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71-571: The Fritz J. and Dolores H. Russ Prize is an American national and international award established by the United States National Academy of Engineering (NAE) in October 1999 in Athens . Named after Fritz Russ, the founder of Systems Research Laboratories , and his wife Dolores Russ, it recognizes a bioengineering achievement that "has had a significant impact on society and has contributed to

142-618: A "National Research Council" albeit with the assistance of the Engineering Foundation. (pg. 569) The purpose of the Council (at first called the National Research Foundation) was in part to foster and encourage "the increased use of scientific research in the development of American industries... the employment of scientific methods in strengthening the national defense... and such other applications of science as will promote

213-464: A comprehensive system of railways was constructed for the removal of the immense amounts of earthen and rocky spoil . Major David du Bose Gaillard , of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers , joined the project at the same time as Goethals, and he was put in charge of the central district of the canal, which was responsible for all of the work between Gatun Lake and the Pedro Miguel locks —most notably,

284-531: A course for... (engineering)... to move from devices to global social challenges, and has identified a number of exciting ones." One critical reaction to the NAE's challenges noted that engineers today are the "...unacknowledged legislators of the world... (and by)... designing and constructing new structures, processes, and products, they are influencing how we live as much as any laws enacted by politicians. The author argued that NAE's Grand Challenges should have included

355-703: A fifth of the membership. during the latter part of the 19th century, this engineering membership steadily declined and by 1912, Henry Larcom Abbot , who had been elected in 1872, was the sole remaining representative of the Corps of Engineers. With the Engineering Division in the wartime National Research Council being used as a precedent, the Academy established its first engineering section with nine members in 1919 with civil war veteran Henry Larcom Abbot as its first chairman. OF those nine members, only two were new members,

426-629: A hand-scribed certificate. The Russ Prize, the Gordon Prize and the Draper Prize , all awarded by the NAE, are known collectively as the " Nobel Prizes of Engineering ". United States National Academy of Engineering The National Academy of Engineering ( NAE ) is an American nonprofit , non-governmental organization . The National Academy of Engineering is part of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine , along with

497-455: A high level. After this, the sediment in the upper levels of the cut were removed, resulting in less weight over the weak strata. Landslides continued to be a problem after the canal's opening, causing intermittent closures. Steam shovels broke through the Culebra Cut on May 20, 1913. The Americans had lowered the summit of the cut from 59 to 12 metres (194 to 39 ft) above sea level, at

568-591: A marked improvement in our quality of life." The project received "...thousands of inputs from around the world to determine its list of Grand Challenges for Engineering, and its report was reviewed by more than 50 subject-matter experts, making it among the most reviewed of Academy studies." In February 2008, the committee announced 14 Engineering Grand Challenges fitting into four broad categories: energy, sustainability, and global climate change; medicine, health informatics and health care delivery systems; reducing our vulnerability to natural and human threats; and advancing

639-456: A new National Academy of Engineering that's independent, with a congressional charter of its own. Walker noted that this moment offered a "...singular opportunity for the engineering profession to participate actively and directly in communicating objective advice to the government..." on engineering matters related to national policy. A secondary function was to recognize distinguished individuals for their engineering contributions. Ultimately,

710-544: A plan for preparing engineering students at the undergraduate academic degree level to practice in career fields that emerged as a result of the effort to answer the Grand Challenges. The program had five components, namely: While the National Academy of Engineering's GC SCholars (GCSP) program was primarily focused on undergraduate level curriculums, STEM focuses on K–12 education . The question for STEM educators

781-448: A single blast. The excavation of the cut was one of the greatest areas of uncertainty in the creation of the canal, due to the unpredicted large landslides . The International Board of Consulting Engineers had mistakenly decided that the rock would be stable at a height of 73.5 metres (241 ft) with a slope of 1 in 1.5; in practice, the rock began to collapse from that slope at a height of only 19.5 metres (64 ft). The misjudgment

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852-436: A way to inspire the profession, young people, and the public at large to seek the solutions." NAE also stated that the Grand Challenges were "...not targeted to any one country or corporate sector... (and)... are relevant to everyone in every country. In fact, some of them bear on the very survival of society. If solving these challenges can become an international movement, all will benefit." One writer favorably observed that

923-434: A world model, should be reshaped to produce more 'versatile scientists,' rather than narrowly specialized researchers". Again, in 2000, NAE returned to this education theme with its detailed studies of engineering education as part of its "Engineer of 2020 Studies" project. The reports concluded that engineering education must be reformed, else, American engineers will be poorly prepared for engineering practice. Soon after,

994-609: Is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the rest of the National Academies the role of advising the federal government. The National Academy of Sciences was created by an Act of Incorporation dated March 3, 1863, which was signed by then President of the United States Abraham Lincoln with the purpose to "...investigate, examine, experiment, and report upon any subject of science or art..." No reference to engineering

1065-580: The National Academy of Sciences (NAS), the National Academy of Medicine , and the National Research Council (now the program units of NASEM ). The NAE operates engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. New members are annually elected by current members, based on their distinguished and continuing achievements in original research . The NAE

1136-723: The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey not to construct additional runways at JFK airport as part of a $ 350,000 study commissioned by the Port Authority. The Port Authority accepted the recommendations of the NAE and NAS. In 1975, the NAE added eighty-six new engineer members including noted civil engineer and businessman Stephen Davison Bechtel Jr. In 1986, the NAE issued a report encouraging foreign investment, calling for stronger Federal action. That same year, NAE member Robert W. Rummel (1915-2009), space expert and aerospace engineer, served on The Presidential Commission on

1207-691: The Space Shuttle Challenger Accident . In 1989, the National Academy of Engineering in conjunction with the National Academy of Science advised the Department of Energy on a site location for the then proposed Superconducting Super Collider (SSC) from a number of States proposals. In 1995, the NAE along with the NAS and the National Academy of Medicine reported that the American system of doctoral education in science and engineering, while "...long

1278-900: The St. Lawrence seaway and power project , built between 1954 and 1959 and by extension the Panama Canal . The St. Lawrence seaway was "...one of the largest transborder projects ever undertaken by two countries and one of the greatest engineering achievements of the 20th century." It was also noted that these 20th-century accomplishments did not come without impacts on the environment or societies. Electrification as an example, resulting in fossil-fuel-burning power plants, airplanes and automobiles which emit greenhouse gases while electronics manufacturing leaves heavy-metal byproducts. The Grand Challenges confront wicked social issues that are inherently global in nature and require technological innovations and applications of systems thinking. Further, NAE argues that

1349-534: The "...challenge of thinking about what we are doing as we turn the world into an (engineering) artifact and the appropriate limitations of this engineering power." This is already happening in the Netherlands with its Delta Works as an example of a society being an engineered artifact but also with a community of philosophers of engineering and technology. Another commentator observed that challenges with respect to sustainability concentrated on specific elements of

1420-547: The Academy provided in science. The question being, whether to affiliate with the National Academy or set up a separate Academy. During the past century of the Academy's existence, engineers had been part of the founding members and a sixth of its membership, the founding of the National Research Council in 1916 with the assistance of the Engineering Foundation, the contributions of the NRC Division of Engineering in

1491-430: The Academy's list of 20th-century engineering achievements was dominated by devices and when asked to project advances for the 21st, the result was again, device dominated. With respect to the Grand Challenges, the NAE reframed its discussion from being device-centric to addressing complex or wicked social issues that cannot be solved by technology alone, i.e. more devices. With the Grand Challenges though, NAE "...charted

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1562-525: The American Society of Civil Engineers adopted a policy , advocating for the reconstruction of the academic foundation of the professional practice of civil engineering. Formally, members of the NAE must be U.S. citizens . The term "international member" is applied to non-citizens who are elected to the NAE. "The NAE has more than 2,000 peer-elected members and international members, senior professionals in business, academia, and government who are among

1633-517: The Culebra Cut. Gaillard brought dedication and quiet, clear-sighted leadership to his difficult, complex task. The scale of the work was massive. Elaborate (multiple) air compressor facilities using some 30 miles of pipe powered hundreds of compressed air drills to bore holes for 400,000 pounds of dynamite per month to blast and fragment the rock of the cut so that it could be excavated by steam shovels , most made by Bucyrus Foundry and Manufacturing Company of Milwaukee. Dozens of spoils trains took

1704-637: The German-American Frontiers of Engineering Symposium, and the Japan-America Frontiers of Engineering Symposium. The Indo-U.S. Frontiers of Engineering Symposium is held every other year. The goal of the diversity office is to participate in studies addressing the issue of increasing and broadening a domestic talent pool. Through this effort the NAE convenes workshops, coordinators with other organizations, and identifies program needs and opportunities for improvement. As part of this effort

1775-528: The NAE has launched both the EngineerGirl! and Engineer Your Life webpages. This program area studies connections between engineering, technology, and the economic performance of the United States. Efforts aim to advance the understanding of engineering's contribution to the sectors of the domestic economy and to learn where engineering may enhance economic performance. The project also aims to investigate

1846-443: The NAE in the United States in 2017. The Frontiers of Engineering program assembles a group of emerging engineering leaders - usually aged 30–45 - to discuss cutting-edge research in various engineering fields and industry sectors. The goal of the meetings is to bring participants together to collaborate, network, and share ideas. There are three Frontiers of Engineering meetings every year: the U.S. Frontiers of Engineering Symposium,

1917-427: The NAE, astronaut/engineer Neil Armstrong announced the 20 top engineering achievements having the greatest impact on the quality of life in the 20th century. Twenty-nine professional engineering societies provided 105 nominations which then selected and ranked the top 20 achievements. The nominations were pared to less than fifty and then combined into 29 larger categories. Some of the achievements, though, such as

1988-667: The NRC's existence under Executive Order 2859. Wilson's order declared the function of the NRC to be in general: In 1960, Augustus Braun Kinzel , an engineer with the Union Carbide Corporation and a member of the Academy, stated that the "..engineering profession was considering the establishment of an academy of engineering..." confirmed by the Engineers Joint Council of the national engineering societies to afford themselves of opportunities and services similar to those

2059-523: The National Academy of Engineering established the Committee on Public Engineering Policy (COPEP). In 1982, the NAE and NAS committees were merged to become the Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy . In 1967, the NAE formed an aeronautics and space engineering board to advise NASA and other Federal agencies chaired by Horton Guyford Stever . In 1971, the National Academy of Engineering advised

2130-399: The National Academy of Engineering published A Century of Innovation: Twenty Engineering Achievements that Transformed our Lives . The ranked list of the top 20 achievements in the 20th century was published as follows: The NAE's achievements list was criticized for ranking space technology (listed as "Spacecraft") twelfth instead of number one despite NAE recognizing in its report that

2201-440: The National Academy of Sciences, with Augustus B. Kinzel as its first President. OF the 675 members of the National Academy of Sciences at that time, only about 30 called themselves engineers. The National Academy of Engineering then were a "purposeful compromise" given the fears of the NAS of expanded membership by engineers. The stated objects and purposes of the newly created National Academy of Engineering were to: In 1966,

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2272-571: The Russ Prize were three of the five co-winners honored in 2015. Only living persons may receive the prize, and recipients of the Charles Stark Draper Prize are not also eligible for the Russ Prize. Members of the NAE and non-members worldwide are able to receive the award. The winners are announced during National Engineers Week in February. They receive US$ 500,000, a gold medallion and

2343-467: The Soviet Union's Sputnik "shocked the world and started a space race that launched the greatest engineering team effort in American history." (NAE, 2000) Time magazine ran a similar poll of 20th-century accomplishments, and its website users ranked the first Moon landing in 1969 in second place versus NAE's 12th. The NAE listing was also criticized for not recognizing the role physics played in laying

2414-584: The United States confronted the prospect of war with Germany and the question of preparedness was raised. Engineering societies responded to this crisis by offering technical services to the Federal government such as the Naval Consulting Board of 1915 and the Council of National Defense of 1916. On June 19 of that year, then US President Woodrow Wilson requested the National Academy of Sciences to organize

2485-616: The United States, The Royal Academy of Engineering of the United Kingdom, and the Chinese Academy of Engineering –organized a joint Global Grand Challenges Summit, held in London on March 12–13, 2013. In September 2015 a second Global Grand Challenges Summit was held in Beijing, with more than 800 attendees invited by the three academies. The third Global Grand Challenges Summit was hosted by

2556-441: The advancement of the human condition through widespread use". The award was instigated at the request of Ohio University to honor Fritz Russ, one of its alumni. The first Russ Prize was awarded in 2001 to Earl E. Bakken and Wilson Greatbatch . The prize is awarded biennially in odd years. From 2003 to 2011, there was a single winner per award. Multiple winners were recognized starting in 2013. The first non-Americans to receive

2627-584: The best ways to determine levels of technological literacy in the United States among three distinct populations in the United States: K-12 students, K-12 teachers, and out-of-school adults. A report (and associated website), Technically Speaking , explains what "technological literacy" is, why it is important, and what is being done in the U.S. to improve it. This program, recognizing that the engineering profession has often been associated with causing environmental harm, looks to recognize and publicize that

2698-430: The commissioning of a blue-ribbon committee composed of leading technological thinkers from around the globe. The committee, led by former Secretary of Defense William Perry was charged with the task of identifying "..key engineering challenges for improving life in the 21st century." NAE's intent was to develop a set of challenges of such importance that they warranted serious investment and if successful, would "lead to

2769-454: The dirt trains. They also moved and extended the railroad tracks as the work moved forward. Twice a day work stopped for blasting, and then the steam shovels were moved in to take the loose spoil (dirt and rock) away. More than 600 holes filled with dynamite were fired daily. In all, 27,000 metric tons (60 million pounds) of dynamite were used. In some locations, about 24 metric tons (52,000 lb) of dynamite were planted and detonated for

2840-535: The engineering profession in identifying and resolving ethical issues associated with engineering research and practice. The Center works is closely linked with the Online Ethics Center. To publicize the work of both the profession and the NAE, the institution puts considerable efforts into outreach activities. A weekly radio spot produced by the NAE is broadcast on WTOP radio in the Washington, D.C., area and

2911-430: The file and text of the spot can be found on the NAE site. The NAE also distributes a biweekly newsletter focusing on engineering issues and advancements. In addition, NAE has held a series of workshops titled News and Terrorism: Communicating in a Crisis, in which experts from the National Academies and elsewhere provide reporters, state and local public information officers, emergency managers, and representatives from

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2982-533: The following categories: Since its founding, as of late-2024, the Academy has elected around 5,020 members. The Massachusetts Institute of Technology is associated with the most members with 207 members, Stanford University with 172, and the University of California at Berkeley with 127. The top fourteen institutions account for over 20% of all members ever elected. In February 2000, a National Press Club luncheon during National Engineers Week 2000 sponsored by

3053-414: The foundations for the engineering accomplishments such Michael Faraday and Joseph Henry for electrification. NAE's list ranked electronics based upon two inventions, the transistor and integrated circuits, even it neglected to mention their physicist inventors, John Bardeen , Walter H. Brattain , William B. Shockley , Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce . Another commentator noted that the list ignored

3124-404: The great significance of the canal to shipping , and in particular the strategic interests of the United States of America. Culebra is the name for the mountain ridge it cuts through, and was also originally applied to the cut itself. From 1915 to 2000 the cut was named Gaillard Cut after US Major David du Bose Gaillard , who had led the excavation. After the canal handover to Panama in 2000,

3195-432: The human spirit and capabilities. NAE noted that a number of engineering schools had developed coursework based upon Grand Challenge themes. The 14 Grand Challenges for Engineering developed by the NAE committee were to: NAE noted in its report that the Grand Challenges for Engineering were not "...ranked in importance or likelihood of solution, nor was any strategy proposed for solving them. Rather, they were offered as

3266-468: The humanities. The proposed creation of sections of medicine and engineering was protested by one member because those professions were "mainly followed for pecuniary gain". Hale's suggestions were not accepted. Nonetheless, in 1915, the Section of Physics and Engineering was recommended to be changed to physics only, and a year later the Academy began planning a separate section of engineering. The Academy

3337-502: The initial organizers decided to create the Academy of Engineering as part of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS). On December 5, 1964, marking, "a major landmark in the history of the relationships between science and engineering in our country," the Academy approved the Articles of Incorporation of the new academy and its twenty-five charter members met to organize the National Academy of Engineering (NAE) as an autonomous parallel body in

3408-406: The leadership of John F. Stevens , and later George Washington Goethals , the American effort started work on a cut that was wider but not as deep, as part of a new plan for an elevated lock -based canal, with a bottom width of 91 metres (299 ft); this would require creation of a valley up to 540 metres (0.34 mi) wide at the top. A vast amount of new earthmoving equipment was imported, and

3479-528: The mathematicians on the Board, Robert Simpson Woodward , was actually trained and early on practiced as a civil engineer. The Academy's response was to move forward with the idea of achieving Academy control over the provision of technical services to the Government by means of formal recognition of the role played by the National Research Council (NRC) established the next year in 1916. Later in 1918, Wilson formalized

3550-406: The media to use when they have technical questions or would like to speak to an NAE member on a particular matter. The NAE is also active in "social media," both to reach new and younger audiences and to reach traditional audiences in new ways. Culebra Cut Construction of the cut was one of the great engineering feats of its time; the immense effort required to complete it was justified by

3621-529: The name was changed back to Culebra . In Spanish the cut is known as the Corte Culebra and is also called the Snake Cut . The excavation of the cut was begun by a French venture, led by Ferdinand de Lesseps , which was attempting to build a sea-level canal between the oceans, with a bottom width of 22 meters (72 feet). Digging at Culebra began on January 22, 1881. A combination of disease, underestimation of

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3692-412: The national security and welfare." During the period of national preparations, an increasing number of engineers were being elected to the physics and engineering section of the Academy, this did not, however, resolve the long-standing issue of where to place applied sciences such as engineering in the Academy. In 1863, the founding members who were prominent military and naval engineers comprised almost

3763-511: The needs of new generations of engineering students and the unique problems they will face with the challenges of the 21st century. The Center worked closely with the Committee on Engineering Education, which works to improve the quality of engineering education by providing advice to policymakers, administrators, employers, and other stakeholders. The Center is no longer active within the National Academy of Engineering. The Center for Engineering, Ethics, and Society seeks to engage engineers and

3834-497: The others had transferred from existing sections; "... of the 164 members of the Academy that year, only seven chose to identify themselves as engineers." During this period of 1915-1916 activity by engineering societies, the National Academy of Sciences complained that there was a lack of scientists and the predominance of engineers on the Federal government's wartime technical committee, the Naval Consulting Board. One of

3905-404: The post-World War I period, the presidency of engineer Frank B. Jewett during World War II. In short, "...the ascendancy of science in the public mind since World War I had been partly at the expense of the prestige of the engineering profession." (See also. ) The Academy worked with the Engineers Joint Council led by President Eric Arthur Walker as the prime mover, to make plans to establish

3976-543: The problem without addressing "... "what level of energy use would be sustainable on a global scale." While India and China are 1000-1500 Watt per person societies, the United States requires 12,000 W per person. An estimate of a sustainable level of power consumption made by a Swiss group is 2,000 W per person. Similar questions were raised on the NAE's challenge for access to clean water. The average daily per capita water consumption in American cities varies from 130 to 2000 liters (35 to 530 gallons). In 2010, NAE developed

4047-471: The problem, and financial difficulties led to the collapse of the French effort, which was bought out by the United States in 1904. The French had excavated some 14,256,000 cubic metres (18,646,000 cu yd) of material from the cut, and had lowered the summit from 64 meters (210 feet) above sea level to 59 meters (194 feet), over a relatively narrow width. The United States took over on May 4, 1904. Under

4118-480: The profession is now at the forefront of mitigating negative environmental impacts. The program will provide policy guidance to government, the private sector, and the public on ways to create a more environmentally sustainable future. The Center for the Advancement of Scholarship on Engineering Education. was established to advance engineering education in the United States, aiming for curriculum changes that address

4189-511: The public sector with important information about weapons of mass destruction and their impact. This project is conducted in collaboration with the Department of Homeland Security and the Radio and Television News Directors Foundation. In addition to these efforts, the NAE fosters good relationships with members of the media to ensure coverage of the work of the institution and to serve as a resource for

4260-401: The same time widening it considerably, and they had excavated over 76 million cubic metres (100 million cubic yards) of material. Some 23 million m (30 million cu yd) of this material was additional to the planned excavation, having been brought into the cut by the landslides. Gaillard was promoted to colonel in 1913. One month later, on December 5, he died of

4331-639: The solutions call upon engineers to persuasively influence "...public policy, transfer technical innovation to the market place, and to inform and be informed by social science and the humanities." The NAE's Grand Challenges overlap with the United Nations' Millennium Development Goals and its 2015 successor, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) which all depend upon "a strong engineering component" for success. The Academy introduced its "Grand Challenges for Engineering" project in 2007 with

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4402-457: The spoil from the shovels to the landfill dumps, about 19 kilometres (12 mi) away. In a typical day, 160 trainloads of material were hauled away from a cut 14 kilometres (9 mi). This workload on the railroads required some skillful co-ordination. At the busiest times, there was a train going inbound or outbound almost every minute. Six thousand men worked in the cut, drilling holes, placing explosives, controlling steam shovels, and running

4473-517: The telephone and the automobile which were not invented in the 20th century were included because of the impact they had were not really apparent until the 20th century. The top achievement, electrification is essential for almost part of modern society and has "...literally lighted the world and impacted countless areas of daily life, including food production and processing, air conditioning and heating, refrigeration, entertainment, transportation, communication, health care, and computers." Later in 2003,

4544-431: The world's most accomplished engineers", according to the NAE site's About page. Election to the NAE is considered to be among the highest recognitions in engineering-related fields, and it often comes as a recognition of a lifetime's worth of accomplishments. Nomination for membership can only be done by a current member of the NAE for outstanding engineers with identifiable contributions or accomplishments in one or both of

4615-538: Was also to inform instructional practices, particularly dealing with the connections among science, technology, engineering, and mathematics education. The Technological Literacy Standards were funded by the National Science Foundation and NASA and NAE's Technology Education Standards Committee led the Academy's efforts on the standards. As a result of NAE's Grand Challenge efforts, three national engineering academies–The National Academy of Engineering of

4686-488: Was first noted on October 4, 1907, followed by the mass wasting of about 500,000 cubic yards (380,000 m ) of clay . This slide caused many people to suggest the construction of the Panama Canal would be impossible; Gaillard described the slides as tropical glaciers , made of mud instead of ice. The clay was too soft to be excavated by the steam shovels, and it was therefore largely removed by sluicing it with water from

4757-446: Was how to prepare K-12 students to participate in solving the wicked problems associated with the Grand Challenges. One response was to align STEM program theories of learning and International Technology and Engineering Educators Association (ITEEA, formerly ITEA) Technological Literacy Standards with the National Academy of Engineering's Grand Challenges in order to guide current and pending curriculum development . NAE's objective

4828-412: Was in part due to unforeseen oxidation of the underlying iron strata due to water infiltration , which caused weakening and eventually a collapse of the strata. Strain softening of the underlying shale layers of sedimentary units caused continuation of sliding as the strength of the slide post-failure was reduced. The first and largest major slide occurred in 1907 at Cucaracha . The initial crack

4899-492: Was in the original act, the first recognition of any engineering role was with the setup of the Academy's standing committees in 1899. At that time, there were six standing committees: (mathematics and astronomy; physics and engineering; chemistry; geology and paleontology; biology; and anthropology. In 1911, this committee structure was again reorganized into eight committees: biology was separated into botany; zoology and animal morphology; and physiology and pathology; anthropology

4970-442: Was renamed anthropology and psychology with the remaining committees including physics and engineering, unchanged. In 1913, George Ellery Hale presented a paper on the occasion of the Academy's 50th anniversary, outlining an expansive future agenda for the Academy. Hale proposed a vision of an Academy that interacted with the "whole range of science", one that actively supported newly recognized disciplines, industrial sciences and

5041-738: Was requested to investigate the great slide in Culebra Cut late in 1913 which ultimately delayed the opening of the Panama Canal by ten months. The study group, commissioned by the United States Army Corps of Engineers and although composed of both engineers and geologists resulted in a final report prepared by two geologists Charles Whitman Cross and Harry Fielding Reid . The report, submitted to President Wilson in November 1917, concluded that claims of repeated interruptions in canal traffic for years to come were unjustified. During this time,

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