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40-623: Koninklijke Paketvaart-Maatschappij (KPM, Dutch for Royal Packet Navigation Company ), was a Dutch shipping line in the Dutch East Indies , now Indonesia. It traded form 1888 to 1966. It was the dominant inter-island shipping line in the Dutch East Indies in the last half-century of the colonial era. In 1863 the British-owned Nederlandsch-Indische Stoomvaartmaatschappij (NISM) won a tender for

80-632: A fleet being assembled by United States Forces in Australia (USFIA), which was soon redesignated as US Army Forces in Australia (USAFIA) and later the US Army Services of Supply (USASOS), to support the defense of Australia and campaign against the Japanese in the South West Pacific Area (SWPA). Early in 1942, The 21 KPM ships were chartered for US Army use and became known as the "KPM vessels" in

120-497: A larger, more expensive crowd. For instance, new cruise ships can often be paid off within ten years due to the entrepreneurial nature of its intended purpose. Innovations in the shipping industry are also being utilized by shipping lines to find solutions to global problems. For example, modern technology and research is being used to analyze the phenomenon of shipping containers disappearing while at sea. These problems are being researched in part by government agencies, such as

160-454: A law was made to govern the relations between the (Dutch East Indies) government and the new public company, Koninklijke Paketvaart Maatschappij. KPM had to hold office in the Netherlands or Dutch East Indies; appointments of executives and representatives had to be approved by the government; a government representative would have access to the administration and meetings of the company; half of

200-499: A number of subsidized shipping lines in the Dutch East Indies. As a consequence the inter-island shipping lines became centered on Singapore . Further, all but two of the many ships required were built in the United Kingdom . The minister of colonial affairs Jacobus Sprenger van Eyk and the businessmen Jan Boissevain (1836–1904), Willem Ruys , and PE Tegelberg responded with a plan for a new "national" shipping line. On 19 March 1888

240-472: Is a ship's total internal volume expressed in "register tons", each of which is equal to 100 cubic feet (2.83 m ). Replaced by Gross Tonnage (GT), gross register tonnage uses the total permanently enclosed capacity of the vessel as its basis for volume. Typically this is used for dockage fees, canal transit fees, and similar purposes where it is appropriate to charge based on the size of the entire vessel. Internationally, GRT may be abbreviated as BRT for

280-421: Is bound by geographical constraints, political regulation, and commercial interests. Modern advances and innovations in shipping technology have grown the shipping industry since the twentieth century. Many of these advances include the size of vessels, the size of fleets, specialty purposes for ships within the fleet, naval architecture and design, and automated ship systems. In terms of commercial interests,

320-758: The Combined Chiefs of Staff , was that the charters would be handled by the British MoWT for the US Army. The complex arrangement was a " bareboat charter to MoWT and through the War Shipping Administration (WSA) the ships were assigned by WSA to the Army but 'not, repeat not, on bareboat but on gross basis,' though under 'full control' of the Army." In early March 1943 almost half the permanent local fleet comprised KPM vessels: On 6 March 1943, nearly 16 months after

360-799: The Indian Ocean ports of Réunion and Mauritius and Mahé . The Netherlands were neutral in the First World War . However, in March 1918 the UK seized under angary numerous Dutch ships in ports of the British Isles and the British Empire . They included the KPM ships Pijnacker Hordijk , Rochussen , ' s Jacob , Tasman , Van Heemskerk , and Van Waerwijck . In September 1918 U-46 sank Tasman by torpedo in

400-711: The Moorsom Commission in 1849. Gross and net register tonnages were replaced by gross tonnage and net tonnage , respectively, when the International Maritime Organization (IMO) adopted The International Convention on Tonnage Measurement of Ships on 23 June 1969. The new tonnage regulations entered into force for all new ships on 18 July 1982, but existing vessels were given a migration period of 12 years to ensure that ships were given reasonable economic safeguards, since port and other dues are charged according to ship's tonnage. Since 18 July 1994

440-561: The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration that operates in the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary . While part of this issue is due to human error as a result of lack of enforcement, advances in technology and ship design hope to improve the rates at which containers may be lost at sea. Other challenges being pursued in the maritime industry include adaptation to a more globalized economy. While

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480-619: The Suez Canal and the Panama Canal . These waterways are still in use for commercial purposes today. Some waterways can only operate under seasonal conditions. For example, the Great Lakes operate shipping for approximately eight months each year, but cannot continue operations during winter months when the lakes typically freeze. Most inland shipping lines are based on speed and efficiency to deliver cargo. Contemporary maritime transportation

520-559: The Sunda Strait on 20 January. There her troops were distributed among the KPM ships Both , Reael , Reijnst , Sloet van de Beele , Van der Lijn , and Van Swoll , and the UK-registered ship Taishan . The convoy reached Singapore on 24 January. In March 1942 Japan overran Java , which all but completed its conquest of the Dutch East Indies. 21 KPM ships, laden with refugees , reached Australian ports. The ships were incorporated into

560-678: The British and American Steam Navigation Company, the Great Western Steamship Company and the Peninsular Steam Navigation Company. The United States federal government passed the Shipping Act of 1916 as a protection agency for American shipping. The act, passed during World War I but before the nation officially entered the war, helped American shipping lines during a period when commercial shipping grew under

600-457: The Dutch shipbuilding industry. The KPM ordered all its ships from the Netherlands. Especially in the early 1890s, this allowed Dutch shipyards to gain experience in building faster ships and to catch up with the foreign competition. In a few years the KPM ordered Both , Reael , Maetsuijcker and Coen at De Schelde Van Diemen and Carpentier at Fijenoord , Reijnst , Van Goens and Speelman at

640-462: The German " Bruttoregistertonne ". Net register tonnage subtracts the volume of spaces not available for carrying cargo, such as engine rooms, fuel tanks and crew quarters, from gross register tonnage. Gross register tonnage is not a measure of the ship's weight or displacement and should not be confused with terms such as deadweight tonnage or displacement . Gross register tonnage was defined by

680-745: The Hague Convention by the Dutch government-in-exile . Nearly 100 KPM ships were sunk by enemy action, with the loss of more than a thousand lives. Most of the losses were in 1942. That January, Van Imhoff left the Dutch East Indies and headed for Colombo in Ceylon , carrying several hundred German internees. On 19 January, Japanese aircraft sank her west of Sumatra , killing 413 people. On 26 February Rooseboom left Batavia carrying 500 evacuees, including 250 British soldiers, headed for Padang on Sumatra . On 1 March I-59 sank her by torpedo, killing about 500 of

720-835: The Koninklijke Fabriek van Stoom- en andere Werktuigen, Reijniersz and Zwaardecroon at Maatschappij De Maas in Rotterdam, Van Riebeeck at J&K Smit in Slikkerveer and Camphuys at Huijgens and van Gelder in Amsterdam. The line's routes, beyond the home islands, included services to the ports of Singapore and Hong Kong , Shanghai , Manila , Saigon ; the Australian ports of Brisbane , Sydney , Melbourne and Adelaide ; African ports such as Durban , East London , Port Elizabeth , Mossel Bay , Cape Town , Zanzibar , Mombasa , and

760-636: The Koninklijke Java China Paketvaart Lijnen (KJCPL) of Amsterdam. Crews and ships continued service with other lines until finally all former KPM elements were taken over by Nedlloyd in 1977. The company later merged into Nedlloyd , which in turn merged into P&O Nedlloyd which became part of Maersk Line . Shipping line Shipping companies provide a method of distinguishing ships by different kinds of cargo: Inland shipping along rivers and other freshwater bodies are used to transport cargo to ports other than those along

800-642: The Netherlands . In August 1940 the UK Ministry of War Transport (MoWT) chartered Nieuw Zeeland and Nieuw Holland for conversion into troop ships . Operating in and near the East Indies, KPM avoided war losses until February 1941, when Admiral Scheer shelled the cargo ship Rantaupandjang in the Indian Ocean , wounding four of her crew. Rantaupandjang surrendered, and a German boarding party scuttled her . Admiral Scheer interned Rantaupandjang ' s crew, two of whom died of wounds they sustained in

840-536: The North Atlantic, killing 14 of her crew. The UK returned the remaining ships to KPM in 1919. Until the 1920s, every KPM ship was smaller than 5,000  GRT , and they were built for economy, not speed. Between the two World Wars, KPM continued to concentrate on small ships, but added a small number of larger ships for some of its major routes. A pair of twin- screw turbine ships , Nieuw Holland and Nieuw Zeeland , were launched in 1927 and completed in 1928. Each

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880-449: The Pacific theatre, moving supplies and troops. In January 1942, RMS  Aquitania was to take troops from Australia to Singapore, until concern about putting such a large and valued troopship, laden with 3,456 troops, in range of Japanese air strikes, led to a change of plan. Aquitania , escorted by the cruiser HMAS  Canberra , left Sydney on 10 January, and arrived at Ratai Bay in

920-627: The SWPA fleet. The means by which these vessels were brought under control of the SWPA command was complex and involved discussions with the Dutch government-in-exile in both London and Washington, as well as in Australia. At first the 21 ships that reached Australia were chartered by the Chief Quartermaster, USAFIA, on 26 March 1942 with long term details to be negotiated at higher levels. The eventual decision, involving governments in London, Washington and

960-1377: The beginning of the war, the permanent local fleet consisted of 43 vessels: the 21 KPM vessels obtained on 26 March 1942 and the 6 additional KPM vessels obtained on 19 January 1943; 3 vessels from the China Navigation Co. Ltd. ( Anhui , Hanyang , and Yochow ); the Empire Hamble (formerly Thepsatri Nawa , previously Admiral Senn ), of Siamese registry, assigned 15 October 1942; the Admiral Halstead , West Cactus (assigned 20 May 1942), and Portmar (salvaged and reconditioned in 1942 by port-battalion troops), of US registry; and 9 unnamed Liberty ships , which probably were in temporary service. Coast Farmer had been sunk on 21 July 1942, and Dona Nati had been withdrawn. The 21 original ships were: Balikpapan (1938), Bantam  (1930) , Bontekoe (1922), Both (1931), Cremer (1926), Generaal Verspijck (1928), Janssens (1935), Japara  (1930) , Karsik  (1938) , Khoen Hoea (1924), Maetsuycker (1936), ' s Jacob (1907), Sibigo (1926), Stagen (1919), Swartenhondt (1924), Tasman  (1921) , Van den Bosch (1903), Van der Lijn (1928), Van Heemskerk (1909), Van Heutsz  (1926) and Van Spilbergen (1908). On

1000-476: The capital, Batavia (now Jakarta ), which shifted economic activity to Java , and supplied more cargo for the shipping lines between Batavia and the Netherlands. Transport on this route was provided by the Stoomvaart Maatschappij Nederland (executives Jan Boissevain and PE Tegelberg) and Rotterdamsche Lloyd (executive Willem Ruys). The foundation of the KPM also had a significant effect on

1040-568: The coast. Inland shipping requires more infrastructure than ocean shipping. Rivers and lakes require infrastructure, such as river ports and canals , to be considered developed and ready for commercial use. Much of this infrastructure became more widely developed during the 19th and 20th centuries. Some principal waterways used by shipping lines in the 20th century were the Rhine , Amazon River , Congo River , Nile River , Mississippi River , and Columbia River . Examples of waterway infrastructure include

1080-421: The declaration of independence and the establishment of Indonesia as a nation in 1945 and 1949 respectively, the highly profitable KPM remained under Dutch ownership and management. KPM became a major focus for Indonesian activists seeking to reduce Dutch influence in the post-colonial economy. After competing with the national Pelayaran Nasional Indonesia (National Indonesian Shipping) line and demonstrations by

1120-656: The demands of the war. Under this act, the United States Shipping Board was also formed. In 1920, after the end of World War I, the federal government passed the Merchant Marine Act to protect American shipping interests in response to changing foreign shipping policy. The responsibilities established under the Shipping Act were eventually transferred to the Department of Commerce in 1933 by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The Federal Maritime Commission

1160-414: The high level of contestability in the shipping industry. With more cooperation among shipping lines, there are larger rates of ships and companies entering and leaving the industry. As of 2019, business and economic analysists are attempting to find solutions to reduce the anticompetitive practices and promote competitive growth in the maritime industry. Large-scale shipping lines became widespread in

1200-426: The maritime industry has a high level of contestability for shipping lines. This means that the ease of entering and leaving the industry is high. The cause of this is due to the purchase of secondhand ships, the return on which can often be covered fairly quickly for commercial ships. Newer, expensive ships require a larger return on the investment but pay off quickly. This is because these ships typically cater to

1240-412: The maritime industry has always remained global by nature, shipping lines are now experiencing phenomenon that is unprecedented in scale or unseen at all before the 21st century. Many of these issues surround the nature of increased cooperation in the maritime industry. For instance, cooperation among many shipping lines in the industry is causing an anticompetitive market. This is one of the reasons for

Koninklijke Paketvaart-Maatschappij - Misplaced Pages Continue

1280-400: The night of 11–12 December 1942 Karsik , escorted by HMAS  Lithgow , was the first large ship to arrive at Oro Bay . She delivered four Stuart light tanks , which were then taken by barges and landed within miles of the battlefront at Buna . Mayo notes the fact a large ship had arrived and thus the supply line had opened as having perhaps even greater significance than the arrival of

1320-461: The nineteenth century, after the development of the steamship in 1783. At first, Great Britain was the centre of development; in 1819, the first steamship crossing of the Atlantic Ocean took place and by 1833, shipping lines had begun to operate steamships between Britain and British Empire possessions such as India and Canada . Three major British shipping lines were founded in the 1830s:

1360-574: The people aboard. Only six people survived. The largest ship that KPM lost was Nieuw Zeeland . In November 1942 she carried troops for Operation Torch , the Allied invasion of French North Africa . She reached Oran on 8 November and landed 1,933 troops, but on 11 November U-380 sank her by torpedo as she was approaching the Strait of Gibraltar on her return voyage. 14 members of her crew were killed, and another four died of wounds after being rescued. With

1400-516: The required ships must be built in the Netherlands; the company could use only Dutch commanders, navigators and engineers; and the Dutch government would subsidise the company to operate the lines. The establishment of the KPM did indeed have the desired effects. The KPM supported the unification of the Dutch colonial economy as the Netherlands expanded its territory across the Indonesian archipelago. It brought inter-island commerce back from Singapore to

1440-588: The shelling. In December 1941 Japan invaded the Dutch East Indies . KPM ships helped the Dutch, British and Australian warships to defend Singapore. In the Battle of the Java Sea , KPM ships carried ammunition. The Royal Netherlands Navy chartered several KPM ships to support the defense of the Netherlands East Indies and Singapore against the Japanese invasion. KPM ships took part in the first months of war in

1480-485: The tanks. The subsequent, routine, supply runs of Operation Lilliput supporting the Allied campaign were with few exceptions made by the KPM ships, some of which were damaged or lost. Two of the ships, Maetsuycker and Tasman , were converted to hospital ships to handle casualties in the New Guinea campaign . Both ships, though under United States Army control, were Dutch-registered and certified as hospital ships under

1520-593: The trade union laborers on 3 December 1957, KPM was faced with nationalization and so decided to move its headquarters and international shipping assets to Singapore in 1958. From that base, KPM bought control of Maatschappij Zeetransport (the Oranje Lijn) of Rotterdam, thus entering the European-Canadian trade. This effort was unsuccessful, so KPM sold its Oranje Lijn holdings, and the company was liquidated. KPM itself continued until 1 January 1967, when it merged with

1560-469: Was about 11,000 GRT and had a speed of 15 knots (28 km/h). Three triple-screw motor ships were launched in 1937, named Boissevain , Tegelberg and Ruys after KPM's founders. Each was about 14,000 GRT and had a speed of 17 knots (31 km/h). To advance tourism in Indonesia, the company built a hotel on Bali in 1928, launching a tourist trade in the region . In May 1940 Germany invaded

1600-683: Was created in 1961 by President John F. Kennedy to regulate shipping activity in the United States, finally giving blanket authority to one shipping commission. At the same time, the United States Maritime Administration , or MARAD, was founded to regulate the merchant marine industry and fleet. However, a sharp rise in international ocean trade gave the two agencies expanded power in the growing maritime industry. Gross register tonnage Gross register tonnage ( GRT , grt , g.r.t. , gt ), or gross registered tonnage ,

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