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135-602: Don and Mera Rubell married in 1964 and began collecting art while living in New York City by setting aside money each month from Mera's salary as a teacher while Don attended medical school. Don's brother Steve Rubell , a co-owner of the nightclub Studio 54 , passed away in 1989 leaving the couple a significant inheritance that expanded their ability to purchase and showcase art. They continued to finance their art collection with investments in hotels in South Florida. In 1993,

270-655: A SpaceX rocket carrying 125 of Koon's stainless steel miniature moon sculptures departed from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida. The sculptures, named after historical figures such as Leonardo da Vinci and Billie Holiday , were part of a larger project involving a lunar lander designed by Intuitive Machines . The lander, which also carried NASA equipment, reached the Moon on February 22. Koons, inspired by President Kennedy 's vision of space exploration , saw this project as

405-740: A Wall Street commodities broker at First Investors Corporation. After a summer with his parents in Sarasota , Florida, where he briefly worked as a political canvasser , Koons returned to New York and found a new career as a commodities broker, first at Clayton Brokerage Company and then at Smith Barney . Following his graduation from the Art Institute in Chicago in 1976, Koons made his way to New York City. There, he moved away from creating representations of his personal fantasies and began to explore objective art, commerce, and politics. He rose to prominence in

540-424: A West Highland White Terrier puppy, executed in a variety of flowers (including Marigolds , Begonias , Impatiens , Petunias , and Lobelias ) on a transparent color-coated chrome stainless steel substructure. The self-cleaning flowers would grow for the specific length of time that the piece was exhibited. The size and location of Puppy -the courtyard of a baroque palace- acknowledged the mass audience. After

675-535: A redux edition of the series. The Whitney Museum also exhibited several of the photographs on canvas in their 2014 retrospective. Koons was not among the 44 American artists selected to exhibit their work in Documenta 9 in 1992, but was commissioned by three art dealers to create a piece for nearby Arolsen Castle in Bad Arolsen , Germany. The result was Puppy , a 43 ft (13 m) tall topiary sculpture of

810-613: A vulva refers to Courbet 's L'Origine du monde (1866). The Hulk Elvis series has been exhibited at a number of international art venues such as the Gagosian Gallery in London (2007), the Gagosian Gallery in Hong Kong, China (2014) and the Österreichische Galerie Belvedere in Vienna, Austria (2015). In 2008, Jeff Koons started working on his Antiquity series, delving into themes of

945-462: A 9.1 meter (30-foot) wide reflective wind spinner above the Slaughterhouse art space. The walls within the Slaughterhouse have been transformed by using as the base the ancient frescoes from Boscoreale , near Pompeii . The exhibition includes several other new works including a pair of bronze Nike sneakers, Gazing Ball Tripod (2020–2022), and Plato's Solid Forms Wind Spinners (2020–2022). For

1080-465: A blue glass gazing ball that sits on a painted aluminum shelf attached to the front of the painting. Both viewer and painting are reflected in the gazing ball. Gazing Ball takes its name from the mirrored spherical ornaments frequently found on lawns, gardens, and patios around Koons's childhood home in Pennsylvania. After creating Gazing Ball paintings, Koons also made several white sculptures from

1215-545: A bouquet of multicolor balloon flowers blown up to gargantuan proportions (more than 2 m (6.6 ft) tall and 5 m (16 ft) across). Koons started to work on Balloon Flower in 1995. Koons was pushing to finish the series in time for a 1996 exhibition at the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in New York, but the show was ultimately canceled because of production delays and cost overruns. When "Celebration" funding ran out,

1350-612: A decade between Irish immigrants and Black people for work. Rioters burned the Colored Orphan Asylum to the ground. At least 120 people were killed. Eleven Black men were lynched over five days, and the riots forced hundreds of Blacks to flee. The Black population in Manhattan fell below 10,000 by 1865. The White working class had established dominance. It was one of the worst incidents of civil unrest in American history . In 1886,

1485-657: A larger, more public-focused museum facility. The expansion was funded by the sale of the collection's previous space in Wynwood; developers purchased the former Rubell property (along with several other adjoining properties) for a reported $ 53 million in 2022. In 2022, the Rubell announced the opening of a second museum location inside the renovated Randall Junior High School building in the Southwest Waterfront neighborhood of Washington, D.C. , less than one mile directly south of

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1620-453: A limited combination of vacuum cleaners and arranged them in cabinets accordingly, juxtaposing the verticality of the upright cleaners with the squat cylinders of the "Shelton Wet/Dry drum" cleaners. At the museum, the machines were displayed as if in a showroom , and oriented around a central red fluorescent lightbox with just the words "The New" written on it as if it were announcing some new concept or marketing brand. They were shown again in

1755-431: A living artist , for the sale of "Rabbit". The third version of the piece was sold at Christie's Auction House for US$ 80 million which. After including auctioneer's fees, the final sale price of "Rabbit" was US$ 91,075,000. The Rabbit has since returned to its original soft form, and many times larger at more than 50 feet high, taken to the air. On October 15, 2009, the giant metallic monochrome color rabbit used during

1890-424: A major solo show at Jeff Koons: The New Encased Works at Daniel Weinberg Gallery in 1987. Another example for Koons's early work is The Equilibrium Series (1983), consisting of one to three basketballs floating in distilled water , a project the artist had researched with the help of Nobel Prize -winning physicist Richard Feynman . The Total Equilibrium Tanks are completely filled with distilled water and

2025-574: A minor role in the 2008 film Milk playing state assemblyman Art Agnos . In September 2012, New York Governor Andrew Cuomo gave Koons the task of helping to review the designs for a new Tappan Zee Bridge . In 2019, Koons unveiled Bouquet of Tulips , an 11-meter high commemorative sculpture in Paris modelled on the Statue of Liberty , honoring the victims of the November 2015 attacks . In February 2024,

2160-498: A model in the shoot that formed the basis of the resulting work for the Whitney, Made in Heaven (1990–1991). Including works with such titles as Dirty Ejaculation and Ilonaʼs Asshole , the series of enormous grainy photographs printed on canvas, glassworks, and sculptures portrayed Koons and Staller in highly explicit sexual positions and created considerable controversy. The paintings of

2295-541: A much smaller studio space. He now uses technology to create his artistic references on computers and color-corrects them until he is satisfied with the results. To ensure consistency, Koons implemented a color-by-numbers system, so that each of his assistants could execute his canvases and sculptures as if they had been done "by a single hand". Throughout his career, he has consistently explored themes such as consumerist behavior, seduction, banality, and childhood, among others. Jeff Koons first began experimenting with

2430-443: A panoramic view of society. The sculptures drew inspiration from historical figures like Louis XIV and Bob Hope , as well as other art historical themes and sources. Through Statuary, Koons redirected his artistic focus toward the concept of artistic taste and the societal role of art. He incorporated some readymade objects, including the inflatable rabbit, and transformed them into highly polished stainless-steel pieces. This led to

2565-406: A parallel might be drawn between the comic book hero Hulk and Asian guardian Gods . The three-dimensional works Hulk (Friends) and Hulks (Bell) (both 2004–2012) feature apparently inflatable Incredible Hulks that weigh almost a ton each and are made of bronze and wood. The sculpture Hulk (Organ) (2004–2014) includes a fully functional musical instrument whose potential deep sounds match

2700-935: A period of multiple months and years. The collection has been noted for its strong holdings of art by African American, Latin American, and Asian artists, and the Rubells have been recognized for investing early in emerging artists, many of whom would go on to become widely known. The collection includes works by a wide range of contemporary artists, including Nina Chanel Abney , Hernan Bas , Jean-Michel Basquiat , George Condo , Marlene Dumas , Katharina Fritsch , Robert Gober , Keith Haring , He Xiangyu , Damien Hirst , Jenny Holzer , Anselm Kiefer , Jeff Koons , Barbara Kruger , Yayoi Kusama , Kerry James Marshall , Takashi Murakami , Oscar Murillo , Cady Noland , Sherrie Levine , Catherine Opie , Celia Paul , Richard Prince , Sterling Ruby , Charles Ray , Cindy Sherman , Rosemarie Trockel , Kara Walker , and Kehinde Wiley . Since 2011,

2835-446: A rabbit of various heights and colors, positioned along with mirrors. Koons drew inspiration from Robert Smithson's emphasis on display and connected his work to his father's furniture store displays. He documented his work through photography, using it as a means of exploring different installation techniques. Since 1979 Koons has produced work within series. His early work was in the form of conceptual sculpture, an example of which

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2970-524: A result of Sandy, and the economic losses in New York City were estimated to be roughly $ 19 billion. The disaster spawned long-term efforts towards infrastructural projects to counter climate change and rising seas, with $ 15 billion in federal funding received through 2022 towards those resiliency efforts. In March 2020, the first case of COVID-19 in the city was confirmed. With its population density and its extensive exposure to global travelers,

3105-601: A series of five differently colored examples, part of his Celebration series. Large sculptures from that series were exhibited at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York in 2008. Later additions to the series include Balloon Swan (2004–2011), an 11.5-foot (3.5-meter), stainless-steel bird, Balloon Rabbit (2005–2010), and Balloon Monkey , all for which children's party favors are reconceived as mesmerizing monumental forms. The series also includes, in addition to sculptures, sixteen oil paintings. Commissioned by

3240-541: A series of three life-size gold-leaf plated porcelain statues of the sitting singer cuddling Bubbles , his pet chimpanzee. Three years later, one of these sold at Sotheby's New York for US$ 5.6 million. Two of these sculptures are now at the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art and the Broad Contemporary Art Museum (BCAM) in downtown Los Angeles. The statue was included in a 2004 retrospective at

3375-450: A similar mode as Andy Warhol 's Factory . Koons's work is produced using a method known as art fabrication . Until 2019, Koons had a 1,500 m (16,000 sq ft) studio factory near the old Hudson rail yards in Chelsea employing 90 to 120 assistants to produce his work. More recently, Koons has downsized staffing and shifted to more automated forms of production and relocated to

3510-621: A small amount of ordinary salt, to assist the hollow balls in remaining suspended in the centre of the liquid. In a second version, the 50/50 Tanks , only half the tank is filled with distilled water, with the result that the balls float half in and half out of the water. In addition, Koons conceived and fabricated five unique works for the Encased series (1983–1993/98), sculptures consisting of stacked sporting balls (four rows of six basketballs each, and one row of six soccer balls) with their original cardboard packaging in glass display case. Also part of

3645-545: A specialist and give the piece "radical plastic surgery." After this experience he felt liberated: "I was now free to work with objects that did not necessarily pre-exist. I could create models." Koons then moved on to the Banality series. For this project he engaged workshops in Germany and Italy that had a long tradition of working in ceramic , porcelain , and wood. The series culminated in 1988 with Michael Jackson and Bubbles,

3780-476: A speech denying the request, which was paraphrased on the front page of the New York Daily News as "FORD TO CITY: DROP DEAD." The Municipal Assistance Corporation was formed and granted oversight authority over the city's finances. While a resurgence in the financial industry greatly improved the city's economic health in the 1980s, New York's crime rate continued to increase through that decade and into

3915-618: A studio assistant in the late 1970s. He lived in Lakeview , and then in the Pilsen neighborhood at Halsted Street and 19th Street. After college, Koons moved to New York in 1977 and worked at the membership desk of the Museum of Modern Art while establishing himself as an artist. During this time, he dyed his hair red and often wore a pencil mustache, after Salvador Dalí. In 1980, he became licensed to sell mutual funds and stocks and began working as

4050-641: A teenager he revered Salvador Dalí so much that he visited him at the St. Regis Hotel in New York City . Koons studied painting at the Maryland Institute College of Art in Baltimore before transferring to the School of the Art Institute of Chicago , where he studied from 1975 to 1976. While a student at the Art Institute, Koons met the artist Ed Paschke , who became a major influence and for whom Koons worked as

4185-430: A work by a living artist : US$ 58.4 million for Balloon Dog (Orange) in 2013 and US$ 91.1 million for Rabbit in 2019. Critics come sharply divided in their views of Koons. Some view his work as pioneering and of major art-historical importance. Others dismiss his work as kitsch , crass, and based on cynical self-merchandising. Koons has stated that there are no hidden meanings or critiques in his works. Koons

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4320-465: Is The Pre-New , a series of domestic objects attached to light fixtures, resulting in strange new configurations. Another example is The New , a series of vacuum-cleaners , often selected for brand names that appealed to the artist like the iconic Hoover , which he had mounted in illuminated Perspex boxes. Koons first exhibited these pieces in the window of the New Museum in New York in 1980. He chose

4455-431: Is displayed outside the casino entrance at Wynn's Encore Boston Harbor hotel and casino property. Hulk Elvis is a work series by Koons created between 2004 and 2014. The works range from precision-machined bronze sculptures—inspired by an inflatable of the popular comic book hero and extruded in three dimensions—to large-scale oil paintings . The work series' title combines the popular comic book hero Hulk with

4590-613: Is housed or displayed with such consistency, attention to detail, and outreach programming as the Rubell Family Collection." Sara Liss of Condé Nast Traveler described the museum after its reopening in Allapattah as "intimate but ambitious, with daring works and an impressive caliber of artists on display." Writing for Artnet News about the museum's D.C. expansion, Kriston Capps said "the District hasn’t had an institution like

4725-461: Is one of the world's most populous megacities . The city and its metropolitan area are the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States . As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York City, making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world. In 2021, the city was home to nearly 3.1 million residents born outside the U.S., the largest foreign-born population of any city in

4860-591: The American South . During construction in Foley Square in the 1990s, the African Burying Ground was discovered; the cemetery included 10,000 to 20,000 graves of colonial-era Africans, some enslaved and some free. The 1735 trial and acquittal in Manhattan of John Peter Zenger , who had been accused of seditious libel after criticizing colonial governor William Cosby , helped to establish freedom of

4995-649: The Astrup Fearnley Museum of Modern Art in Oslo which traveled a year later to the Helsinki City Art Museum . It also featured in his second retrospective at the Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago , in 2008. The statue is currently part of the collection at the Astrup Fearnley Museum of Modern Art at Tjuvholmen in Oslo. His work Christ and the Lamb (1988) has been analyzed as an acknowledgment and critique of

5130-786: The Atlantic port to the agricultural markets and commodities of the North American interior via the Hudson River and the Great Lakes . Local politics became dominated by Tammany Hall , a political machine supported by Irish and German immigrants . In 1831, New York University was founded. Several prominent American literary figures lived in New York during the 1830s and 1840s, including William Cullen Bryant , Washington Irving , Herman Melville , Rufus Wilmot Griswold , John Keese , Nathaniel Parker Willis , and Edgar Allan Poe . Members of

5265-664: The Bill of Rights there. The Supreme Court held its first organizational sessions in New York in 1790. In 1790, for the first time, New York City surpassed Philadelphia as the nation's largest city. At the end of 1790, the national capital was moved to Philadelphia . During the 19th century, New York City's population grew from 60,000 to 3.43 million. Under New York State's gradual emancipation act of 1799, children of slave mothers were to be eventually liberated but to be held in indentured servitude until their mid-to-late twenties. Together with slaves freed by their masters after

5400-697: The Caribbean . The attempt at a peaceful solution to the war took place at the Conference House on Staten Island between American delegates, including Benjamin Franklin , and British general Lord Howe on September 11, 1776. Shortly after the British occupation began, the Great Fire of New York destroyed nearly 500 buildings, about a quarter of the structures in the city, including Trinity Church . In January 1785,

5535-618: The Deutsche Guggenheim in 1999, Koons created the first seven paintings of the new series, Easyfun , comprising paintings and wall-mounted sculptures. In 2001, Koons undertook a series of paintings, Easyfun-Ethereal , using a collage approach that combined bikinis, food, and landscapes painted under his supervision by assistants. The series eventually expanded to twenty-four paintings. In 2000, Koons designed Split-Rocker , his second floral sculpture made of stainless steel, soil, geotextile fabric, and an internal irrigation system, which

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5670-552: The Equilibrium series are posters featuring basketball stars in Nike advertisements and 10 bronze objects, representing lifesaving gear. In 1986, Jeff Koons introduced the Statuary series, featuring ten pieces that reimagined his earlier inflatable series from the 1970s. The series aimed to illustrate how art often mirrors self-perception and evolves into decorative expression by presenting

5805-857: The Hudson River , which he named Río de San Antonio ('Saint Anthony's River'). In 1609, the English explorer Henry Hudson rediscovered New York Harbor while searching for the Northwest Passage to the Orient for the Dutch East India Company . He sailed up what the Dutch called North River (now the Hudson River), named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange . Hudson claimed

5940-687: The Lower Hudson Valley . The first documented visit into New York Harbor by a European was in 1524 by explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano . He claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême (New Angoulême ). A Spanish expedition, led by the Portuguese captain Estêvão Gomes sailing for Emperor Charles V , arrived in New York Harbor in January 1525 and charted the mouth of

6075-496: The Luxury and Degradation series Koons interfered into the realms of the social. He created an artificial and gleaming surface which represented a proletarian luxury. It was interpreted as seduction by simulation because it was fake luxury. Being the producer of this deception brought him to a kind of leadership, as he commented himself. The same material of stainless steel was used for the statue of Kiepenkerl . After being rebuilt in

6210-414: The Luxury and Degradation series is a group of works thematically centered on alcohol . This group included a stainless steel travel cocktail cabinet, a Baccarat crystal decanter and other hand-made renderings of alcohol-related paraphernalia, as well as reprinted and framed ads for drinks such as Gordon's Gin ("I Could Go for Something Gordon's"), Hennessy ("Hennessy, The Civilized Way to Lay Down

6345-572: The National Mall . The Rubells originally purchased the historic building in 2010 from the Corcoran Gallery of Art , later hiring Beyer Blinder Belle to refurbish and renovate the school building for the new museum, and partnering with Lowe to construct a 492-unit apartment building behind the museum. Caitlin Berry, former director of Marymount University 's Cody Gallery of Art, was named director of

6480-699: The New York City Fire Department and 71 law enforcement officers. The area was rebuilt with a new World Trade Center , the National September 11 Memorial and Museum , and other new buildings and infrastructure, including the World Trade Center Transportation Hub , the city's third-largest hub. The new One World Trade Center is the tallest skyscraper in the Western Hemisphere and the seventh-tallest building in

6615-455: The Statue of Liberty , a gift from France , was dedicated in New York Harbor. The statue welcomed 14 million immigrants as they came to the U.S. via Ellis Island by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and is a symbol of the United States and American ideals of liberty and peace. In 1898, the City of New York was formed with the consolidation of Brooklyn (until then a separate city),

6750-683: The Stonewall riots were a series of violent protests by members of the gay community against a police raid that took place in the early morning of June 28, 1969, at the Stonewall Inn in Greenwich Village . They are widely considered to be the single most important event leading to the gay liberation movement and the modern fight for LGBT rights . Wayne R. Dynes , author of the Encyclopedia of Homosexuality , wrote that drag queens were

6885-586: The steamship General Slocum caught fire in the East River , killing 1,021 people. In 1911, the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire , the city's worst industrial disaster, killed 146 garment workers and spurred the growth of the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union and major improvements in factory safety standards. New York's non-White population was 36,620 in 1890. New York City

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7020-737: The waterfronts since Dutch colonial times; reclamation is most prominent in Lower Manhattan, with developments such as Battery Park City in the 1970s and 1980s. Some of the natural relief in topography has been evened out, especially in Manhattan. Jeff Koons Jeffrey Lynn Koons ( / k uː n z / ; born January 21, 1955) is an American artist recognized for his work dealing with popular culture and his sculptures depicting everyday objects, including balloon animals produced in stainless steel with mirror- finish surfaces. He lives and works in both New York City and his hometown of York , Pennsylvania. His works have sold for substantial sums, including at least two record auction prices for

7155-453: The 1950s, the figure of the itinerant trader was replaced by Jeff Koons in 1987 for the decennial Skulptur Projekte exhibition. Standing on a central square in Münster, the statue retained a certain cultural power as a nostalgic symbol of the past. During the production process, the foundry where the piece was being made wanted to knock the ceramic shell off too soon, which resulted in the piece being bent and deformed. Koons decided to bring in

7290-418: The 19th century, the city was transformed by both commercial and residential development relating to its status as a national and international trading center , as well as by European immigration, respectively. The city adopted the Commissioners' Plan of 1811 , which expanded the city street grid to encompass almost all of Manhattan. The 1825 completion of the Erie Canal through central New York connected

7425-451: The 2007 Macy's Thanksgiving day parade was put on display for Nuit Blanche in the Eaton Centre in Toronto. The other objects of the series combine objects Koons found in souvenir shops and baroque imagery, thereby playing with the distinction between low art and high art. First shown in Koons's eponymous exhibitions at the short-lived International With Monument Gallery, New York, and at Daniel Weinberg Gallery, Los Angeles, in 1986,

7560-502: The 2007–2008 season in the Vienna State Opera , Koons designed the large-scale picture (176 sqm) Geisha as part of the exhibition series "Safety Curtain", conceived by museum in progress . Koons worked with American pop performer Lady Gaga on her 2013 studio album Artpop , including the creation of its cover artwork featuring a sculpture he made of Lady Gaga. In September 2014, the bi-annual arts and culture publication GARAGE Magazine published Koons's first ever digital artwork for

7695-461: The Arolsen Puppy had 20,000 plants, the Sydney version held around 60,000. The piece was purchased in 1997 by the Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation and installed on the terrace outside the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao . Before the dedication at the museum, an Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA) trio disguised as gardeners attempted to plant explosive-filled flowerpots near the sculpture, but was foiled by Basque police officer Jose María Aguirre, who then

7830-411: The Brant Foundation Art Study Center. In 1998, a miniature version of Puppy was released as a white glazed porcelain vase, in an edition of 3000. Koons's Celebration was to honor the ardently hoped-for return of Ludwig from Rome . The series, consisting of a series of large-scale sculptures and paintings of balloon dogs, Valentine hearts, diamonds, and Easter eggs , was conceived in 1994. Some of

7965-410: The Continental Army at the Battle of Fort Washington in November 1776 eliminated the last American stronghold in Manhattan, causing George Washington and his forces to retreat across the Hudson River to New Jersey , pursued by British forces. After the battle, in which the Americans were defeated, the British made the city their military and political base of operations in North America. The city

8100-399: The County of New York (which then included parts of the Bronx), the County of Richmond, and the western portion of the County of Queens. The opening of the New York City Subway in 1904, first built as separate private systems, helped bind the new city together. Throughout the first half of the 20th century, the city became a world center for industry, commerce, and communication. In 1904,

8235-742: The D.C. museum in August 2022. The second location, which is free to residents of Washington, opened in October 2022 and features 32,000 square feet of gallery space and a bookstore. Berry left the D.C. museum in early 2024. Roselione-Valadez told The Washington Post that the museum had no immediate plans to rehire for the D.C. director position but that the institution was committed to staying in Washington long-term, saying "We plan on being there for at least 100 years." The Rubell houses over 7,400 works by more than 1,000 artists. Don and Mera Rubell have been noted for their intensive approach to evaluating art to acquire for their collection, which includes multiple studio visits and interviews with artists, often over

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8370-409: The Duke of York (the future King James II and VII). The duke gave part of the colony to proprietors George Carteret and John Berkeley . On August 24, 1673, during the Third Anglo-Dutch War , Anthony Colve of the Dutch navy seized New York at the behest of Cornelis Evertsen the Youngest and rechristened it "New Orange" after William III , the Prince of Orange . The Dutch soon returned

8505-438: The Dutch West India Company had operated as a monopoly in New Netherland, on authority granted by the Dutch States General . In 1639–1640, in an effort to bolster economic growth, the Dutch West India Company relinquished its monopoly over the fur trade, leading to growth in the production and trade of food, timber, tobacco, and slaves (particularly with the Dutch West Indies ). In 1647, Peter Stuyvesant began his tenure as

8640-404: The Greco-Roman era along with everyday utilitarian objects encountered in today's suburban and rural landscape, such as mailboxes and a birdbath. In June 2022, Dakis Jouannou commissioned Koons to create an artwork for his space at DESTE Foundation for Contemporary Art, on the Greek island of Hydra . Koons created the series Apollo, including a sculpture titled Apollo Wind Spinner (2020–2022),

8775-453: The Law"), Bacardi ("Aquí... el gran sabor del ron Bacardi"), Dewars ("The Empire State of Scotch"), Martell ("I Assume You Drink Martell") and Frangelico ("Stay in Tonight" and "Find a Quiet Table") in seductively intensified colors on canvas Koons appropriated these advertisements and revalued them by recontextualizing them into artworks. They "deliver a critique of traditional advertising that supports Baudrillard 's censorious view of

8910-405: The New York metropolitan area is the largest metropolitan economy in the world , with a gross metropolitan product of over US$ 2.16 trillion. If the New York metropolitan area were its own country , it would have the tenth-largest economy in the world . Despite having a 24/7 rapid transit system , New York also leads the world in urban automobile traffic congestion . The city is home to

9045-578: The Revolutionary War and escaped slaves, a significant free-Black population gradually developed in Manhattan. The New York Manumission Society worked for abolition and established the African Free School to educate Black children. It was not until 1827 that slavery was completely abolished in the state . Free Blacks struggled with discrimination and interracial abolitionist activism continued. New York City's population jumped from 123,706 in 1820 (10,886 of whom were Black and of which 518 were enslaved) to 312,710 by 1840 (16,358 of whom were Black). Also in

9180-406: The Rubell Museum in years, one that’s literally and figuratively oriented toward the city, not the National Mall," praising the museum's focus on art and artists tackling issues relevant to residents of Washington. Critic Philip Kennicott , reviewing the opening show at the D.C. museum for The Washington Post , wrote that "The new museum gets almost all the intangibles of a museum experience right:

9315-410: The Rubells opened their private collection to the public as the Rubell Family Collection in a building formerly used by the Drug Enforcement Administration in the Wynwood neighborhood of Miami . The collection's presence in the neighborhood helped spur further development, with other private collections, galleries, and art-focused businesses moving to the area in the following years; the Rubell family

9450-560: The ads were designed as promotions for his own gallery exhibitions. Koons also issued Signature Plate , an edition for Parkett magazine, with a photographic decal in colors on a porcelain plate with gold-plated rim. Arts journalist Arifa Akbar reported for The Independent that in "an era when artists were not regarded as 'stars', Koons went to great lengths to cultivate his public persona by employing an image consultant". Featuring photographs by Matt Chedgey, Koons placed "advertisements in international art magazines of himself surrounded by

9585-426: The ancient world. In 1999, Koons commissioned a song about himself on Momus 's album Stars Forever . A drawing similar to his Tulip Balloons was placed on the front page of the Internet search engine Google . The drawing greeted all who visited Google's main page on April 30, 2008, and May 1, 2008. In 2006 Koons appeared on Artstar , an unscripted television series set in the New York art world. He had

9720-615: The arts and fashion , and, as home to the headquarters of the United Nations , international diplomacy . With an estimated population in 2023 of 8,258,035 distributed over 300.46 square miles (778.2 km ), the city is the most densely populated major city in the United States. New York City has more than double the population of Los Angeles , the nation's second-most populous city. With more than 20.1 million people in its metropolitan statistical area and 23.5 million in its combined statistical area as of 2020, New York City

9855-636: The assembly of the Congress of the Confederation made New York City the national capital. New York was the last capital of the U.S. under the Articles of Confederation and the first capital under the Constitution of the United States . As the U.S. capital, New York City hosted the inauguration of the first President, George Washington , and the first Congress , at Federal Hall on Wall Street . Congress drafted

9990-543: The beginning of the 1990s. By the mid-1990s, crime rates started to drop dramatically due to revised police strategies, improving economic opportunities, gentrification , and new residents, both American transplants and new immigrants from Asia and Latin America. New York City's population exceeded 8 million for the first time in the 2000 United States census ; further records were set in 2010 , and 2020 U.S. censuses. Important new sectors, such as Silicon Alley , emerged in

10125-583: The business elite lobbied for the establishment of Central Park , which in 1857 became the first landscaped park in an American city. The Great Irish Famine brought a large influx of Irish immigrants, of whom more than 200,000 were living in New York by 1860, representing over a quarter of the city's population. Extensive immigration from the German provinces meant that Germans comprised another 25% of New York's population by 1860. Democratic Party candidates were consistently elected to local office, increasing

10260-605: The city from New Jersey. The East River—a tidal strait —flows from Long Island Sound and separates the Bronx and Manhattan from Long Island. The Harlem River , another tidal strait between the East and Hudson rivers, separates most of Manhattan from the Bronx. The Bronx River , which flows through the Bronx and Westchester County , is the only entirely freshwater river in the city. The city's land has been altered substantially by human intervention, with considerable land reclamation along

10395-439: The city rapidly replaced Wuhan , China as the global epicenter of the pandemic during the early phase, straining the city's healthcare infrastructure. Through March 2023, New York City recorded more than 80,000 deaths from COVID-19-related complications. New York City is situated in the northeastern United States , in southeastern New York State, approximately halfway between Washington, D.C. and Boston . Its location at

10530-613: The city's economy. The advent of Y2K was celebrated with fanfare in Times Square . New York City suffered the bulk of the economic damage and largest loss of human life in the aftermath of the September 11, 2001, attacks . Two of the four airliners hijacked that day were flown into the twin towers of the World Trade Center, resulting in the collapse of both buildings and the deaths of 2,753 people, including 343 first responders from

10665-776: The city's ties to the South and its dominant party. In 1861, Mayor Fernando Wood called on the aldermen to declare independence from Albany and the United States after the South seceded, but his proposal was not acted on. Anger at new military conscription laws during the American Civil War (1861–1865), which spared wealthier men who could afford to hire a substitute, led to the Draft Riots of 1863 , whose most visible participants were ethnic Irish working class. The draft riots deteriorated into attacks on New York's elite, followed by attacks on Black New Yorkers after fierce competition for

10800-455: The costly fabrication of the Celebration series at Southern California-based Carlson & Company (including his Balloon Dog and Moon series), and later, at Arnold, a Frankfurt -based company. The dealers funded the project in part by selling works to collectors before they were fabricated. In 2006, Koons presented Hanging Heart , a 9-foot-tall highly polished, steel heart, one of

10935-515: The creation of one of his most iconic works, Rabbit (1986). There are three identical versions of Rabbit . One version was previously part of art collector Stefan Edlis's personal collection, but it now resides as a gift at the Museum of Contemporary Art in Chicago and another in The Broad Museum in Los Angeles. In May 15, 2019, Jeff Koons set a record for most expensive piece sold by

11070-417: The development of large housing tracts in eastern Queens and Nassau County , with Wall Street leading America's place as the world's dominant economic power. The United Nations headquarters was completed in 1952, solidifying New York's global geopolitical influence, and the rise of abstract expressionism in the city precipitated New York's displacement of Paris as the center of the art world. In 1969,

11205-418: The early 18th century, New York grew in importance as a trading port while as a part of the colony of New York . It became a center of slavery , with 42% of households enslaving Africans by 1730. Most were domestic slaves ; others were hired out as labor. Slavery became integrally tied to New York's economy through the labor of slaves throughout the port, and the banking and shipping industries trading with

11340-474: The figure's powerful and masculine appearance. The series' paintings are collages made of several photoshop layers. The images range from abstract landscapes to elements of American iconography (trains, horses, carriages) and comprise characters such as the Hulk or an inflatable plastic monkey. The landscape paintings often have explicit or implicit sexual content. For example, a recurrent crude line drawing of

11475-558: The former territory of New Netherland , including the city of New Amsterdam , when the Kingdom of England seized it from Dutch control. In the pre-Columbian era , the area of present-day New York City was inhabited by Algonquians , including the Lenape . Their homeland, known as Lenapehoking , included the present-day areas of Staten Island , Manhattan , the Bronx , the western portion of Long Island (including Brooklyn and Queens ), and

11610-428: The front of its print edition. The piece, titled Lady Bug , is an augmented reality sculpture that can only be viewed on mobile devices through a GARAGE Magazine app, which allows viewers to explore the piece from a variety of angles as if standing on top of it. In 2012, Koons bought Advanced Stone Technologies, an offshoot of the non-profit Johnson Atelier Technical Institute of Sculpture 's stone division. He moved

11745-462: The head of a giant child's rocker. Koons produced two editions of the sculpture. As of 2014, he owns one of them; the other is displayed at Glenstone in Maryland. At Glenstone, Split-Rocker is in bloom from mid-May to mid-October, and requires daily caretaking during that period. In summer 2014 Split-Rocker was installed at Rockefeller Plaza in New York City for several months in coincidence with

11880-502: The high-tech stone workshop from New Jersey to a larger, 60,000 sq ft (5,600 m ) space near Morrisville, Bucks County, Pennsylvania . The facility exists solely to fabricate Koons's works made of stone. In 2013 Koons created the sculpture Gazing Ball (Farnese Hercules), which was inspired by the Farnese Hercules . The sculpture is made from white plaster and can be interpreted as perpetuating colorism in how we view

12015-466: The ice (and its subsequent retreat) contributed to the separation of what is now Long Island and Staten Island. That action left bedrock at a relatively shallow depth, providing a solid foundation for most of Manhattan's skyscrapers. The Hudson River flows through the Hudson Valley into New York Bay . Between New York City and Troy, New York , the river is an estuary . The Hudson River separates

12150-453: The imposing scale of classical sculpture. In this series presented at Gagosian Gallery in 2015, Koons has taken 35 masterpieces, including Manet's Déjeuner sur l'Herbe , Géricault's Raft of the Medusa and Rembrandt's Self-Portrait Wearing a Hat , had them repainted in oil on canvas, and added a little shelf, painted as if it had sprouted directly from the image. Each work includes

12285-656: The island to England under the Treaty of Westminster of November 1674. Several intertribal wars among the Native Americans and epidemics brought on by contact with the Europeans caused sizeable population losses for the Lenape between 1660 and 1670. By 1700, the Lenape population had diminished to 200. New York experienced several yellow fever epidemics in the 18th century, losing ten percent of its population in 1702 alone. In

12420-662: The last Director-General of New Netherland. During his tenure, the population of New Netherland grew from 2,000 to 8,000. Stuyvesant has been credited with improving law and order; however, he earned a reputation as a despotic leader. He instituted regulations on liquor sales, attempted to assert control over the Dutch Reformed Church , and blocked other religious groups from establishing houses of worship. In 1664, unable to summon any significant resistance, Stuyvesant surrendered New Amsterdam to English troops, led by Colonel Richard Nicolls , without bloodshed. The terms of

12555-545: The local population as a representative of the Dutch colonists. A permanent European presence near New York Harbor was established in 1624, making New York the 12th-oldest continuously occupied European-established settlement in the continental United States , with the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement on Governors Island . In 1625, construction was started on a citadel and Fort Amsterdam , later called Nieuw Amsterdam (New Amsterdam), on present-day Manhattan Island. The colony of New Amsterdam extended from

12690-625: The metal sculptures. He reinterprets historical figures through the creation of balloon-like sculptures, such as the Metallic Venus, and by integrating representative figures and characters from comic books. Referring to the ancient Roman marble statue Callipygian Venus , Metallic Venus (2010–2012) was made of high chromium stainless steel with transparent color coating and live flowering plants. In Ballerinas (2010–2014), Koons depicts figurines of dancers, derived from decorative porcelain works designed by Ukrainian artist Oksana Zhnikrup , at

12825-447: The mid-1980s as part of a generation of artists who explored the meaning of art in a newly media-saturated era with his Pre-new The New series. With recognition came the establishment of a factory-like studio located in a loft at the corner of Houston Street and Broadway in New York in SoHo . It was staffed with over 30 assistants, each assigned to a different aspect of producing his work—in

12960-419: The most populous urbanized area in the world in the early 1920s, overtaking London . The metropolitan area surpassed 10 million in the early 1930s, becoming the first megacity . The Great Depression saw the election of reformer Fiorello La Guardia as mayor and the fall of Tammany Hall after eighty years of political dominance. Returning World War II veterans created a post-war economic boom and

13095-544: The mouth of the Hudson River , which feeds into a naturally sheltered harbor and then into the Atlantic Ocean , has helped the city grow in significance as a trading port. Most of the city is built on the three islands of Long Island, Manhattan, and Staten Island. During the Wisconsin glaciation , 75,000 to 11,000 years ago, the New York City area was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet . The erosive forward movement of

13230-553: The museum has hosted an artist residency program that is recognized as one of the most prestigious residencies in the country. Past artists-in-residence include Sterling Ruby, Amoako Boafo , and Lucy Dodd . In 2024, the Rubell Museum collaborated with notable theater director Michel Hausmann and the Miami New Drama theater company, in "The Museum Plays". An immersive theater experience that served as an interface to part of

13365-536: The museum's collection, has since toured to over a dozen museums and remained on tour as of 2022. The opening exhibition in the Rubell's D.C. museum, What's Going On (2022), paid homage to Marvin Gaye , who had attended the former school that the museum is located in. Writing in the Miami New Times in 2005 about the original museum, Alfredo Triff said "There are other world-class art collections in this city, but none

13500-633: The museum's collection. The project consisted of a series of short-format plays, each inspired by (and performed adjacent to) a specific artwork within the museum's galleries with the goal of offering visitors an innovative way of engaging with the exhibits. The plays were commissioned from playwrights Hannah Benitez, Harley Elias, Rogelio Martinez, Carmen Pelaez, Marco Ramirez, and Aurin Squire , who drew inspiration from works by artists Alfonso Gonzalez Jr. , Jenna Gribbon , Glenn Ligon , Kaari Upson , and Kehinde Wiley . This collaboration showcased an initiative for

13635-404: The obscene promiscuity of consumer signs". Another work, Jim Beam – J.B. Turner Engine (1986), is based on a commemorative, collectible in bottle in the form of a locomotive that was created by Jim Beam ; however, Koons appropriated this model and had it cast in gleaming stainless-steel. The train model cast in steel titled Jim Beam – Baggage Car (1986) even contains Jim Beam bourbon. With

13770-492: The only " transgender folks around" during the June 1969 Stonewall riots. The transgender community in New York City played a significant role in fighting for LGBT equality. In the 1970s, job losses due to industrial restructuring caused New York City to suffer from economic problems and rising crime rates. Growing fiscal deficits in 1975 led the city to appeal to the federal government for financial aid; President Gerald Ford gave

13905-556: The opening of Koons's retrospective at the Whitney Museum of American Art . Paintings and sculptures from the Popeye series, which Koons began in 2002, feature the cartoon figures of Popeye and Olive Oyl . One such item is a stainless steel reproduction of a mass-market PVC Popeye figurine. The artist will also make use of inflatable animals again, this time in combination with ladders, trashcans and fences. To create these sculptures,

14040-448: The outbreak that followed his Made in Heaven series, Koons decided to make "an image that communicated warmth and love to people." In 1995, in a co-venture between Museum of Contemporary Art , Kaldor Public Art Projects and Sydney Festival , the sculpture was dismantled and re-erected at the Museum of Contemporary Art on Sydney Harbour on a new, more permanent, stainless steel armature with an internal irrigation system. While

14175-806: The pacing, the juxtapositions, the flow, the light. Amid the sobering politics are moments of radiance and poetry," and "Right from the start, the Rubell Museum DC has found its substantial niche in the capital area’s museum ecosystem." In 2015, the Rubell was questioned by the US Senate Finance Committee along with several other private museums over its nonprofit tax status . The Rubell, along with The Broad , Glenstone , Pier 24 , and seven other museums, were sent letters by committee chairman Senator Orrin Hatch that read, in part: "Some private foundations are operating museums that offer minimal benefit to

14310-560: The pieces are still being fabricated. Each of the 20 different sculptures in the series comes in five differently colored "unique versions", including the artist's cracked Egg (Blue) which won the 2008 Charles Wollaston Award for the most distinguished work in the Royal Academy 's Summer Exhibition . The Diamond pieces were created between 1994 and 2005, made of shiny stainless steel seven-feet wide. Created in an edition of five versions, his later work Tulips (1995–2004) consists of

14445-523: The pop icon Elvis . The triple image of the Hulk figure recalls Andy Warhol 's silk-screen printing Triple Elvis (1963), regarding both the multiplication and the posture of the Hulk figure. According to the artist, the Hulk Elvis series with its strong, heroic image of the Hulk represents "a very high- testosterone body of work". Koons also perceives the series as "a bridge between East and West", since

14580-489: The portrayal of eros , fertility, and feminine beauty across the history of art. At the center of each scene in the Antiquity paintings (2009–2013) is a famous ancient or classical sculpture, meticulously rendered in oil paint and scaled to the same size as the sculptures. The equally detailed backdrops include an Arcadian vision. Koons makes use of contemporary technology, including CT scans and digital imaging, to produce

14715-697: The press in North America . In 1754, Columbia University was founded. The Stamp Act Congress met in New York in October 1765, as the Sons of Liberty organization emerged in the city and skirmished over the next ten years with British troops stationed there. The Battle of Long Island , the largest battle of the American Revolutionary War , was fought in August 1776 within modern-day Brooklyn. A British rout of

14850-552: The promotion of interdisciplinary approaches to art, and towards enhancing visitor experience through creative programming. The Rubell has staged dozens of exhibitions, many of which have gone on to travel to venues across the country. In 2011 the Rubell's exhibition 30 Americans began touring, stopping first at the North Carolina Museum of Art in Raleigh . 30 Americans , a show focused on art by African-American artists from

14985-464: The public while enabling donors to reap substantial tax advantages." The investigation came after reporting in The New York Times questioned whether high-value families and individuals were investing money in art and private museums as a form of tax shelter. New York City New York , often called New York City or NYC , is the most populous city in the United States , located at

15120-523: The region for the Dutch East India Company. In 1614, the area between Cape Cod and Delaware Bay was claimed by the Netherlands and called Nieuw-Nederland (' New Netherland '). The first non–Native American inhabitant of what became New York City was Juan Rodriguez , a merchant from Santo Domingo who arrived in Manhattan during the winter of 1613–14, trapping for pelts and trading with

15255-558: The series reference art from the Baroque and Rococo periods—among others, Gian Lorenzo Bernini , Jean-Honoré Fragonard and François Boucher —and also draw upon the breakthroughs of early modern painters as Gustave Courbet and Édouard Manet . The series was first shown at the 1990 Venice Biennale . Koons reportedly destroyed much of the work when Staller took their son Ludwig with her to Italy. In celebration of Made in Heaven' s 20th anniversary, Luxembourg & Dayan chose to present

15390-622: The southern tip of New York State on one of the world's largest natural harbors . The city comprises five boroughs , each coextensive with a respective county . The city is the geographical and demographic center of both the Northeast megalopolis and the New York metropolitan area , the largest metropolitan area in the U.S. by both population and urban area . New York is a global center of finance and commerce , culture , technology , entertainment and media , academics and scientific output ,

15525-596: The southern tip of Manhattan to modern-day Wall Street , where a 12-foot (3.7 m) wooden stockade was built in 1653 to protect against Native American and English raids. In 1626, the Dutch colonial Director-General Peter Minuit , as charged by the Dutch West India Company , purchased the island of Manhattan from the Canarsie , a small Lenape band, for "the value of 60 guilders " (about $ 900 in 2018). A frequently told but disproved legend claims that Manhattan

15660-577: The spiritual and meditative power of the Rococo. Anticipating a less than generous critical response to his 1988 Banality series exhibition, with all of his new objects made in an edition of three, allowing for simultaneous, identical shows at galleries in New York, Cologne, and Chicago, Koons devised the Art Magazine Ads series (1988–1989). Placed in Artforum , Art in America , Flash Art , and Art News,

15795-427: The staff was laid off, a crew of two: Gary McCraw, Koons's studio manager, who had been with him since 1990, and Justine Wheeler, an artist from South Africa, who had arrived in 1995 and eventually took charge of the sculpture operation. The artist convinced his primary collectors Dakis Joannou , Peter Brant , and Eli Broad , along with dealers Jeffrey Deitch , Anthony d'Offay , and Max Hetzler , to invest heavily in

15930-497: The surrender permitted Dutch residents to remain in the colony and allowed for religious freedom. In 1667, during negotiations leading to the Treaty of Breda after the Second Anglo-Dutch War , the victorious Dutch decided to keep the nascent plantation colony of what is now Suriname , which they had gained from the English, and in return the English kept New Amsterdam. The settlement was promptly renamed "New York" after

16065-519: The toys get a layer of coating after finding the right shape. Then a hard copy is made and sent to the foundry to be cast in aluminium. Back in the studio the sculptures are painted in order to achieve the shiny look of the original inflatables. For these surrealist installations, Acrobat in particular, Koons got inspiration from the Chicago Imagist H.C. Westermann . The Popeye sculpture was purchased by billionaire Steve Wynn for $ 28 million and it

16200-487: The trappings of success" and gave interviews "referring to himself in the third person". In 1989, the Whitney Museum and its guest curator Marvin Heiferman asked Koons to make an artwork about the media on a billboard for the show "Image World: Art and Media Culture". The billboard was meant as an advertisement for an unmade movie, entitled Made in Heaven. Koons employed his then-wife Ilona Staller (" Cicciolina ") as

16335-457: The use of ready-made objects and modes of display in his apartment in 1976. His fascination with the extravagant world of luxurious goods and their more affordable counterparts led him to collect items like toys, metallic finishes, leopard skin, and porcelain. Between 1977 and 1979 Koons produced four separate artworks, which he later referred to as Early Works. In 1978 he began working on his Inflatables series, consisting of inflatable flowers and

16470-578: The world by pinnacle height, with its spire reaching a symbolic 1,776 feet (541.3 m), a reference to the year of U.S. independence . The Occupy Wall Street protests in Zuccotti Park in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan began on September 17, 2011, receiving global attention and popularizing the Occupy movement against social and economic inequality worldwide. New York City

16605-483: The world's two largest stock exchanges by market capitalization of their listed companies: the New York Stock Exchange and Nasdaq . New York City is an established safe haven for global investors. As of 2023 , New York City is the most expensive city in the world for expatriates and has by a wide margin the highest U.S. city residential rents; and Fifth Avenue is the most expensive shopping street in

16740-572: The world. New York City traces its origins to Fort Amsterdam and a trading post founded on Manhattan Island by Dutch colonists around 1624. The settlement was named New Amsterdam in 1626 and was chartered as a city in 1653. The city came under English control in 1664 and was temporarily renamed New York after King Charles II granted the lands to his brother, the Duke of York , before being permanently renamed New York in November 1674. New York City

16875-449: The world. New York City is home by a significant margin to the highest number of billionaires , individuals of ultra-high net worth (greater than US$ 30 million), and millionaires of any city in the world. In 1664, New York was named in honor of the Duke of York (later King James II of England ). James's elder brother, King Charles II , appointed the Duke as proprietor of

17010-552: Was heavily affected by Hurricane Sandy in late October 2012. Sandy's impacts included flooding that led to the days-long shutdown of the subway system and flooding of all East River subway tunnels and of all road tunnels entering Manhattan except the Lincoln Tunnel . The New York Stock Exchange closed for two days due to weather for the first time since the Great Blizzard of 1888 . At least 43 people died in New York City as

17145-525: Was a haven for Loyalist refugees and escaped slaves who joined the British lines for freedom promised by the Crown , with as many as 10,000 escaped slaves crowded into the city during the British occupation, the largest such community on the continent. When the British forces evacuated New York at the close of the war in 1783, they transported thousands of freedmen for resettlement in Nova Scotia , England, and

17280-581: Was a prime destination in the early 20th century for Blacks during the Great Migration from the American South, and by 1916, New York City had the largest urban African diaspora in North America. The Harlem Renaissance of literary and cultural life flourished during the era of Prohibition . The larger economic boom generated construction of skyscrapers competing in height. New York City became

17415-525: Was also successful in helping lobby Art Basel to host an edition of the art fair in the Miami area, which would eventually become Art Basel Miami Beach. The original building was renovated in 2004 by Miami architect Allan Shulman. Juan Roselione-Valadez was appointed director of the Miami museum in 2010. In 2019, the collection relocated from the Wynwood neighborhood to a new site in the Allapattah neighborhood and

17550-473: Was born in York, Pennsylvania , to Henry Koons and Nancy Loomis. His father was a furniture dealer and interior decorator. His mother was a seamstress. When he was nine years old, his father would place old master paintings that Koons copied and signed in the window of his shop in an attempt to attract visitors. As a child he went door-to-door after school selling gift-wrapping paper and candy to earn pocket money. As

17685-503: Was first shown at the Palais des Papes in Avignon , France. Like Puppy , it is covered with around 27,000 live flowers, including petunias , begonias , impatiens , geraniums and marigolds . Weighing 150 tons and soaring over 37 feet high, Split-Rocker is composed of two halves: one based on a toy pony belonging to one of Koons's sons, the other based on a toy dinosaur. Together, they form

17820-415: Was purchased for $ 24 worth of glass beads. Following the purchase, New Amsterdam grew slowly. To attract settlers, the Dutch instituted the patroon system in 1628, whereby wealthy Dutchmen ( patroons , or patrons) who brought 50 colonists to New Netherland would be awarded land, local political autonomy, and rights to participate in the lucrative fur trade. This program had little success. Since 1621,

17955-408: Was renamed the Rubell Museum. The new facility consists of six former industrial buildings redesigned by Selldorf Architects and features 40 galleries with 100,000 square feet of gallery space, a library, a restaurant, a performance space, and a bookstore. The facility was originally purchased by the museum as a new storage location, but the size of the site inspired museum leadership to utilize it for

18090-450: Was shot dead by ETA members. Currently the square in which the statue is placed bears the name of Aguirre. In the summer of 2000, the statue traveled to New York City for a temporary exhibition at Rockefeller Center . Media mogul Peter Brant and his wife, model Stephanie Seymour , commissioned Koons to create a duplicate of the Bilbao statue Puppy (1993) for their Connecticut estate,

18225-417: Was the U.S. capital from 1785 until 1790. The modern city was formed by the 1898 consolidation of its five boroughs : Manhattan , Brooklyn , Queens , the Bronx , and Staten Island . Anchored by Wall Street in the Financial District, Manhattan , New York City has been called both the world's premier financial and fintech center and the most economically powerful city in the world. As of 2022 ,

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