99-430: " Rumpelstiltskin " ( / ˌ r ʌ m p ə l ˈ s t ɪ l t s k ɪ n / RUMP -əl- STILT -skin ; German : Rumpelstilzchen , IPA: [ʁʊmpl̩ʃtiːltsçn̩] ) is a German fairy tale collected by the Brothers Grimm in the 1812 edition of Children's and Household Tales . The story is about an imp who spins straw into gold in exchange for a woman's firstborn child. In order to appear superior,
198-588: A "Drawing Master", and as of 1836 his name is found registered with the Dublin Directory as Professor of Drawing. He married Maria Kelly on 24 October 1832. The Commission of Education which replaced the Society emphasized agricultural learning, and when the Glasnevin facility with a farm for practical training and a residence for the trainee teachers were completed in 1838, Kennedy was appointed Superintendent. But he
297-460: A de facto official language of Namibia after the end of German colonial rule alongside English and Afrikaans , and had de jure co-official status from 1984 until its independence from South Africa in 1990. However, the Namibian government perceived Afrikaans and German as symbols of apartheid and colonialism, and decided English would be the sole official language upon independence, stating that it
396-461: A miller brags to the king and people of his kingdom by claiming his daughter can spin straw into gold . The king calls for the girl, locks her up in a tower room filled with straw and a spinning wheel , and demands she spin the straw into gold by morning or he will have her killed. When she has given up all hope, a little imp -like man appears in the room and spins the straw into gold in return for her necklace of glass beads . The next morning
495-410: A rumpelstilt or rumpelstilz was also known by such names as pophart or poppart , that makes noises by rattling posts and rapping on planks. (Other related concepts are mummarts or boggarts and hobs , which are mischievous household spirits that disguise themselves.) Translations of the original Grimm fairy tale (KHM 55) into various languages have generally substituted different names for
594-402: A second language , and 75–100 million as a foreign language . This would imply the existence of approximately 175–220 million German speakers worldwide. German sociolinguist Ulrich Ammon estimated a number of 289 million German foreign language speakers without clarifying the criteria by which he classified a speaker. As of 2012 , about 90 million people, or 16% of
693-587: A "commonly used" language and the Pan South African Language Board is obligated to promote and ensure respect for it. Cameroon was also a colony of the German Empire from the same period (1884 to 1916). However, German was replaced by French and English, the languages of the two successor colonial powers, after its loss in World War I . Nevertheless, since the 21st century, German has become
792-486: A Greek surname, formed with the particle κούτσο- ( koútso- "limping"), and is perhaps derived from the Hebrew name. Urdu versions of the tale used the name Tees Mar Khan for the imp. The value and power of using personal names and titles is well established in psychology, management, teaching and trial law. It is often referred to as the "Rumpelstiltskin principle". It derives from a very ancient belief that to give or know
891-546: A backdrop of his first book. The family moved (in 1807) to some district in Castleboro, Killegney civil parish, County Wexford; it is known they resided particularly at Coolbawn townland from 1810 to 1814. Then in 1814 they moved again three miles east to Courtnacuddy, Rossdroit civil parish. During this period, Patrick went away briefly in 1813 to attend school at Shanowle near Taghmon , staying with his mother's relatives, but this lasted only one or two terms. Subsequently, he
990-498: A compact and rhymy touch to the original sentence and meaning of the story, "My-Adviser My-Midget", from יוֹעֵץ , yo'etz , "adviser", and גּוּץ , gutz , "squat, dumpy, pudgy (about a person)"), when using the fairy-tale as the basis of a children's musical , now a classic among Hebrew children's plays. Greek translations have used Ρουμπελστίλτσκιν (from the English) or Κουτσοκαλιγέρης ( Koutsokaliyéris ), which could figure as
1089-822: A folklore collector for the Irish Folklore Commission who has conducted field work largely in the Midlands, but began his career in 1954 collecting folklore in areas of Wexford where Kennedy grew up. Kennedy was also assiduous about recording folklore for the sake of it being tradition deserving to be preserved, even in the cases of a particular ballad he did not have high opinion of, or the custom of irreverently playing games and singing ballad, for which he privately held reservations. Bo Almqvist also compares Kennedy favorably to Thomas Crofton Croker as folktale collector, and although Kennedy did to add literary flair and contrived humour, or somewhat dwelled on stereotypes of
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#17328631420231188-813: A folktale of the AT 503 (" The Gifts of the Little People ") type, but Bo Almqvist prefers to regard it as a migratory legend , or, a "fabulate". From the perspective of later providing material and influencing the Yeats or the Celtic Revival movement, the Legendary Fictions of the Irish Celts was the most important of Kennedy's works, alongside Fireside Stories of Ireland (1870), and Bardic Stories of Ireland (1871). Kennedy's " The Belated Priest " in Legendary Fictions
1287-447: A full collection was published as Legendary Fictions of the Irish Celts (1866). The first included tale is " Jack and His Comrades ," later reprinted by Joseph Jacobs . The collected stories were interleaved with a considerable amount of his own narrative: his "stories link by running commentary and characterized by often ponderous moralizing". "The Palace in the Rath" is recognized as
1386-556: A greater need for regularity in written conventions. While the major changes of the MHG period were socio-cultural, High German was still undergoing significant linguistic changes in syntax, phonetics, and morphology as well (e.g. diphthongization of certain vowel sounds: hus (OHG & MHG "house") → haus (regionally in later MHG)→ Haus (NHG), and weakening of unstressed short vowels to schwa [ə]: taga (OHG "days")→ tage (MHG)). A great wealth of texts survives from
1485-453: A native tongue today, mostly descendants of German colonial settlers . The period of German colonialism in Namibia also led to the evolution of a Standard German-based pidgin language called " Namibian Black German ", which became a second language for parts of the indigenous population. Although it is nearly extinct today, some older Namibians still have some knowledge of it. German remained
1584-679: A popular foreign language among pupils and students, with 300,000 people learning or speaking German in Cameroon in 2010 and over 230,000 in 2020. Today Cameroon is one of the African countries outside Namibia with the highest number of people learning German. In the United States, German is the fifth most spoken language in terms of native and second language speakers after English, Spanish , French , and Chinese (with figures for Cantonese and Mandarin combined), with over 1 million total speakers. In
1683-475: A result, the surviving texts are written in highly disparate regional dialects and exhibit significant Latin influence, particularly in vocabulary. At this point monasteries, where most written works were produced, were dominated by Latin, and German saw only occasional use in official and ecclesiastical writing. While there is no complete agreement over the dates of the Middle High German (MHG) period, it
1782-582: A temporary teacher's post at Tombrick School vacated by a friend (O'Brien) who was going to attend the Teachers Training School at Kildare Place . In 1820 or 21, Kennedy himself went to Dublin to enroll in the teacher-training program at Kildare Place (officially called the "Society for Promoting the Education of the Poor of Ireland"), and was so highly evaluated that after completing the program c. 1821, he
1881-515: A writer, he eventually became best-known as a collector and publisher of Irish folktales and folklore, particularly from his native County Wexford . Kennedy was born in the early part of 1801 in Kilmyshal beyond the outskirts of Bunclody , County Wexford , Ireland, in a financially well-off family of peasant stock. The lived in the village of Kilmyshal until reached age six, and Mount Leinster , which loomed tall over his boyhood hometown served as
1980-580: Is a recognized minority language in the following countries: In France, the High German varieties of Alsatian and Moselle Franconian are identified as " regional languages ", but the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages of 1998 has not yet been ratified by the government. Namibia also was a colony of the German Empire, from 1884 to 1915. About 30,000 people still speak German as
2079-596: Is also notable for its broad spectrum of dialects , with many varieties existing in Europe and other parts of the world. Some of these non-standard varieties have become recognized and protected by regional or national governments. Since 2004, heads of state of the German-speaking countries have met every year, and the Council for German Orthography has been the main international body regulating German orthography . German
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#17328631420232178-546: Is an Indo-European language that belongs to the West Germanic group of the Germanic languages . The Germanic languages are traditionally subdivided into three branches: North Germanic , East Germanic , and West Germanic . The first of these branches survives in modern Danish , Swedish , Norwegian , Faroese , and Icelandic , all of which are descended from Old Norse . The East Germanic languages are now extinct, and Gothic
2277-472: Is called the "German Sprachraum ". German is the official language of the following countries: German is a co-official language of the following countries: Although expulsions and (forced) assimilation after the two World wars greatly diminished them, minority communities of mostly bilingual German native speakers exist in areas both adjacent to and detached from the Sprachraum. Within Europe, German
2376-430: Is complicated by the existence of several varieties whose status as separate "languages" or "dialects" is disputed for political and linguistic reasons, including quantitatively strong varieties like certain forms of Alemannic and Low German . With the inclusion or exclusion of certain varieties, it is estimated that approximately 90–95 million people speak German as a first language , 10–25 million speak it as
2475-520: Is generally seen as ending when the 1346–53 Black Death decimated Europe's population. Modern High German begins with the Early New High German (ENHG) period, which Wilhelm Scherer dates 1350–1650, terminating with the end of the Thirty Years' War . This period saw the further displacement of Latin by German as the primary language of courtly proceedings and, increasingly, of literature in
2574-595: Is generally seen as lasting from 1050 to 1350. This was a period of significant expansion of the geographical territory occupied by Germanic tribes, and consequently of the number of German speakers. Whereas during the Old High German period the Germanic tribes extended only as far east as the Elbe and Saale rivers, the MHG period saw a number of these tribes expanding beyond this eastern boundary into Slavic territory (known as
2673-559: Is less closely related to languages based on Low Franconian dialects (e.g., Dutch and Afrikaans), Low German or Low Saxon dialects (spoken in northern Germany and southern Denmark ), neither of which underwent the High German consonant shift. As has been noted, the former of these dialect types is Istvaeonic and the latter Ingvaeonic, whereas the High German dialects are all Irminonic; the differences between these languages and standard German are therefore considerable. Also related to German are
2772-435: Is one of the major languages of the world . German is the second-most widely spoken Germanic language , after English, both as a first and as a second language . German is also widely taught as a foreign language , especially in continental Europe (where it is the third most taught foreign language after English and French), and in the United States. Overall, German is the fourth most commonly learned second language, and
2871-587: Is one of the three biggest newspapers in Namibia and the only German-language daily in Africa. An estimated 12,000 people speak German or a German variety as a first language in South Africa, mostly originating from different waves of immigration during the 19th and 20th centuries. One of the largest communities consists of the speakers of "Nataler Deutsch", a variety of Low German concentrated in and around Wartburg . The South African constitution identifies German as
2970-401: Is partly derived from Latin and Greek , along with fewer words borrowed from French and Modern English . English, however, is the main source of more recent loanwords . German is a pluricentric language ; the three standardized variants are German , Austrian , and Swiss Standard German . Standard German is sometimes called High German , which refers to its regional origin. German
3069-507: Is probably formed from the world tremoto , which means "earthquake" in Tuscan dialect , and the suffix "-ino", which generally indicates a small and/or sly character. The first Italian edition of the fables was published in 1897, and the books in those years were all written in Tuscan Italian. For Hebrew , the poet Avraham Shlonsky composed the name עוּץ־לִי גּוּץ־לִי Utz-li gutz-li ,
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3168-423: Is similar to rumpelgeist ("rattle-ghost") or poltergeist ("rumble-ghost"), a mischievous spirit that clatters and moves household objects. The name is believed to be derived from Johann Fischart 's Geschichtklitterung, or Gargantua of 1577 (a loose adaptation of Rabelais' Gargantua and Pantagruel ), which refers to an "amusement" for children, a children's game named "Rumpele stilt oder der Poppart". Thus
3267-510: Is the Sachsenspiegel , the first book of laws written in Middle Low German ( c. 1220 ). The abundance and especially the secular character of the literature of the MHG period demonstrate the beginnings of a standardized written form of German, as well as the desire of poets and authors to be understood by individuals on supra-dialectal terms. The Middle High German period
3366-627: Is the most widely spoken and official (or co-official) language in Germany , Austria , Switzerland , Liechtenstein , and the Italian autonomous province of South Tyrol . It is also an official language of Luxembourg , Belgium and the Italian autonomous region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia , as well as a recognized national language in Namibia . There are also notable German-speaking communities in France ( Alsace ),
3465-566: Is the only language in this branch which survives in written texts. The West Germanic languages, however, have undergone extensive dialectal subdivision and are now represented in modern languages such as English, German, Dutch , Yiddish , Afrikaans , and others. Within the West Germanic language dialect continuum, the Benrath and Uerdingen lines (running through Düsseldorf - Benrath and Krefeld - Uerdingen , respectively) serve to distinguish
3564-464: Is transcribed as ルンペルシュティルツヒェン , Runperushutirutsuhyen . The Russian name is close to the original German, Румпельштильцхен , Rumpel'shtíl'tskhen . In other languages, the name was translated in a poetic and approximate way. Thus Rumpelstilzchen is known as Päronskaft (literally "Pear-stalk") or Bullerskaft (literally "Rumble-stalk") in Swedish , where the sense of stilt or stalk of
3663-481: Is understood in all areas where German is spoken. Approximate distribution of native German speakers (assuming a rounded total of 95 million) worldwide: As a result of the German diaspora , as well as the popularity of German taught as a foreign language , the geographical distribution of German speakers (or "Germanophones") spans all inhabited continents. However, an exact, global number of native German speakers
3762-528: Is usually explained as literally meaning "little rattle stilt". The ending -chen in the German form Rumpelstiltschen is a diminutive cognate to English -kin . Rumpelstilzchen is regarded as containing Stilzchen , diminutive of Stelze " stilt ". This etymology seems endorsed by Hans-Jörg Uther 's handbook on the Grimms Kinder- und Hausmärchen . Uther cites HdA [ de ] which gives
3861-673: The Ostsiedlung ). With the increasing wealth and geographic spread of the Germanic groups came greater use of German in the courts of nobles as the standard language of official proceedings and literature. A clear example of this is the mittelhochdeutsche Dichtersprache employed in the Hohenstaufen court in Swabia as a standardized supra-dialectal written language. While these efforts were still regionally bound, German began to be used in place of Latin for certain official purposes, leading to
3960-627: The Alamanni , Bavarian, and Thuringian groups, all belonging to the Elbe Germanic group ( Irminones ), which had settled in what is now southern-central Germany and Austria between the second and sixth centuries, during the great migration. In general, the surviving texts of Old High German (OHG) show a wide range of dialectal diversity with very little written uniformity. The early written tradition of OHG survived mostly through monasteries and scriptoria as local translations of Latin originals; as
4059-557: The Czech Republic ( North Bohemia ), Poland ( Upper Silesia ), Slovakia ( Košice Region , Spiš , and Hauerland ), Denmark ( North Schleswig ), Romania and Hungary ( Sopron ). Overseas, sizeable communities of German-speakers are found in Brazil ( Blumenau and Pomerode ), South Africa ( Kroondal ), Namibia , among others, some communities have decidedly Austrian German or Swiss German characters (e.g. Pozuzo , Peru). German
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4158-522: The Early Middle Ages . German is an inflected language , with four cases for nouns, pronouns, and adjectives (nominative, accusative, genitive, dative); three genders (masculine, feminine, neuter) and two numbers (singular, plural). It has strong and weak verbs . The majority of its vocabulary derives from the ancient Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family, while a smaller share
4257-473: The European Union 's population, spoke German as their mother tongue, making it the second most widely spoken language on the continent after Russian and the second biggest language in terms of overall speakers (after English), as well as the most spoken native language. The area in central Europe where the majority of the population speaks German as a first language and has German as a (co-)official language
4356-514: The German states . While these states were still part of the Holy Roman Empire , and far from any form of unification, the desire for a cohesive written language that would be understandable across the many German-speaking principalities and kingdoms was stronger than ever. As a spoken language German remained highly fractured throughout this period, with a vast number of often mutually incomprehensible regional dialects being spoken throughout
4455-724: The Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I , and the other being Meißner Deutsch , used in the Electorate of Saxony in the Duchy of Saxe-Wittenberg . Alongside these courtly written standards, the invention of the printing press led to the development of a number of printers' languages ( Druckersprachen ) aimed at making printed material readable and understandable across as many diverse dialects of German as possible. The greater ease of production and increased availability of written texts brought about increased standardisation in
4554-644: The Old High German language in several Elder Futhark inscriptions from as early as the sixth century AD (such as the Pforzen buckle ), the Old High German period is generally seen as beginning with the Abrogans (written c. 765–775 ), a Latin-German glossary supplying over 3,000 Old High German words with their Latin equivalents. After the Abrogans , the first coherent works written in Old High German appear in
4653-640: The Sprachraum in Europe. German is used in a wide variety of spheres throughout the country, especially in business, tourism, and public signage, as well as in education, churches (most notably the German-speaking Evangelical Lutheran Church in Namibia (GELK) ), other cultural spheres such as music, and media (such as German language radio programs by the Namibian Broadcasting Corporation ). The Allgemeine Zeitung
4752-536: The Standard German language in its written form, and the Duden Handbook was declared its standard definition. Punctuation and compound spelling (joined or isolated compounds) were not standardized in the process. The Deutsche Bühnensprache ( lit. ' German stage language ' ) by Theodor Siebs had established conventions for German pronunciation in theatres , three years earlier; however, this
4851-962: The United Kingdom (from English Fairy Tales , 1890, by Joseph Jacobs ); Whuppity Stoorie in Scotland (from Robert Chambers 's Popular Rhymes of Scotland , 1826); Gilitrutt in Iceland; and The Lazy Beauty and her Aunts in Ireland (from The Fireside Stories of Ireland , 1870 by Patrick Kennedy ), though subsequent research has revealed an earlier published version called The White Hen by Ellen Fitzsimon. The story also appears as جعيدان ( Joaidane "He who talks too much") in Arabic; Хламушка ( Khlamushka "Junker") in Russia; Rumplcimprcampr , Rampelník or Martin Zvonek in
4950-503: The Upper German dialects spoken in the southern German-speaking countries , such as Swiss German ( Alemannic dialects ) and the various Germanic dialects spoken in the French region of Grand Est , such as Alsatian (mainly Alemannic, but also Central–and Upper Franconian dialects) and Lorraine Franconian (Central Franconian). After these High German dialects, standard German
5049-482: The Wexford Independent and Duffy's Fireside Magazine . At first contributed articles and reviews, and later began to set down tales from his native Wexford County into writing. In 1851, writing under the pen name "Harry Whitney" for the Wexford Independent , Kennedy asked his readership to send him rough accounts of local traditions, so he may print such stories and legends in his "Whitney Papers" column for
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#17328631420235148-462: The pagan Germanic tradition. Of particular interest to scholars, however, has been the Hildebrandslied , a secular epic poem telling the tale of an estranged father and son unknowingly meeting each other in battle. Linguistically, this text is highly interesting due to the mixed use of Old Saxon and Old High German dialects in its composition. The written works of this period stem mainly from
5247-573: The true name of a being is to have power over it. See Adam's naming of the animals in Genesis 2:19-20 for an example. German language German (German: Deutsch , pronounced [dɔʏtʃ] ) is a West Germanic language in the Indo-European language family , mainly spoken in Western and Central Europe . It is the most spoken native language within the European Union . It
5346-824: The Czech Republic; Martinko Klingáč in Slovakia; "Cvilidreta" in Croatia; Ruidoquedito ("Little noise") in South America; Pancimanci in Hungary (from 1862 folktale collection by László Arany); Daiku to Oniroku (大工と鬼六 "The carpenter and the ogre") in Japan and Myrmidon in France. An earlier literary variant in French was penned by Mme. L'Héritier , titled Ricdin-Ricdon . A version of it exists in
5445-614: The Empire. Its use indicated that the speaker was a merchant or someone from an urban area, regardless of nationality. Prague (German: Prag ) and Budapest ( Buda , German: Ofen ), to name two examples, were gradually Germanized in the years after their incorporation into the Habsburg domain; others, like Pressburg ( Pozsony , now Bratislava), were originally settled during the Habsburg period and were primarily German at that time. Prague, Budapest, Bratislava, and cities like Zagreb (German: Agram ) or Ljubljana (German: Laibach ), contained significant German minorities. In
5544-414: The Frisian languages— North Frisian (spoken in Nordfriesland ), Saterland Frisian (spoken in Saterland ), and West Frisian (spoken in Friesland )—as well as the Anglic languages of English and Scots. These Anglo-Frisian dialects did not take part in the High German consonant shift, and the Anglic languages also adopted much vocabulary from both Old Norse and the Norman language . The history of
5643-417: The German language begins with the High German consonant shift during the Migration Period , which separated Old High German dialects from Old Saxon . This sound shift involved a drastic change in the pronunciation of both voiced and voiceless stop consonants ( b , d , g , and p , t , k , respectively). The primary effects of the shift were the following below. While there is written evidence of
5742-399: The German states; the invention of the printing press c. 1440 and the publication of Luther's vernacular translation of the Bible in 1534, however, had an immense effect on standardizing German as a supra-dialectal written language. The ENHG period saw the rise of several important cross-regional forms of chancery German, one being gemeine tiutsch , used in the court of
5841-623: The Germanic dialects that were affected by the High German consonant shift (south of Benrath) from those that were not (north of Uerdingen). The various regional dialects spoken south of these lines are grouped as High German dialects, while those spoken to the north comprise the Low German and Low Franconian dialects. As members of the West Germanic language family, High German, Low German, and Low Franconian have been proposed to be further distinguished historically as Irminonic , Ingvaeonic , and Istvaeonic , respectively. This classification indicates their historical descent from dialects spoken by
5940-547: The Irminones (also known as the Elbe group), Ingvaeones (or North Sea Germanic group), and Istvaeones (or Weser–Rhine group). Standard German is based on a combination of Thuringian - Upper Saxon and Upper Franconian dialects, which are Central German and Upper German dialects belonging to the High German dialect group. German is therefore closely related to the other languages based on High German dialects, such as Luxembourgish (based on Central Franconian dialects ) and Yiddish . Also closely related to Standard German are
6039-408: The MHG period. Significantly, these texts include a number of impressive secular works, such as the Nibelungenlied , an epic poem telling the story of the dragon -slayer Siegfried ( c. thirteenth century ), and the Iwein , an Arthurian verse poem by Hartmann von Aue ( c. 1203 ), lyric poems , and courtly romances such as Parzival and Tristan . Also noteworthy
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#17328631420236138-403: The Whitney's good deed was remembered, so that some years later, the life of a kinsman (Whitney of Rathnure ) was spared in the Irish Rebellion of 1798 . But Robert Whitney of Moneytucker testified to suffering a harrowing experience at the hands of the rebels, for his house was plundered and burned, himself taken captive, lashed, and threatened to be killed a number of times. The 1798 rebellion
6237-485: The baby I take. The queen will never win the game, for Rumpelstiltskin is my name". When the imp comes to the queen on the third day, after first feigning ignorance, she reveals his name, Rumpelstiltskin, and he loses his temper at the loss of their bargain. Versions vary about whether he accuses the devil or witches of having revealed his name to the queen. In the 1812 edition of the Brothers Grimm tales, Rumpelstiltskin then "ran away angrily, and never came back". The ending
6336-455: The child, but the imp has no interest in her riches. He finally agrees to give up his claim to the child if she can guess his name within three days. The queen's many guesses fail. But before the final night, she wanders into the woods searching for him and comes across his remote mountain cottage and watches, unseen, as he hops about his fire and sings. He reveals his name in his song's lyrics: "tonight tonight, my plans I make, tomorrow tomorrow,
6435-423: The compilation Le Cabinet des Fées , Vol. XII. pp. 125–131. The Cornish tale of Duffy and the Devil plays out an essentially similar plot featuring a "devil" named Terry-top . All these tales are classified in the Aarne–Thompson–Uther Index as tale type ATU 500, "The Name of the Supernatural Helper". According to scholarship, it is popular in "Denmark, Finland, Germany and Ireland". "Rumpelstiltskin"
6534-430: The development of non-local forms of language and exposed all speakers to forms of German from outside their own area. With Luther's rendering of the Bible in the vernacular, German asserted itself against the dominance of Latin as a legitimate language for courtly, literary, and now ecclesiastical subject-matter. His Bible was ubiquitous in the German states: nearly every household possessed a copy. Nevertheless, even with
6633-404: The dialect so as to make the work as natural and accessible to German speakers as possible. Copies of Luther's Bible featured a long list of glosses for each region, translating words which were unknown in the region into the regional dialect. Luther said the following concerning his translation method: One who would talk German does not ask the Latin how he shall do it; he must ask the mother in
6732-542: The dichotomy of "shortness-tallness". Succinctly it may also be rendered as "crumpled stalk". Grimm suggested -stilt , -stiltchen from Old German stalt with some uncertainty, and did not much elaborate. Graff 's dictionary indicates that Rumpelstilts, or rather the form Rumpelstilz was corrupted phonetically towards Stolz 'haughtiness', but the correct etymology points to stalt as Grimm suggested, and this goes to " stal (1)" meaning " locus , location, place" and stellen meaning to "set, place". The meaning
6831-542: The dwarf whose name is Rumpelstilzchen . For some languages, a name was chosen that comes close in sound to the German name: Rumpelstiltskin or Rumplestiltskin in English, Repelsteeltje in Dutch , Rumpelstichen in Brazilian Portuguese , Rumpelstinski , Rumpelestíjeles , Trasgolisto , Jasil el Trasgu , Barabay , Rompelimbrá , Barrabás , Ruidoquedito , Rompeltisquillo , Tiribilitín , Tremolín , El enano saltarín y el duende saltarín in Spanish , Rumplcimprcampr or Rampelník in Czech . In Japanese , it
6930-435: The eastern provinces of Banat , Bukovina , and Transylvania (German: Banat, Buchenland, Siebenbürgen ), German was the predominant language not only in the larger towns—like Temeschburg ( Timișoara ), Hermannstadt ( Sibiu ), and Kronstadt ( Brașov )—but also in many smaller localities in the surrounding areas. In 1901, the Second Orthographic Conference ended with a (nearly) complete standardization of
7029-464: The edification of the younger generation. Such stories formed the core of his first book, Legends of Mount Leinster (1855). In the book a cast of characters convene a fireside gathering , telling stories, probably modeled after actual gatherings Kennedy observed. Some of his stories which he sent to Sheridan Le Fanu in 1862 appeared as "Leinster Folk Lore" in the Dublin University Magazine from 1861 till 1869. Later, at Le Fanu's encouragement,
7128-406: The examples of Bachstelze , Wasserstelze (names of birds; stilt ) as paralleling examples. However, this was not the etymology hinted at by Jacob Grimm Harry Rand's book on this fairy suggests that Rumpel is not just a noise, but originally a crumpling noise, associated with shrunkenness and dwarfness, as apropos for the imp. So the name Rumpel-stilts is an oxymoronic juxtaposition, embodying
7227-435: The home, the children on the streets, the common man in the market-place and note carefully how they talk, then translate accordingly. They will then understand what is said to them because it is German. When Christ says ' ex abundantia cordis os loquitur ,' I would translate, if I followed the papists, aus dem Überflusz des Herzens redet der Mund . But tell me is this talking German? What German understands such stuff? No,
7326-474: The influence of Luther's Bible as an unofficial written standard, a widely accepted standard for written German did not appear until the middle of the eighteenth century. German was the language of commerce and government in the Habsburg Empire , which encompassed a large area of Central and Eastern Europe . Until the mid-nineteenth century, it was essentially the language of townspeople throughout most of
7425-449: The king takes the girl to a larger room filled with straw to repeat the feat, and the imp once again spins, in return for the girl's glass ring. On the third day the girl is taken to an even larger room filled with straw, and told by the king that if she can spin all this straw into gold he will marry her, but if she cannot she will be executed. While she is sobbing alone in the room, the little imp appears again and promises that he can spin
7524-400: The largest concentrations of German speakers are in the states of Rio Grande do Sul (where Riograndenser Hunsrückisch developed), Santa Catarina , and Espírito Santo . Patrick Kennedy (folklorist) Patrick Kennedy (early 1801 – 29 March 1873) was a folklorist from County Wexford , Ireland. An educator turned bookseller, who also contributed various articles and reviews as
7623-450: The mother in the home and the plain man would say, Wesz das Herz voll ist, des gehet der Mund über . Luther's translation of the Bible into High German was also decisive for the German language and its evolution from Early New High German to modern Standard German. The publication of Luther's Bible was a decisive moment in the spread of literacy in early modern Germany , and promoted
7722-630: The ninth century, chief among them being the Muspilli , Merseburg charms , and Hildebrandslied , and other religious texts (the Georgslied , Ludwigslied , Evangelienbuch , and translated hymns and prayers). The Muspilli is a Christian poem written in a Bavarian dialect offering an account of the soul after the Last Judgment , and the Merseburg charms are transcriptions of spells and charms from
7821-659: The oral version originally collected by the Brothers Grimm, Rumpelstiltskin flies out of the window on a cooking ladle. According to researchers at Durham University and the NOVA University Lisbon , the origins of the story can be traced back to around 4,000 years ago. A possible early literary reference to the tale appears in Dionysius of Halicarnassus 's Roman Antiquities , in the 1st century AD. The same story pattern appears in numerous other cultures: Tom Tit Tot in
7920-582: The pioneers in uncovering Irish folkloric material, with a lasting impact on William Butler Yeats and the Celtic Revival movement. The tales were told in rusticated English of the Irish peasantry who had established roots in The Pale , the anglicized part of Ireland. He is "widely credited with preserving Irish idioms in the turn of phrase, sentence structure, Irish words". Kennedy's folklore-collecting has been assessed as "unfailingly accurate" by James G. Delaney,
8019-462: The pronunciation of the ending -ig as [ɪk] instead of [ɪç]. In Northern Germany, High German was a foreign language to most inhabitants, whose native dialects were subsets of Low German. It was usually encountered only in writing or formal speech; in fact, most of High German was a written language, not identical to any spoken dialect, throughout the German-speaking area until well into the 19th century. However, wider standardization of pronunciation
8118-464: The region, such pastimes at wakes were often engaged in, in unrestrained and prolonged fashion, particularly if the deceased was a transient, with no close acquaintances to mourn him. Bardic Stories of Ireland (1871) was another important work for the Celtic Revival. The tale "Baille and Ailinn" in this collection was adapted by Yeats into the poem "Baile and Aillinn". Patrick Kennedy was one of
8217-493: The second part is retained. Slovak translations use Martinko Klingáč . Polish translations use Titelitury (or Rumpelsztyk ) and Finnish ones Tittelintuure , Rompanruoja or Hopskukkeli . The Hungarian name is Tűzmanócska and in Serbo-Croatian Cvilidreta ("Whine-screamer"). The Slovenian translation uses Špicparkeljc ("Pointy-Hoof"). In Italian , the creature is usually called Tremotino , which
8316-431: The shop for some thirty years. Kennedy died 29 March 1873. Alfred Webb 's A Compendium of Irish Biography (1878) writes that his home often played host to the "Hibernian Temperance Association", though possibly this is a result of confusion with Dr. Patrick Kennedy, Bishop of Killaloe , associated with Father Mathew 's temperance movement. Kennedy's career in writing began by being published in such periodicals as
8415-541: The states of North Dakota and South Dakota , German is the most common language spoken at home after English. As a legacy of significant German immigration to the country , German geographical names can be found throughout the Midwest region , such as New Ulm and Bismarck (North Dakota's state capital), plus many other regions. A number of German varieties have developed in the country and are still spoken today, such as Pennsylvania Dutch and Texas German . In Brazil,
8514-410: The straw into gold for her, but the girl tells him she has nothing left with which to pay. The strange creature suggests she pay him with her first child . She reluctantly agrees, and he sets about spinning the straw into gold. The king keeps his promise to marry the miller's daughter. But when their first child is born, the imp returns to claim his payment. She offers him all the wealth she has to keep
8613-496: The third most commonly learned second language in the United States in K-12 education. The language has been influential in the fields of philosophy, theology, science, and technology. It is the second most commonly used language in science and the third most widely used language on websites . The German-speaking countries are ranked fifth in terms of annual publication of new books, with one-tenth of all books (including e-books) in
8712-543: The world being published in German. German is most closely related to other West Germanic languages, namely Afrikaans , Dutch , English , the Frisian languages , and Scots . It also contains close similarities in vocabulary to some languages in the North Germanic group , such as Danish , Norwegian , and Swedish . Modern German gradually developed from Old High German , which in turn developed from Proto-Germanic during
8811-579: The written form of German. One of the central events in the development of ENHG was the publication of Luther's translation of the Bible into High German (the New Testament was published in 1522; the Old Testament was published in parts and completed in 1534). Luther based his translation primarily on the Meißner Deutsch of Saxony , spending much time among the population of Saxony researching
8910-642: The years 1812 to 1822". In The Banks of the Boro , Kennedy's alias Harry Whitney (or "H. W.") still makes appearance. The namesake Whitney family of Moneytucker lived down the road from the Kennedy home at Courtnacuddy. Mr. Whitney of Moneytucker is a hero in the tale of "The Fate of the Priest Catcher" from the time of the Penal Laws , having sequestered a fleeing priest and assisting his escape. The storyteller states that
9009-429: Was a "neutral" language as there were virtually no English native speakers in Namibia at that time. German, Afrikaans, and several indigenous languages thus became "national languages" by law, identifying them as elements of the cultural heritage of the nation and ensuring that the state acknowledged and supported their presence in the country. Today, Namibia is considered to be the only German-speaking country outside of
9108-530: Was an artificial standard that did not correspond to any traditional spoken dialect. Rather, it was based on the pronunciation of German in Northern Germany, although it was subsequently regarded often as a general prescriptive norm, despite differing pronunciation traditions especially in the Upper-German-speaking regions that still characterise the dialect of the area today – especially
9207-430: Was before Patrick Kennedy's birth, but there were three or four elder siblings who experienced it, and three yeomen came riding in search of rebels at their home, with one searcher about to torch the place down before a comrade intervened. The book contained not just tales and legend, but also ballads performed and the games played (e.g. "Old Dowd and his Daughters") at wakes . Delaney confirms that even in later times in
9306-491: Was dismissed shortly after, having quarreled with the farm's manager. He abandoned the teaching profession at some time uncertain, and established a lending-library and bookseller shop on 8 Anglesea Street, Dublin, which he later moved to the Anglesea Street on the corner of Cope Street. Edward Dowden remembered the proprietor "with round, bald head, grizzled beard, and a smile and twinkle over all his face". Kennedy ran
9405-485: Was established on the basis of public speaking in theatres and the media during the 20th century and documented in pronouncing dictionaries. Official revisions of some of the rules from 1901 were not issued until the controversial German orthography reform of 1996 was made the official standard by governments of all German-speaking countries. Media and written works are now almost all produced in Standard German which
9504-649: Was not posted to the school of his landlord as might have been expected, but gained employ at the Society itself as an instructor, or as Junior Assistant to the Superintendent, c. 1822. The Society, which the British Government as the apparatus overseeing the education of the whole of Ireland, was abolished in 1831, due to pressure from the men of the Catholic Emancipation movement. After his place of employment vanished, Patrick Kennedy set himself up as
9603-464: Was revised in an 1857 edition to a more gruesome ending wherein Rumpelstiltskin "in his rage drove his right foot so far into the ground that it sank in up to his waist; then in a passion he seized the left foot with both hands and tore himself in two". Other versions have Rumpelstiltskin driving his right foot so far into the ground that he creates a chasm and falls into it, never to be seen again. In
9702-624: Was schooled closer to home at Cloughbawn , in Clonroche townland. The school was run by the famous "Mr. O'Neill", and at first Patrick's classes were held at the Cloughbawn Parish Church, until a schoolhouse was erected by the landlord, Robert Carew . Patrick lodged at the home was Morgan Dunne, his room and board paid for by tutoring. The Cloughbawn school had high standards and Patrick would later commend it in writing. His studies there lasted until 1818 or late 1819. In 1819 when he filled
9801-713: Was the source of Yeats's 1889 poem "The Priest and the Fairy". The Banks of the Boro: a Chronicle of the County of Wexford (1867) and Evenings in the Duffrey (1869) are described as the most ambitious of his works, insofar as they each is designed with (an albeit nominal) plot, and the two most important of Kennedy's contribution in the estimation of IFC collector James G. Delaney. These plots were stitched together from actual events he either witnessed himself, "or heard secondhand from his friends in
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