia (at least £319,406), Bahrain (£197,985), the United Arab Emirates (£187,251), Egypt (£66,695) and Kuwait (£56,872). MPs also received gifts, including a £500 food hamper, tickets for
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#17330860106372442-464: A very similar, but more advanced solution for 4,500 euros. Because of the inflated cost of the outdoor toilet, it was nicknamed the "Golden Toilet". Despite the investment, the "Golden Toilet" remained closed for years due to the dysfunctionality and was a subject of a lengthy anti-corruption investigation into those who had created it and the local municipality even considered demolishing the building at one point. The group of public servants involved in
2553-652: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Armed Forces of Russia The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation , commonly referred to as the Russian Armed Forces , are the military of Russia . They are organized into three service branches—the Ground Forces , Navy , and Aerospace Forces —two independent combat arms (the Strategic Rocket Forces and Airborne Forces ), and
2664-547: Is a paramilitary organization of the Federal Security Service , the country's main internal intelligence agency. Both organizations have significant wartime tasks in addition to their main peacetime activities and operate their own land, air and maritime units. The number of personnel is specified by decree of the President of Russia . On 1 January 2008, a number of 2,019,629 units, including military of 1,134,800 units,
2775-673: Is a privately held Brazilian conglomerate consisting of businesses in the fields of engineering, real estate , construction, chemicals and petrochemicals . The company was founded in 1944 in Salvador da Bahia by Norberto Odebrecht , and the firm is now present in South America, Central America, North America, the Caribbean, Africa, Europe and the Middle East. Its leading company is Norberto Odebrecht Construtora [ pt ] . Odebrecht
2886-487: Is a semi-public Brazilian multinational corporation in the petroleum industry headquartered in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil . The company's name translates to Brazilian Petroleum Corporation – Petrobras. The company was ranked No. 58 in the 2016 Fortune Global 500 list. From 2014 to 2021, an investigation known as Operation Car Wash examined allegations of corporate and political collusion and corruption by Petrobras. Odebrecht
2997-504: Is a well known and now global form of political corruption, being the unscrupulous and illegal use of a politician's authority for personal gain, when funds intended for public projects are intentionally misdirected in order to maximize the benefits to illegally private interests of the corrupted individual(s) and their cronies. In some cases government institutions are "repurposed" or shifted away from their official mandate to serve other, often corrupt purposes. The Kaunas golden toilet case
3108-774: Is carried out by taking into account the age category under the article 53 of Federal Law of 28 March 1998, No.53-FZ "About military duty and military service": in order from first category to third category. Corruption#Military Corruption is a form of dishonesty or a criminal offense that is undertaken by a person or an organization that is entrusted in a position of authority to acquire illicit benefits or abuse power for one's gain. Corruption may involve activities like bribery , influence peddling , and embezzlement , as well as practices that are legal in many countries, such as lobbying . Political corruption occurs when an office-holder or other governmental employee acts in an official capacity for personal gain. Corruption
3219-690: Is difficult to completely eradicate, even in developed countries. Military corruption refers to the abuse of power by members in the armed forces, in order for career advancement or for personal gain by a soldier or soldiers. One form of military corruption in the United States Armed Forces is a military soldier being promoted in rank or being given better treatment than their colleagues by their officers due to their race , sexual orientation , ethnicity , gender , religious beliefs , social class or personal relationships with higher-ranking officers in spite of their merit. In addition to that,
3330-524: Is distinct with widespread bribery, corruption in the US and the UK features a significant amount of fraud. The US is distinct with grey areas and institutional corruption in the higher education sector. Authoritarian regimes, including those in former Soviet republics, encourage educational corruption and control universities, especially during the election campaigns. This is typical for Russia, Ukraine, and Central Asian regimes, among others. The general public
3441-418: Is divided into the legislative, executive and judicial branches in an attempt to provide independent services that are less subject to grand corruption due to their independence from one another. Systemic corruption (or endemic corruption ) is corruption which is primarily due to the weaknesses of an organization or process. It can be contrasted with individual officials or agents who act corruptly within
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3552-610: Is found in acquaintances. Acquaintances are treated with trust and respect—a level of trust that is not found among acquaintances in countries like the United States. This is what permits for corruption in Latin American countries. If there is a strong enough trust within an administration that no one will betray the rest, corruptive policies will take place with ease. While petty, grand, and systemic corruption, described above, are largely found in poor countries with weak institutions,
3663-435: Is less a tax than an investment... making it more sludge than grease." The Unbundled Corruption Index measures the prevalence of these four types of corruption. Whereas corruption with theft and speed money is endemic in poor countries, access money can be found in both poor and rich countries. Petty corruption occurs at a smaller scale and takes place at the implementation end of public services when public officials meet
3774-432: Is one of the 25 largest international construction companies and led by Odebrecht family. In 2016, the firm's executives were examined during Operation Car Wash part of an investigation over Odebrecht Organization bribes to executives of Petrobras, in exchange for contracts and influence. Operation Car Wash is an ongoing criminal money laundering and bribes related corporate crime investigation being carried out by
3885-510: Is perceived as most common in kleptocracies , oligarchies , narco-states , and mafia states , however, more recent research and policy statements acknowledge that it also exists in wealthy capitalist economies. In How Corrupt is Britain , David Whyte reveals that corruption exists "across a wide range of venerated institutions" in the UK, ranked as one of the least corrupt countries by the Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI). In
3996-456: Is permitted as a result of the cultural norms of the institution. In countries like the United States, there is a relatively strong sense of trust among strangers, one that is not found in Latin American countries. In Latin American countries, this trust does not exist, whereas the social norms imply that no stranger is responsible for the wellbeing or happiness of another stranger. Instead, the trust
4107-685: Is the Nizhny Tagil-based Uralvagonzavod machinery plant. In recent years, the core products presented at the event are modifications of T-90 , most advanced Russian series tank. The 8th exhibit was held on September 8–11, 2011. Russian prime minister Vladimir Putin , Sverdlovsk Oblast governor Alexander Misharin and many other top officials have to attended the event. About 300 Russian and international arms manufacturers have participated with around 2,500 products. The Exhibition seeks to promote Russian military equipment, arms and ammunition to both domestic and foreign markets, expand
4218-437: Is the kind of corruption associated with the "efficient grease hypothesis," which economists found burdensome to businesses in practice. Ang defines access money as "high-stakes rewards extended by business actors to powerful officials, not just for speed, but to access exclusive, valuable privileges." Most theories about bribery focus on speed money, but neglects access money. "From a businessperson's point of view, access money
4329-561: Is there an interest of the public (owner) to develop internal mechanisms to fight active or passive corruption, whereas in private industry as well as in NGOs there is no public control. Therefore, the owners' investors' or sponsors' profits are largely decisive. Public corruption includes corruption of the political process and of government agencies such as tax collectors and the police, as well as corruption in processes of allocating public funds for contracts, grants, and hiring. Recent research by
4440-399: Is unambiguously associated with corruption, whereas mineral exports only increased corruption in poorer countries. In wealthier countries, mineral exports such as gold and diamonds are actually associated with reduced corruption. The international Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative seeks to create best practices for good governance of gas, oil, and minerals, particularly focusing on
4551-570: Is used in Russia; the term of service is 12 months; and the eligible age is between 18 and 27 years old. Deferments are provided to undergraduate and graduate students, men supporting disabled relatives, parents of at least two children and—upon Presidential proclamation—to some employees of military-oriented enterprises. Men holding a Ph.D., as well as sons and brothers of servicemen killed or disabled during their military service, are released from conscription. There were widespread problems with hazing in
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4662-431: Is well aware of the high level of corruption in colleges and universities, including thanks to the media. Doctoral education is no exception, with dissertations and doctoral degrees available for sale, including for politicians. Russian Parliament is notorious for "highly educated" MPs High levels of corruption are a result of universities not being able to break away from their Stalinist past, over bureaucratization, and
4773-482: Is when white supremacist groups, such as Neo-Nazi Skinheads or Neo-Confederates (such as the Ku Klux Klan ), recruit members of law enforcement into their ranks or encourage their members to join local police departments to repress minorities and covertly promote white supremacy. Another example is police officers flouting the police code of conduct in order to secure convictions of suspects—for example, through
4884-595: The American military education system in which students can choose between available types of ROTC . The Russian military education system includes: Russian Armed Forces have reserves ( Russian : запас; transliteration : zapas) which includes 2 components: By default, at the end of active duty each military personnel is enrolled as a mobilization human resource . This applies equally to conscripts and volunteers regardless of ranks . Furthermore, graduates of civilian institutions of higher education, who have graduated
4995-834: The Border Guard of the Federal Security Service , the National Guard , the Ministry of Internal Affairs , the Federal Protective Service , the Foreign Intelligence Service , and the Ministry of Emergency Situations . Armed forces under the Ministry of Defence are divided into: There are additionally two further separate troop branches , the National Guard and the Border Service . These retain
5106-460: The Federal Police of Brazil , Curitiba Branch, and judicially commanded by Judge Sergio Moro since 17 March 2014. Corruption in education is a worldwide phenomenon. Corruption in admissions to universities is traditionally considered one of the most corrupt areas of the education sector. Recent attempts in some countries, such as Russia and Ukraine, to curb corruption in admissions through
5217-666: The Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs (now the National Guard of Russia 's National Guard Forces Command ), the Border Guard Service of Russia (part of the Federal Security Service ), the Kremlin Regiment and the rest of the Federal Protective Service , and the Ministry of Emergency Situations , the country's civil defence service since 1995 and successor to earlier civil defence units. The Navy consists of four fleets and one flotilla : Conscription
5328-876: The Main Military-Political Directorate of the Russian Armed Forces was created, restoring a responsibility for ideological training that had been done away with in the Soviet Armed Forces . The Russian military is divided into three services: the Russian Ground Forces , the Russian Navy , and the Russian Aerospace Forces . In addition there are two independent arms of service : the Strategic Missile Troops and
5439-880: The Russian Airborne Troops . The Armed Forces as a whole are traditionally referred to as the Army ( armiya ), except in some cases, the Navy is specifically singled out. Since late 2010, the Ground Forces as well as the Aerospace Forces and Navy are distributed among four military districts : Western Military District , Southern Military District , Central Military District , and the Eastern Military District which also constitute four Joint Strategic Commands—West, South, Central, and East. Previously from 1992 to 2010,
5550-600: The Special Operations Forces Command . The Russian Armed Forces are the world's fifth largest military force , with 1.15 million active-duty personnel and close to two million reservists . They maintain the world's largest stockpile of nuclear weapons , possess the world's second-largest fleet of ballistic missile submarines , and are the only armed forces outside the United States and China that operate strategic bombers . As of 2024, Russia has
5661-490: The abuse of prisoners . Another form of misconduct is probation officers taking bribes in exchange for allowing paroles to violate the terms of their probation or abusing their paroles. More rarely, police officers may deliberately and systematically participate in organized crime themselves, either while on the job or during off hours. In most major cities, there are internal affairs sections to investigate suspected police corruption or misconduct. Similar entities include
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#17330860106375772-481: The leaders of criminal enterprises as well as their criminal organizations , with the use of unethical and/or illegal conduct such as making false or misleading statements, hiding evidence from prosecutors, failing to disclose all relevant facts about the case, or even giving clients advice on how to commit crimes in ways that would make prosecution more difficult for any investigating authorities. In criminology , corporate crime refers to crimes committed either by
5883-418: The military training centers of their almae matres, trained under reserve officer program , are enrolled as mobilization Human Resources after their promotion to officer's rank (unlike graduates of such centers, trained under active duty officer program, who are due to be enrolled for active duty after their promotion to officer's rank). Mobilization human resource are replenished with males who reach
5994-485: The post-Soviet states both types occur. Some scholars argue that there is a negative duty of western governments to protect against systematic corruption of underdeveloped governments. Corruption has been a major issue in China, where society depends heavily on personal relationships. By the late 20th century that combined with the new lust for wealth, produced escalating corruption. Historian Keith Schoppa says that bribery
6105-524: The world's third-highest military expenditure , at approximately US$ 130 billion, or over six percent of GDP, compared to approximately to US$ 86.5–$ 109 billion the year before. Its military budget is set to expand by 30 percent, to US$ 145 billion, in 2025. The Russian military is a hybrid system that combines conscripts with contracted volunteers ; with certain exceptions, Russian law mandates one year of military service for all male citizens aged 18–27. Despite efforts to professionalize its ranks since
6216-528: The Army, known as dedovshchina , where first-year draftees are abused by second-year draftees, a practice that appeared in its current form after the change to a two-year service term in 1967. According to Anna Politkovskaya , in 2002, "a complete battalion, more than five hundred men, had been killed not by enemy fire but by beatings". Over a period of 9 months in 2003, 2,500 personnel were accused of dedovshchina, of which half were sentenced. To combat this problem,
6327-541: The British Independent Police Complaints Commission . Private sector corruption occurs when any institution, entity or person that is not controlled by the public sector company, household and institution that is not controlled by the public sector engages in corrupt acts. Private sector corruption may overlap with public sector corruption, for example when a private entity operates in conjunction with corrupt government officials, or where
6438-736: The CPI. A number of indicators and tools have been developed which can measure different forms of corruption with increasing accuracy; but when those are impractical, one study suggests looking at bodyfat as a rough guide after finding that obesity of cabinet ministers in post-Soviet states was highly correlated with more accurate measures of corruption. Political economist Yuen Yuen Ang "unbundles corruption" into four types, encompassing both petty and grand corruption as well as legal and illegal versions: petty theft, grand theft, speed money, access money. According to her definition, speed money "means petty bribes that businesses or citizens pay to bureaucrats to get around hurdles or speed things up." This
6549-436: The Ground Forces were divided into six military districts : Moscow , Leningrad , North Caucausian , Privolzhsk-Ural , Siberian and Far Eastern , with the seventh military district: Kaliningrad formed in 1997; in service until 2010. Russia's four naval fleets and one flotilla were organizations on par with the Ground Forces' Military Districts. These seven MDs were merged into the four new MDs, which now also incorporate
6660-783: The Russian Armed Forces , Railway Troops , Signal Troops and Construction Troops . The Ministry of Defence incorporated the Main Directorate of the Military Police Since 1 December 2012. The Main Directorate of the Military Police oversees subordinated military districts regional directorates of military police . The Chief of the General Staff is currently General of the Army Valery Gerasimov . In July 2018,
6771-610: The Russian Armed Forces . On 20 September 2022 the State Duma passed a bill which would make Russian citizenship available to foreign soldiers upon 12 months service in the AFRF; previously the service requirement had been set at three years. Awards and decorations of the Armed Forces are covered at the Awards and Emblems of the Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation . On 17 November 2011, General Nikolai Makarov said that Russia had reached
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#17330860106376882-692: The Supreme Commander of NATO Allied Forces Europe Christopher Cavoli : "The Russians are very cleverly adapting technologically and procedurally to many of the challenges that they run into in Ukraine". Cavoli also said in April 2024 that the Russian military has replaced its troop and equipment losses and is larger than it was before the start of the conflict. On June 26, 2024, the UK -based Royal United Services Institute think tank reported that Russia continues to increase
6993-478: The U.S. and China). The Soviet Union officially dissolved on 25 December 1991. For the next year various attempts to keep its unity and to transform it into the military of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) failed. Over time, some units stationed in the newly independent republics swore loyalty to their new national governments, while a series of treaties between the newly independent states divided up
7104-657: The UK is a developed economy with a robust democracy, and yet London is a hub for money laundering. In a critique of the failures and politics leading up to the US financial crisis, a Stanford financial economist noted, "In the real world, it turned out, important economic outcomes are often the consequences of political forces. During 2010, people within regulatory bodies told me privately that false and misleading claims were affecting key policy decisions... I saw confusion, willful blindness, political forces, various and sometimes subtle forms of corruption, and moral disengagement, first hand." Per R. Klitgaard corruption will occur if
7215-592: The UN-brokered deal to resume Ukraine's Black Sea grain exports, Russia bombed the Port of Odesa . According to Forbes Moscow had committed, as of the end of July 2022, 10 of its Combined Arms Armies to the invasion. The Wagner Group has made a name for itself as Putin's "private army." In June 2023, Putin backed the Ministry of Defense's plan to make mercenary groups sign contracts, which Wagner leader Yevgeny Prigozhin pushed against: these contracts would have placed
7326-517: The US military has also had many instances of officers sexually assaulting fellow officers and in many cases, there were allegations that many of the attacks were covered up and victims were coerced to remain silent by officers of the same rank or of higher rank. Another example of military corruption, is a military officer or officers using the power of their positions to commit activities that are illegal, such as skimming logistical supplies such as food, medicine, fuel, body armor or weapons to sell on
7437-518: The Wagner Group under the Ministry's command structure as subordinates and limited Prigozhin's own influence. Later in June, the Wagner Group turned against the Russian invasion of Ukraine and the Ministry of Defense until a peace deal was reached. According to Prigozhin, part of the reason for his march against Russia was to stop the government from "[dismantling] PMC Wagner." By July 2024, according to
7548-640: The World Bank suggests that who makes policy decisions (elected officials or bureaucrats) can be critical in determining the level of corruption because of the incentives different policy-makers face. Judicial corruption refers to the corruption-related misconduct of judges , through the receiving or giving of bribes, the improper sentencing of convicted criminals, bias in the hearing and judgement of arguments and other forms of misconduct. Judicial corruption can also be conducted by prosecutors and defense attorneys. An example of prosecutorial misconduct , occurs when
7659-457: The abolition of university entrance examinations and introduction of standardized computer-graded tests have met backlash from part of society, while others appreciate the changes. Vouchers for university entrants have never materialized. The cost of corruption is that it impedes sustainable economic growth. Endemic corruption in educational institutions leads to the formation of sustainable corrupt hierarchies. While higher education in Russia
7770-587: The adaptation of measures to combat climate change . Political corruption is the abuse of public power, office, or resources by elected government officials for personal gain, by extortion, soliciting or offering bribes. It can also take the form of office holders maintaining themselves in office by purchasing votes by enacting laws which use taxpayers' money. Evidence suggests that corruption can have political consequences- with citizens being asked for bribes becoming less likely to identify with their country or region. The political act of "graft" (American English),
7881-579: The administrative body of the Armed Forces. Since Soviet times, the General Staff has acted as the main commanding and supervising body of the Russian armed forces. "[T]he Soviet General Staff without the MoD is conceivable, but the MoD without the General Staff is not." Other departments include the Main Intelligence Directorate , the personnel directorate as well as the Logistical Support of
7992-581: The aerospace forces and naval forces. There is one remaining Russian military base, the 102nd Military Base , in Armenia left of the former Transcaucasus Group of Forces and is incorporated into the Southern Military District. In mid-2010 a reorganisation was announced which consolidated military districts and the navy's fleets into four Joint Strategic Commands (OSC). In 2014 the Northern Fleet
8103-458: The age of 27 years old and were not in military service for any reason. Enrolling in the mobilization human reserve is voluntary and implies the special contract. This possibility is available for each persons, who is in the mobilization human resource already. The initial contract is concluded for 3 years period. Military personnel of mobilization human reserve (reservists) perform part-time duties in military units. Reservists are appointed to
8214-551: The armed forces (with, for comparison, the total defence budget for 2001 being 214 billion rubles). Areas of particular concern identified by a researcher at the Norwegian Defence Research Establishment in 2007 included the State Defence Order (perhaps 10-15% realised in 2004); " ghost soldiers ," as "it is generally acknowledged that the number of actually serving personnel differs substantially from
8325-497: The authorized number of personnel," and officers at various levels can pocket excess money for themselves; and "the domestic purchases of goods and services, where corrupt officers overpay civilian providers in return for bribes." On 24 February 2022, Russian president Vladimir Putin gave the execute order to for the Armed Forces to begin the Russian invasion of Ukraine . On 10 April 2022 General Aleksandr Dvornikov assumed command of
8436-426: The background of the ongoing invasion of Ukraine , Vladimir Putin signed the law which removed the upper age limit for signing first contract for the performance of voluntary military service (earlier this limit was 40 years old). In November 2024, following heavy personnel losses, Russia reduced payments to troops injured in the invasion of Ukraine amidst the Russian government facing increasing war costs due to
8547-424: The concept to include "legal corruption" in which power is abused within the confines of the law—as those with power often have the ability to make laws for their protection. The effect of corruption in infrastructure is to increase costs and construction time, lower the quality and decrease the benefit. Corruption is a complex phenomenon and can occur on different scales. Corruption ranges from small favors between
8658-660: The corrupt gain is greater than the penalty multiplied by the likelihood of being caught and prosecuted. Since a high degree of monopoly and discretion accompanied by a low degree of transparency does not automatically lead to corruption, a fourth variable of "morality" or "integrity" has been introduced by others. The moral dimension has an intrinsic component and refers to a "mentality problem", and an extrinsic component referring to circumstances like poverty, inadequate remuneration, inappropriate work conditions and inoperable or over-complicated procedures which demoralize people and let them search for "alternative" solutions. According to
8769-606: The deterrence of crime. Strategies undertaken to counter corruption are often summarized under the umbrella term anti-corruption . Additionally, global initiatives like the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 16 also have a targeted goal which is supposed to reduce corruption in all of its forms substantially. Recent initiatives like the Tax Justice Network go beyond bribery and theft and bring attention to tax abuses. Stephen D. Morris,
8880-778: The early 2000s, it remains heavily reliant on conscripts, with contract soldiers being concentrated in cadre and elite units . Russia plans to expand its active personnel to 1.5 million by the end of 2024, which will make it the second largest active military force after China. Despite its perceived military strength, deficiencies have been noted in Russia's overall combat performance and its ability to effectively project hard power . The ongoing invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 has exposed weaknesses such as endemic corruption , rigid command and control structure , inadequate training, and poor morale; Russian Armed Forces have experienced successive losses of occupied/annexed territory ,
8991-438: The emergence of "a particular kind of large, non-state business group" that is akin to a mafia system in China. In this situation, the boundary between public and private actors blurs. Much of existing literature focuses on explicit corrupt actions like bribery and embezzlement, endemic in poor countries (see below). For "money in politics," the causes are very different and largely ignored in conventional literature. For example,
9102-495: The entire period of being in mobilization human resource can not exceed 12 months, and a person may be enlisted in such training no more than once every three years. As of 2009, the number of citizens who can be used for mobilization deployment on an involuntary basis in the case of wartime mobilization was estimated at 31 million. Reservists are subject to mobilization in wartime first of all. Non-reservists are subject to mobilization secondarily. The mobilization of non-reservists
9213-687: The former Soviet Republics. In late 2000 Gazeta.ru reported that of 600,000 personnel planned to be dismissed from the various "power ministries," the Armed Forces would be reduced by 365,000. Both in Soviet and Russian times, corruption has been a significant impediment to the Armed Forces. "The change from Yeltsin to Putin ..had minimal effect on Russian military corruption. Putin, despite his desire to rebuild Russian strength, has not shown himself willing or able to seriously deal with" corruption. From 1991 to 2001, Russian authorities uncovered at least 350 billion rubles' (US$ 11.5 billion) worth of corruption in
9324-426: The government involves itself in activity normally performed by private entities. Corruption facilitated by lawyers is a well known form of judicial misconduct. Such abuse is called Attorney misconduct . Attorney misconduct can be either conducted by individuals acting on their own accord or by entire law firms . A well known example of such corruption are mob lawyers . Mob lawyers are attorneys who seek to protect
9435-424: The judiciary. The proper distribution of a nation's wealth, including its government's spending on the judiciary, is subject to constitutional economics . The judiciary may be corrupted by acts of the government, such as through budget planning and various privileges, and by private acts. Corruption in judiciary may also involve the government using its judicial arm to oppress opposition parties. Judicial corruption
9546-460: The large amount of injuries. The Russian military education system, inherited from the Soviet Union , trains officer-specialists in narrowly-defined military occupational specialties. In this it differs greatly from the American military education system in which newly qualified second lieutenants receive particular specialties in the framework of their "career branch" only after graduation from
9657-540: The large-scale destruction and squandering of their equipment, and a notably high casualty rate. Researchers from the U.S.-funded RAND Corporation have observed that Russia continues struggling with military professionalization, but remains capable of rapidly reconstituting its capabilities. Directly controlled by the Security Council of Russia , the Russian Armed Forces form part of the country's defence services under Russian law, fulfilling this capacity alongside
9768-512: The legal status of "Armed Forces", while falling outside of the jurisdiction of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation . The National Guard is formed on the basis of the former Internal Troops of Russia . The new structure has been detached from the Ministry of Internal Affairs into a separate agency, directly subordinated to the President of Russia . The Border Service
9879-407: The local black market . There have also been instances of military officials, providing equipment and combat support to criminal syndicates , private military companies and terrorist groups , without approval from their superiors. As a result, many countries have a military police force to ensure that the military officers follow the laws and conduct of their respective countries but sometimes
9990-413: The military police have levels of corruption themselves. Within less democratic countries, the presence of resources such as diamonds, gold, oil, and forestry increases the prevalence of corruption. Corruption includes industrial corruption, consisting of large bribes, as well as petty corruption such as a poacher paying off a park ranger to ignore poaching . The presence of fuel extraction and export
10101-649: The military's assets. Apart from assuming control of the bulk of the former Soviet Internal Troops and the KGB Border Troops , seemingly the only independent defence move the new Russian government made before March 1992 involved announcing the establishment of a National Guard . Until 1995, it was planned to form at least 11 brigades numbering 3,000 to 5,000 each, with a total of no more than 100,000. National Guard military units were to be deployed in 10 regions, including in Moscow (three brigades), (two brigades), and
10212-476: The newly formed CIS signed a protocol on the temporary appointment of Marshal of Aviation Yevgeny Shaposhnikov as Minister of Defence and commander of the armed forces in their territory, including strategic nuclear forces. On 14 February 1992 Shaposhnikov formally became Supreme Commander of the CIS Armed Forces. On 16 March 1992 a decree by Boris Yeltsin created the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation,
10323-673: The next few years, Russian forces withdrew from central and eastern Europe, as well as from some newly independent post-Soviet republics. While in most places the withdrawal took place without any problems, the Russian Armed Forces remained in some disputed areas such as the Sevastopol naval base in the Crimea as well as in Abkhazia , South Ossetia and in Transnistria . The Armed Forces have several bases in foreign countries, especially on territory of
10434-436: The number of reserve troops is classified. The military units manned by reservists are determined by General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation , and this information is classified too. The persons who are in mobilization human resource (non-reservists) may be enlisted to military camp trainings in peacetime. The duration of each training can not exceed 2 months, herewith the total duration of such trainings for
10545-406: The operation. In July 2022, at the same time as the Armed Forces began suffering severe casualties , the Ground Forces began to site ammunition in or near structures which are frequented by civilians due to the human shield benefit, ostensibly because Ukrainian HIMARS had tilted the odds of his strategy of attrition by artillery. Within hours after Defence Minister Sergei Shoigu 's signature on
10656-574: The operational control of Allied High Command and the Ministry of Defence, which was headed by President . Finally, on 7 May 1992, Yeltsin signed a decree establishing the armed forces and Yeltsin assumed the duties of the Supreme Commander. In May 1992, General Colonel Pavel Grachev became the Minister of Defence, and was made Russia's first Army General on assuming the post. By August or December 1993 CIS military structures had become CIS military cooperation structures with all real influence lost. In
10767-575: The permanent readiness forces if the permanent readiness forces cannot deter or suppress an armed conflict on their own. Recruitment into the Russian military are also open to non-Russian citizens of the Commonwealth of Independent States , of which Russia is the largest member. By December 2003, the Russian parliament had approved a law in principle to permit the Armed Forces to employ foreign nationals on contract by offering them Russian citizenship after several years service yet, up to 2010, foreigners could only serve in Russia's armed forces after getting
10878-588: The political, legal and economic systems. Such corruption is commonly found in countries with authoritarian or dictatorial governments but also in those without adequate policing of corruption. Still, it can also occur in democracies lacking effective corruption oversight . This type of corruption typically involves large-scale embezzlement, bribery, or fraud that affects national policies and governance, hindering development and eroding public trust. combatting it requires robust institutions, transparency, and accountability measures. The government system in many countries
10989-401: The production and sophistication of its main weapons and its defense industry remained highly dependent on foreign imports of critical components. The Ukrainian Commander-in-Chief Colonel General Oleksandr Syrskyi said on 24 July 2024 that Russians were much better resourced now but also suffer three times higher losses than Ukraine. The Defence Ministry of the Russian Federation serves as
11100-402: The public. For example, in many small places such as registration offices, police stations, state licensing boards, and many other private and government sectors. It may seem minor, but it erodes trust in institutions and fosters a culture of dishonesty. Grand corruption is defined as corruption occurring at the highest levels of government in a way that requires significant subversion of
11211-483: The range of foreign partners, demonstrate the latest achievements of the Russian and foreign manufacturers, develop business contacts between producers and buyers of the military equipment, weapons and ammunition from around the world. Russian Defense Expo is the parallel exhibit held at the same site alternately, in the years when RAE isn't held. It is dedicated to non-armed support vehicles for military, emergency and other forces. This Russian military article
11322-431: The rich' - which tends to be legalized, institutionalized, and ambiguously unethical - as opposed to 'corruption of the poor'". Corruption and crime are endemic sociological occurrences that appear regularly in virtually all countries on a global scale in varying degrees and proportions. Recent data suggests corruption is on the rise. Each nation allocates domestic resources for the control and regulation of corruption and
11433-582: The state management of revenue from these resources. Any valued natural resource can be affected by corruption, including water for irrigation , land for livestock grazing, forests for hunting and logging, and fisheries. The presence or perception of corruption also undermines environmental initiatives. In Kenya, farmers blame poor agricultural productivity on corruption, and thus are less likely to undertake soil conservation measures to prevent soil erosion and loss of nutrients. In Benin, mistrust of government due to perceived corruption led small farmers to reject
11544-525: The system. Factors which encourage systemic corruption include conflicting incentives , discretionary powers ; monopolistic powers ; lack of transparency ; low pay; and a culture of impunity . Specific acts of corruption include "bribery, extortion, and embezzlement" in a system where "corruption becomes the rule rather than the exception." Scholars distinguish between centralized and decentralized systemic corruption, depending on which level of state or government corruption takes place; in countries such as
11655-484: The toilet's procurement received various prison sentences for recklessness, malfeasance, misuse of power and document falsifications in a 2012 court case, but were cleared of their corruption charges and received compensation, which pushed the total construction cost and subsequent related financial losses to 352,000 euros. On 7 July 2020, the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace , a global think tank, released
11766-431: The use of surveillance abuse , false confessions , police perjury and/or falsified evidence . Police officers have also been known to sell forms of contraband that were taken during seizers (such as confiscated drugs , stolen property or weapons ). Corruption and misconduct can also be done by prison officers, such as the smuggling of contraband (such as drugs or electronics) into jails and prisons for inmates or
11877-535: The witnesses as retribution for reporting the misconduct. Whistleblowing is not common in law enforcement in part because officers who do so normally face reprisal by being fired, being forced to transfer to another department, being demoted, being shunned, losing friends, not being given back-up during emergencies, receiving professional or even physical threats as well as having threats be made against friends or relatives of theirs or having their own misconduct exposed. In America another common form of police corruption
11988-402: Was a major Lithuanian scandal. In 2009, the municipality of Kaunas (led by mayor Andrius Kupčinskas) ordered that a shipping container was to be converted into an outdoor toilet at a cost of 500,000 litai (around 150,000 euros). It was to also require 5,000 litai (1,500 euros) in monthly maintenance costs. At the same time when Kaunas's "Golden Toilet" was built, Kėdainiai tennis club acquired
12099-438: Was only one of the tools of Chinese corruption, which also included, "embezzlement, nepotism, smuggling, extortion, cronyism, kickbacks, deception, fraud, squandering of public money, illegal business transactions, stock manipulation and real estate fraud." Given the repeated anti-corruption campaigns it was a prudent precaution to move as much of the fraudulent money as possible overseas. In Latin American countries , corruption
12210-515: Was reorganized in separate Joint Strategic Command. Since 1 January 2021, this Command has the status of military district. Geographically divided, the five commands/districts are: The plan was put in place on 1 December 2010 and mirrors a proposed reorganisation by former Chief of the General Staff Army General Yuri Baluyevsky for a Regional Command East which was not implemented. The four commands were set up by
12321-909: Was set. In 2010 the International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) estimated that the Russian Armed Forces numbered about 1,027,000 active troops and in the region of 2,035,000 reserves (largely ex-conscripts). As opposed to personnel specified by decree, actual personnel numbers on the payroll was reported by the Audit Chamber of Russia as 766,000 in October 2013. According to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute , between 2005–2009 and 2010–2014, Russian exports of major weapons increased by 37 percent; Russia spent $ 66.4 billion on arms in 2015, then $ 69.2 billion in 2016, having taken 3rd place (after
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