The Royal Swedish Naval Academy ( Swedish : Kungliga Sjökrigsskolan , KSS) was a school for officer training for the Swedish Navy , which operated in various forms between the years 1756 and 1987.
70-543: In 1683, when the charter was issued that "those who were proposed to become officers in the navy, should undergo a naval officer exam", the navy only possessed the training schools, Mate's and Artillery Schools ( Styrmans- och artilleriskolorna ) in Karlskrona which was established by Admiral H. Wachtmeister. Later at Sveaborg a naval school for officers and cadets of the Fleet of the Army
140-448: A baroque square on Iso Mustasaari partly based on the model of Place Vendôme in Paris . As the construction work progressed, more residential buildings were built, many following the shape of the fortification lines. Ehrensvärd and some of the other officers were keen artists who made oil paintings presenting a view of life in the fortress during its construction, and giving the impression of
210-420: A campaign against Sweden and occupied Finland in 1808. The Russians easily took Helsingfors in early 1808 and began bombarding the fortress . Its commander, Carl Olof Cronstedt , negotiated a cease-fire. When no Swedish reinforcements had arrived by May, Sveaborg, with almost 7,000 men, surrendered. The reasons for Cronstedt's actions remain somewhat unclear; but the hopeless situation, psychological warfare by
280-516: A leap year , with 8784 hours, 527,040 minutes, or 31,622,400 seconds. With 97 leap years every 400 years, the year has an average length of 365.2425 days. Other formula-based calendars can have lengths which are further out of step with the solar cycle: for example, the Julian calendar has an average length of 365.25 days, and the Hebrew calendar has an average length of 365.2468 days. The Lunar Hijri calendar
350-496: A "year's time", but is not a "calendar year". The calendar year can be divided into four quarters, often abbreviated as Q1, Q2, Q3, and Q4. Since they are three months each, they are also called trimesters . In the Gregorian calendar : In some domains, weeks are preferred over months for scheduling and reporting, so they use quarters of exactly 13 weeks each, often following ISO week date conventions. One in five to six years has
420-555: A cadet school on land, as well as practical courses aboard and on land, and included the aspirant and cadet training in the following programmes: naval officer programme, coastal artillery programme, naval engineer programme, naval quartermaster programme, a reserve officer programme (navy, coastal artillery) and reserve quartermaster programme. The aspirant training was conducted at the aspirant school on land and in practical courses aboard, which usually took place aboard ships on an expedition to foreign waters. The cadet training took place at
490-607: A lively "fortress town" community. Due to repeated Russian threats in 1749 and 1750, more effort was placed on the island fortifications at the expense of those on the mainland, so that a safe base of operations could be secured for the Swedish naval units along the Finnish coast. Using the military garrisoned in Finland as the workforce, construction continued with over 6,000 workers in 1750. Fortifications at Gustavssvärd were completed in 1751 and
560-539: A location for avant-garde culture. In the mid-1980s, the Nordic Arts Centre was established on the island. Several buildings have been converted into artists' studios, which are let by the administration at reasonable rates. During the summer there is an art school for children. The performances of the Suomenlinna summer theater regularly draw full houses. Between 2 and 6 September 2015, the Finnish postal service ran
630-604: A maritime power and a force to be reckoned with in the Baltic Sea . The situation posed a threat to Sweden, which until that time had been the dominant power in the Baltic. This was visibly demonstrated by the use of naval forces in the Russian capture of Viborg in 1710. The main Swedish naval base at Karlskrona was too far to the south to meet Sweden's new needs for its navy in the 18th century, which often resulted in Swedish ships reaching
700-839: A school until 1943, today being the location for the organisation Nordregio, instigated by the Nordic Council of Ministers in 1997, and advocating issues of interest for northern Europe and the Baltic region. The coat of arms of the Royal Swedish Naval Academy 1867–1987. It was later used by the Swedish Navy Staff College ( Marinens krigshögskola , MKHS) from 1987 to 1998 and the Swedish Naval Warfare Centre since 2005. Blazon : "Azure, an anchor erect cabled surmounting two gunbarrels of older pattern, or. The shield surmounted an open chaplet or." In 1944,
770-531: A series of independent fortifications across several linked islands and, at the very heart of the complex, a navy dockyard. In addition to the island fortress itself, seafacing fortifications on the mainland would ensure that an enemy could not acquire a beach-head from which to stage attacks on the sea fort. The plan was also to stock munitions for the whole Finnish contingent of the Swedish Army and Royal Swedish Navy there. Additional plans were made for fortifying
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#1733085833201840-495: A so-called aspirant course aboard. Because of the 1909 parliamentary decision the education was rescheduled from 1911. Admission into the school now required passing the studentexamen , and teaching of sea cadets at school, on land and aboard on contemporary warships, comprised almost exclusively of military subjects during a little longer than a three-year course. According to the school issued regulations (8 October 1915), its purpose, in theoretical, practical and disciplinary terms of
910-551: A supply base. Lack of funds, unwillingness to devote funds for defending Finland, and the belief (arising just before the war) that Russia would be pushed away from the Baltic Sea were the main causes for the lack of progress. The following Russo-Swedish War of 1741–1743 , which quickly turned from a Swedish attack into a Russian occupation of Finland, again underlined the importance of developing fortifications in Finland. Lack of base of operations for naval forces made it difficult for
980-495: A test of the use of drones to deliver parcels between Helsinki and Suomenlinna. The parcels were limited to 3 kg (7 lb) or less, and flights were under the control of a pilot. The island houses a backpackers' hostel operating in a converted school building, built in 1908 and having served as a Russian school (1909-1917), military office (1918-1919), Finnish school (1920-1959), and a canteen and entertainment venue for soldiers (1959-1972). Suomenlinna Church, built in 1854,
1050-401: Is 80 hectares (0.80 square kilometres; 0.31 square miles). Instead of using the normal Finnish postal addressing scheme (consisting of a street name and a house number), the addresses at Suomenlinna consist of a letter code for the island and then a house number. For example, C 83 is house #83 on Iso-Mustasaari (code C). The postal code for the Suomenlinna district is 00190. Early on in
1120-436: Is a lunar calendar consisting of 12 months in a year of 354 or 355 days. The astronomer's mean tropical year , which is averaged over equinoxes and solstices, is currently 365.24219 days, slightly shorter than the average length of the year in most calendars. A year can also be measured by starting on any other named day of the calendar, and ending on the day before this named day in the following year. This may be termed
1190-544: Is a sea fortress composed of eight islands, of which six have been fortified; it is about 4 km southeast of the city center of Helsinki , the capital of Finland . Suomenlinna is popular with tourists and locals, who enjoy it as a picturesque picnic site. Originally named Sveaborg (Castle of the Swedes), or Viapori as referred to by Finnish-speaking Finns, it was renamed in Finnish to Suomenlinna (Castle of Finland) in 1918 for patriotic and nationalistic reasons, though it
1260-537: Is bridged to Susisaari (sv: Vargö ), which was connected to Susiluoto (sv: Vargskär ) by filling in the separating waterway during the Russian period. This island, which has the greatest concentration of fortifications was renamed Gustavssvärd (King Gustav's sword) (fi: Kustaanmiekka ) during the construction by Sweden. The three unconnected islands are Särkkä (sv: Långören ), Lonna (sv: Lonnan ), and Pormestarinluodot (sv: Borgmästargrundet ). The total land area
1330-558: Is still known by its original name in Sweden and by Swedish-speaking Finns. Due to its strategic geographical location, it sometimes used to be known as Gibraltar of the North. The Swedish crown commenced the construction of the fortress in 1748 as protection against Russian expansionism. The general responsibility for the fortification work was given to Augustin Ehrensvärd . The original plan of
1400-512: The Finnish Navy on Pikku Mustasaari . Suomenlinna still flies the war flag, or the swallow-tailed state flag of Finland . Suomenlinna is now one of the most popular tourist attractions in Helsinki as well as a popular picnicking spot for the city's inhabitants. In 2009, a record 713,000 people visited Suomenlinna, most between May and September. A number of museums exist on the island, as well as
1470-688: The Great Northern War , Russia took advantage of Swedish weakness in Ingria (sv: Ingermanland ) and captured the area near the Neva River as well as the Swedish forts, Nyen and Nöteborg , built to protect it. In 1703, Peter the Great founded his new capital, Saint Petersburg , in that easternmost corner of the Gulf of Finland . In the approach to it he built the fortified naval base of Kronstadt . Russia soon became
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#17330858332011540-476: The Hanko Peninsula , but these were postponed. Construction started in early 1748 kept expanding, and by September there were around 2,500 men building the fortresses. Initially the soldiers were housed in the vaults of the fortifications, while the officers had specially built quarters integrated into the baroque cityscape composition of the overall plan. The most ambitious plan was left only half completed:
1610-705: The Seven Years' War halted the construction efforts in 1757, which also marked the end of the rapid construction phase of Sveaborg. This period in Swedish history was known as the Age of Liberty , during which the kingdom was under increased parliamentary control, divided into two political parties, the Hats and the Caps . Ehrensvärd had been supported by the Hats, so when the Caps rose to power in 1766 he
1680-486: The bastion fortress was strongly influenced by the ideas of Vauban , a Frenchman and the foremost military engineer of the time, and the principles of the star fort style of fortification, albeit adapted to a group of rocky islands. Famous for these bastion fortifications, Suomenlinna became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1991. During the Finnish War , Sweden surrendered the fortress to Russia on 3 May 1808, paving
1750-505: The Åland War the fleet shelled the towns and fortifications along the Finnish coast. The bombardment of Sveaborg (also known then as Viapori ) by the forces of Richard Saunders Dundas and Charles Pénaud on 9–10 August 1855 lasted 47 hours and the fortress was badly damaged, but they were unable to knock out the Russian guns. After the bombardment, the Anglo-French fleet sent no troops ashore and instead set sail for Kronstadt . After
1820-448: The "Gustav's Sword" ( Gustavssvärd ) bastion and its guns: It looks out over sea and fjord, With eyes of granite. It raises its Gustav's sword high, And proudly says: 'Come hither!' This sword is not lowered to strike, It only flashes and so destroys. Do not let the island be defiantly approached When the war comes. Do not disturb the queen of the sea In her moment of anger: She slings messages of death toward you, In
1890-628: The "Sjökrigsskolemarsch" (Åkerman) was adopted as unit march. On 10 February 1976 it was replaced by "Reginamarsch" (Urbach), which the school used together with the 11th Helicopter Squadron ( 11. helikopterdivisionen ) and the East Coast Naval Base . 59°19′27″N 18°5′3″E / 59.32417°N 18.08417°E / 59.32417; 18.08417 Suomenlinna Suomenlinna ( Finnish: [ˈsuo̯menˌlinːɑ] ; until 1918 Viapori , Finnish: [ˈviaˌpori] ), or Sveaborg ( Swedish: [ˈsvɛːɑˈborj] ),
1960-403: The Baltic Sea had already frozen severely enough that ice had to be sawed open before some ships could move. The fleet could not overwinter at Sveaborg since it lacked the facilities and supplies for fitting the ships. While the route to Sweden was open again in late 1788 and in early 1789, Russian ships cut the connection from Sveaborg to Sweden by forming a blockade at Porkkala cape. Sveaborg
2030-503: The Crimean War extensive restoration work was begun at Sveaborg. A new ring of earthworks with artillery emplacements was built at the western and southern edges of the islands. The next stage in the arming of Sveaborg and the Gulf of Finland came in the build-up to World War I . The fortress and its surrounding islands became part of "Peter the Great's naval fortification" designed to safeguard
2100-495: The Defense Department until turning most of it over to civilian control in 1973. The Suomenlinna district of Helsinki lies southeast of downtown Helsinki and consists of eight islands. Five of the islands are connected by either bridges or a sandbar landbridge. Länsi-Mustasaari (sv: Västersvartö ) is bridged to Pikku Mustasaari (sv: Lilla Östersvartö ), which is bridged to Iso Mustasaari (sv: Stora Östersvartö ), which
2170-524: The Governing Body of Suomenlinna, was formed to administer the unique complex. At the time there was some debate over its Finnish name, with some suggesting that the old name Viapori be restored, but the newer name was retained. The presence of the military on the islands has been drastically scaled down in recent decades. The Suomenlinna garrison houses the Naval Academy ( Finnish : Merisotakoulu ) of
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2240-600: The Naval Academy consisted of the head, regimental officer from the navy and vice chief , regimental officer from the coastal artillery, and both company officers, holders of retired staff intended positions and civilian executives at the Naval Academy in accordance with established staff lists for the navy, and military and civilian military staff commanded to the school, partly also special interim civilian teaching staff. Regulations also stipulated that besides aspirant and cadet training also some training should be communicated to conscript sea captains, students and assimilated, which
2310-582: The Royal War Academy (1836–49) as well as face a special assessment commission in Karlskrona (1824–64). At the latter location there was a joint advanced course at the mate , skipper and artillery schools, named the Educational Institution for Officers of the Royal Navy in Karlskrona. When the Royal War Academy in 1862 finally was converted into a military application school "for all the army and
2380-725: The Russians, some (possibly) bribed advisors, fear for the lives of a large civilian population, lack of gunpowder, and their physical isolation are some likely causes for the surrender. By the Treaty of Fredrikshamn in 1809, Sweden ceded its eastern territory of Finland and the Grand Duchy of Finland was established within the Russian Empire . The Swedish period in Finnish history , which had lasted some seven centuries, came to an end. After taking over
2450-418: The Swedish archipelago fleet were built at Sveaborg in the 1760s. In 1764 the first three archipelago frigates were launched from there. In addition to the construction of the fortifications and ships, naval officer training was started by Ehrensvärd at his own expense at Sveaborg in 1770. It took until 1779 before a naval military school was formally founded there. Sveaborg was formed and stocked according to
2520-469: The Swedish cession of Finland to Russia, the use of Sveaborg as a simile has deliberately historic overtones. George R. R. Martin wrote a short story about the surrender of Viapori, "The Fortress", when he was a college student. It was published in his 2007 volume of short stories, Dreamsongs . Calendar year A calendar year begins on the New Year's Day of the given calendar system and ends on
2590-472: The Swedish navy to operate in the area. Other European states were also concerned about developments regarding Russia, especially France, with whom Sweden had concluded a military alliance. After lengthy debate, the Swedish parliament decided in 1747 to both fortify the Russian frontier and establish a naval base at Helsingfors as a counter to Kronstadt. Augustin Ehrensvärd (1710–1772), a young lieutenant colonel,
2660-724: The cadet school on land and in practical courses aboard (sea corses) and on land (land courses). The cadet school was divided into courses, comprising one academic year. The academic year began in October and ended in April or May. By the regulations on 26 March 1943, the head of the Naval Academy was put directly under the Chief of the Navy and in an economically purpose under the Royal Swedish Naval Materiel Administration. The staff of
2730-504: The calendar year). The teaching took place at the coastal artillery except for a short time aboard the navy vessels and one academic year at the Naval Academy, all in all about two and a half years (Royal proclamation 11 December 1914). In 1916, the Naval Academy included 69 cadets. Teaching was carried by 20 teachers. The staff consisted of one head, one adjutant and librarian, a maximum of eight regular cadet officers, extra cadet officers, one intendant and one doctor. The highest supervision of
2800-584: The capital, Saint Petersburg. Following the Russian Revolution in 1917, the fortress became a possession of a fully independent Finland. After the Finnish Civil War , a prison camp existed on the island. The fortress was officially renamed Suomenlinna (castle of Finland) as part of the wave of nationalism. No longer very practical as a military base, Suomenlinna was turned over to civilian administration in 1973. An independent government department,
2870-454: The coast of Finland only after Russian ships and troops had either started or completed their spring campaigns. The lack of coastal defenses was keenly felt with Russian landings in Helsingfors in the spring of 1713 and the Swedish failure to blockade the Hanko Peninsula in 1714. A Russian naval campaign against the Swedish coast towards the end of the Great Northern War further outlined
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2940-1040: The coastal artillery programme: arms, coastal fortification, mine and torpedo teaching, fortification and topography, organizational teaching, regulations for the navy and the laws of war, navigation, mechanical engineering, shipbuilding, naval warfare, ground warfare and commissariat teaching, as well as gymnastics and weapon carrying, firearms drill and sport; the school aboard included the subject of navigation, seamanship, likewise extensive theoretical ships control, regulations, laws of war, weapons teaching and boat knowledge and practice subjects as practical navigation, astronomical observations, artillery drill, shooting exercises with artillery, torpedo teaching, naval mine teaching, electrical engineering, signaling, security training, equipment management, officer duties, practical ship control, instruction exercises, craft handling, firearms drill, shooting practice with handguns, hydrographic surveys, field fortifications, health and first aid teaching, gymnastics and weapons training along with sport, and at
3010-420: The courses which were included in the curriculum of the general secondary schools, to the extent of not less than the requirements for the studentexamen , and partly military subjects, as well at the school on board almost exclusively practical exercises. Admission was generally permitted only in the school's 1st grade at 14–16 years of age and after the time trial, in which over a period of years also included
3080-496: The day before the following New Year's Day, and thus consists of a whole number of days. To reconcile the calendar year with the astronomical cycle (which has a fractional number of days) certain years contain extra days ("leap days" or "intercalary days"). The Gregorian year, which is in use in most of the world, begins on January 1 and ends on December 31. It has a length of 365 days in an ordinary year , with 8760 hours, 525,600 minutes, or 31,536,000 seconds; but 366 days in
3150-505: The following year received the sea cadets from Karlberg. Until 1911 the school had six classes, each with a one-year course partly from 1 October to about 1 May at the school in Stockholm and partly on board during the summer months, preferably, on seagoing, sailing warship (the corvettes af Chapman , Norrköping , Saga and Freja as well as the frigate Vanadis ). Teaching at the school on land involved partly ordinary school subjects mainly
3220-497: The fortress continued under Jacob Magnus Sprengtporten , but his tenure was cut short by disagreements with King Gustav III . Once again efforts slowed down as garrisons were reduced, and in 1776 Sveaborg's commander reported that he could not even man one-tenth of the artillery placed in the fort. Even at the start of the Russo-Swedish War in 1788 Sveaborg remained in an incomplete state. Facilities for constructing ships for
3290-461: The fortress, the Russians started an extensive building program, mostly extra barracks, and extended the dockyard and reinforced the fortification lines. The long period of peace following the transfer of power was shattered by the Crimean War of 1853–56. The French–British–Ottoman alliance decided to engage Russia on two fronts and sent an Anglo-French fleet to the Baltic Sea . For two summers during
3360-449: The labour colony. For the general public, Suomenlinna is served by ferries all year, and a service tunnel supplying heating, water and electricity was built in 1982. In the beginning of the 1990s, the tunnel was modified so that it can also be used for emergency transport. Transport to and from the island is generally ceased between the hours of 0300 and 0600 daily, but is otherwise regular and frequent. Suomenlinna has been known as
3430-478: The lake, so that the cadet ships could anchor off the bay. In a year's time, in 1942, all the required conversion and new construction projects were completed, and on 11 January 1943 the Naval Academy took Näsby in possession. It was then located here until 1987. During this period, a number of buildings within the castle grounds were added. Designed in 1876 as a compact Renaissance palace by Vice City Architect Axel Fredrik Nyström (1832–1894) and inaugurated in 1879,
3500-407: The last surviving Finnish submarine, Vesikko . There are about 900 permanent inhabitants on the islands, and 350 people work there year-round. There is a minimum-security penal labor colony ( Finnish : työsiirtola ) in Suomenlinna, whose inmates work on the maintenance and reconstruction of the fortifications. Only volunteer inmates who pledge non-use of controlled substances are accepted to
3570-443: The main fortifications on Vargö were ready in 1754. The fortress was fully operational though unfinished. These accomplishments did not reduce the pace of construction and in 1755 there were 7,000 workers constructing the fortifications outside of Helsingfors which at the time had around 2,000 residents. The substantial fortification work on the islands south of the town brought it a new and unexpected importance. Swedish participation to
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#17330858332013640-417: The naval officer programme and one academic year for the coastal artillery programme as well as a recruit course and school aboard only for the naval officer programme. The academic year at the school on land comprised the period around 21 October-1 May with three weeks of Christmas holidays, recruit course 15 July-1 October (Karlskrona) and the school aboard on the "cadet ship" one winter and three summers. In
3710-586: The naval officer programme, was to execute the training required to gain the lowest officer rank in the navy, and that, in a coastal artillery programme execute a part of the training, which was required to gain the lowest officer rank in the coastal artillery . The school's disciples were called cadets ("sea cadets" and "coastal artillery cadets") and together constitute the Navy Cadet Corps ( Marinens kadettkår ). The school's operations were divided between school on land for both programmes of two academic years for
3780-495: The naval officers program on land, the teaching included a large number of educational and training subjects: navigation plus trigonometry, weapons teaching, naval warfare, shipbuilding, machinery, torpedo and naval mine teaching, fortification, organizational teaching, laws of war and maritime law, commissariat teaching, physics, mathematics and mechanics as well as English and French, as well as machine work, gymnastic and weapons carrying, firearms drill, sport and shooting practice; in
3850-433: The navy needed officers," it led the organization to such disorders, particularly with regard to the entry age, education and training, that the school was considered inappropriate for sea cadet's teaching of serviceable professionals. Since a committee in 1865 issued "proposal for the organization of a naval officer education", the first charter of the Royal Swedish Naval Academy was issued, which began operations in 1867 and
3920-490: The need for adequate facilities for teaching operation, were some of the reasons why the old Naval Academy at Skeppsholmen was no longer sufficient. Näsby matched almost the requests. With a location in the vicinity of Stockholm, whereby teachers could expect specially trained officers, the property offered sufficient land areas as well as opportunities for the organization of a marina in the Näsby Bay in direct connection with
3990-413: The need to develop Finnish coastal defenses. Immediately after the war ended the first plans were set in motion in Sweden to construct an archipelago fleet and a base of operations for it in Finland. However, nothing with regard to Sveaborg took place until the end of Russo-Swedish War of 1741–1743 . Fortifications were left unfinished at Hamina and Lappeenranta while Hämeenlinna was being built into
4060-580: The needs of the Swedish archipelago fleet and thus was unable to repair and refit the Swedish battlefleet after the battle of Hogland . Facilities were also found lacking at Sveaborg, especially in the areas intended for taking care of the sick and wounded. Russian control of the waters outside of Sveaborg practically blockaded the Swedish battlefleet to Sveaborg. By cutting the coastal sea route past Hangö, Russians prevented supplies from being shipped from Sweden to Sveaborg. The Swedish fleet finally managed to set sail for its base at Karlskrona on 20 November when
4130-441: The roar of a thousand cannons. Sveaborg is also mentioned in the lyrics of Gunnar Wennerberg 's 1849 hymn O Gud, som styrer folkens öden ("Oh God, who steers the people's fate"), in which Sweden's "age-old freedom" is described as being "...our protection in gloomy dangers, our consolation in every bleached sorrow, our defence against the hegemon's forces, and stronger than Sveaborg". As these words were written forty years after
4200-453: The school in 1761 was converted into a reformatory , common for the maritime and land state. The school ceased in 1791 after a conflagration and the lustschloss Karlberg in Stockholm opened the following year as a Royal War Academy with the task "to prepare skilled subjects to the national land army and navy." For many years, aspirants could, without completing the syllabus at the academy, graduate with approved naval officer exam at
4270-666: The school was exercised by the head of the Ministry for Naval Affairs . From 1879 the Naval Academy owned one specifically constructed building on Skeppsholmen . The King in Councils regulations for the Naval Academy on 12 January 1939, put the school under the Chief of the Navy and in a management purpose under the Royal Swedish Naval Materiel Administration . The training was organized with an aspirant school on land,
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#17330858332014340-447: The side of this practical service on board. Admission for sea cadet required, for instance, the passing of studentexamen and a minimum age of 17, maximum age of 20 (during the calendar year ). Admission for coastal artillery cadet required, for instance, passing of the studentexamen or moving to the IVth grade at the upper secondary school and a minimum age of 16, maximum age of 21 (during
4410-415: The sumptuous façades of the three stories, to many, were regarded as indecorous on the military setting on the island. The reform of the military academy in 1862 had, however, forced the education of naval officers to be relocated to the eastern part of the city, and Nyström's plans were therefore accepted. The skylight turret was intended to be used as an observatory in the education. The building served as
4480-597: The way for the occupation of Finland by Russian forces in 1809, and then the establishment of the Grand Duchy of Finland at the conclusion of the war. The islands were then used as a base for the Russian Baltic Fleet in World War I , with Russia beginning the construction of the Krepost Sveaborg in 1915. Russian forces left after Finland declared its independence in 1917. Finland then managed Suomenlinna through
4550-436: Was adapted in 1929 to include a lighthouse beacon. Both the church and beacon are still active today. The lighthouse beacon was modernised to use LED lighting in 2019. The Finnish-Swedish poet Johan Ludvig Runeberg wrote a poem called Sveaborg , one of the 35 short poems that together constitute his epic The Tales of Ensign Stål . It includes the following two verses about the fortress, which allude specifically to
4620-441: Was carried out in commons educational programmes in the fleet, coastal artillery and navy. Rising number of courses and the greatly increased number of students in each course, a huge increase in mainly military subjects, the categorical requirement of student accommodation in an environment where the short training time could be utilized effectively, lack of own spaces for boat service, gymnastics, athletics and weapons exercises and
4690-529: Was established. But it wasn't until 1756, after the cadet corps (paid for by Adolf Frederick in 1748) ceased, that a real sea cadet school, called Cadette Corpsen vid Ammiralitetet i Carlskrona , was established at the Admiralty in Karlskrona with the purpose "to bring viable subjects to the navy". However, it was found, that "not all of the accepted cadets possessed mind and qualities to become naval officers," why
4760-449: Was given the responsibility of designing the fortresses and directing construction operations. Sweden started building the fortresses in January 1748. Ehrensvärd's plan contained two fortifications: a sea fortress at Svartholm near the small town of Lovisa , and a larger sea fortress and naval base (Sveaborg) at Helsingfors. There were two main aspects to Ehrensvärd's design for Sveaborg:
4830-419: Was relieved of his post and replaced with ardent Caps supporter Christopher Falkengréen. However, after 1769 when the Hats regained power, Ehrensvärd was again placed in command of the Swedish archipelago fleet in Finland, officially the arméens flotta ("fleet of the army"), and returned to Sveaborg. But additional progress had not been made on the fortifications when Ehrensvärd died in 1772. Efforts to improve
4900-423: Was the most important location for archipelago fleet's ship construction and fitting during the war. Even so, and despite efforts, several ships remained unfinished at Sveaborg until the end of the war. The importance of Sveaborg did not escape the Russians whose broad operational plan for 1790 included a siege of Sveaborg both from sea and land. Following a pact between Alexander I and Napoleon , Russia launched
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