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47-605: The club's first course was a 9-hole layout on Fletcher's Field in Mount Royal Park , which the red-coated golfers shared with the public on the then outskirts of Montreal. Mr. Alexander Dennistoun , a Scottish born man, is known as the first Club's Captain. The club continues to recognize his name in honouring the men's club champion trophy. The first woman to join, and the first female member of any golf club in North America, Mrs. William Wallace Watson ( née Florence Stancliffe),

94-402: A miscibility gap between pigeonite and augite compositions. There is an arbitrary separation between augite and the diopside-hedenbergite ( CaMgSi 2 O 6   CaFeSi 2 O 6 ) solid solution. The divide is taken at >45 mol.% Ca. As the calcium ion cannot occupy the Y site, pyroxenes with more than 50 mol.% calcium are not possible. A related mineral wollastonite has

141-559: A snow tube and toboggan run on one of the former alpine ski slopes, as well as 7 groomed cross-country ski and snowshoe trails which total 18 km (11 mi), with equipment rental available onsite. One of the most popular activities to do on Beaver Lake is to skate; this activity is free if you have your own equipment. The former alpine ski slope featured a T-bar and a 100-foot (30.5 m) drop. Mechanical lift devices were first installed in Mount Royal Park in 1945. In

188-578: A snow tube and toboggan run, cross-country skiing trails, a sculpture garden and Smith House, an interpretive centre . At the foot of the hill, overlooking Park Avenue , the park features the George-Étienne Cartier Monument (home to the Tam-Tams ) and a gazebo (more properly, a bandstand ) which has been named in honour of Mordecai Richler . The lush forest has been badly damaged, both by Mayor Drapeau's so-called morality cuts of

235-410: A charge of +1, into the pyroxene implies the need for a mechanism to make up the "missing" positive charge. In jadeite and aegirine this is added by the inclusion of a +3 cation (aluminium and iron(III) respectively) on the Y site. Sodium pyroxenes with more than 20 mol.% calcium, magnesium or iron(II) components are known as omphacite and aegirine-augite . With 80% or more of these components

282-628: A group of important rock-forming inosilicate minerals found in many igneous and metamorphic rocks . Pyroxenes have the general formula XY(Si,Al) 2 O 6 , where X represents calcium (Ca), sodium (Na), iron (Fe(II)) or magnesium (Mg) and more rarely zinc , manganese or lithium , and Y represents ions of smaller size, such as chromium (Cr), aluminium (Al), magnesium (Mg), cobalt (Co), manganese (Mn), scandium (Sc), titanium (Ti), vanadium (V) or even iron (Fe(II) or Fe(III)). Although aluminium substitutes extensively for silicon in silicates such as feldspars and amphiboles ,

329-519: A skating rink. The park is also home to the CBC 's Mount Royal transmitter facility, which comprises two large buildings: one used primarily by the CBC for its 2 Montreal stations, CBMT-DT and CBFT-DT , and one used by the private television stations. There is also a short (about 100 m (328 ft)) candelabra tower, from which nearly all of Montreal's television and FM radio stations broadcast. Because of

376-740: Is a mountain in the city of Montreal , immediately west of Downtown Montreal , Quebec , Canada . The city's name is thought to be derived from the mountain's name. The mountain is part of the Monteregian Hills situated between the Laurentians and the Appalachian Mountains . It gave its Latin name, Mons Regius , to the Monteregian chain. The mountain consists of three peaks: Colline de la Croix (or Mont Royal proper) at 233 m (764 ft), Colline d'Outremont (or Mount Murray , in

423-413: Is about 4 kilometers ( 2 + 1 ⁄ 2 miles) east to west and 2.5 kilometers ( 1 + 1 ⁄ 2 miles) north to south. The mountain emerges from the plains occupied by Montreal and neighboring regions . Two roads cross the territory: Mount Royal is home to many animal species including gray squirrel , raccoon , fox , marmot , striped skunk , bee and various species of birds. From

470-700: Is now Decelles Street by developer Northmount Land Company. Much of this area has since been expropriated by the Université de Montréal . In 1914–1918, the Mount Royal Tunnel was dug under the mountain by the Canadian Northern Railway , a predecessor of the Canadian National Railway . It is currently used by the Réseau express métropolitain . The area was briefly considered as a candidate for

517-510: The Government of Canada on its website concerning Canadian place names, is that the name Montréal was adopted because a Venetian map from 1556 used the Italian name of the mountain, "Monte Real." The name was first applied to the island and was unofficially applied to the city, formerly named Ville-Marie , by the 18th century. In 1643, Paul de Chomedey, Sieur de Maisonneuve made a pilgrimage to

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564-565: The Montreal General Hospital ; McGill's Molson Stadium , home to the CFL 's Montreal Alouettes ; the McTavish reservoir ; Université de Montréal ; the École Polytechnique de Montréal ; the Îlot-Trafalgar-Gleneagles historic block; and some well-off residential neighbourhoods such as Upper Westmount and Upper Outremont . Pyroxene The pyroxenes (commonly abbreviated Px ) are

611-482: The New England hotspot . By a process known as intrusion , magma intruded into the sedimentary rocks underneath the area, producing at least eight igneous stocks. The main rock type is a gabbro composed of pyroxene , olivine and variable amounts of plagioclase . During and after the main stage of intrusion, the gabbros and surrounding rocks were intruded by a series of volcanic dikes and sills . Subsequently,

658-551: The Société Saint-Jean-Baptiste and now owned by the city. It was converted to fibre-optic light in 1992, and then to LEDs in 2009. The cross is usually lit in white, but can now be changed to any colour, including the purple traditionally used upon the death of a pope. Beside the cross, a plaque marks the placement of a time capsule in 1992, during Montréal's 350th birthday celebration. It contains messages and drawings from 12,000 children, depicting their visions for

705-416: The pyroxenoids , are much less common.) Their structure consists of parallel chains of negatively-charged silica tetrahedra bonded together by metal cations. In other words, each silicon ion in a pyroxene crystal is surrounded by four oxygen ions forming a tetrahedron around the relatively small silicon ion. Each silicon ion shares two oxygen ions with neighboring silicon ions in the chain. The tetrahedra in

752-662: The 1940s, there were two and a half miles of ski slopes available. A ski shop was first installed in the park in 1938. Prior to that, in the 1920s, one of the best ski jumps in Canada was the one on Mount Royal, near Côte-des-Neiges . Founded in 1840, the now-defunct Montreal Snow Shoe Club , with members drawn from some of Montreal's prominent businessmen, would meet each week during the winter at nightfall on Sherbrooke Street near McGill College Avenue to snowshoe through Mount Royal Park, lit by torchlight. Club members began wearing blue tuques on their outings around 1870. Recently,

799-580: The 1950s and by the Ice Storm of 1998 , but has since largely recovered. The forest is a green jewel rising above downtown Montreal and is known for its beautiful autumn foliage as well as its extensive hiking and cross-country ski trails. Biking is restricted to the main gravel roads. From 1885 to 1920, the Mount Royal Funicular Railway brought sightseers to its peak. After it ceased service, Montreal's No. 11 streetcar brought visitors to

846-595: The Congregation of the Sisters of Sainte-Anne. It was only in 1959 that the Sisters purchased the Royal Montreal Colf Clubhouse which remained home to Queen of Angels Academy secondary school until 2014. After which was turned into the new bilingual private elementary school called Sainte-Anne Academy. Charles Murray served as the head professional at Royal Montreal from 1905 until his death in 1938. In 1959

893-480: The borough of Outremont ) at 211 m (692 ft), and Westmount Summit at 201 m (659 ft) elevation above mean sea level. Mount Royal is the deep extension of a vastly eroded ancient volcanic complex , which was probably active about 125 million years ago. The mountain, along with the other mountains of the Monteregian Hills , was formed when the North American Plate moved westward over

940-486: The chain all face in the same direction, so that two oxygen ions are located on one face of the chain for every oxygen ion on the other face of the chain. The oxygen ions on the narrower face are described as apical oxygen ions. Pairs of chains are bound together on their apical sides by Y cations, with each Y cation surrounded by six oxygen ions. The resulting pairs of single chains have sometimes been likened to I-beams . The I-beams interlock, with additional X cations bonding

987-590: The chemical species occupying the X (or M2) site, the Y (or M1) site, and the tetrahedral T site. Cations in Y (M1) site are closely bound to 6 oxygens in octahedral coordination. Cations in the X (M2) site can be coordinated with 6 to 8 oxygen atoms, depending on the cation size. Twenty mineral names are recognised by the International Mineralogical Association's Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names and 105 previously used names have been discarded. A typical pyroxene has mostly silicon in

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1034-415: The city in the year 2142, when the capsule is scheduled to be opened. The mountain is the site of Mount Royal Park (French: Parc du Mont-Royal ), one of Montreal's largest greenspaces . The park was originally designed by Frederick Law Olmsted (who also co-designed New York City's Central Park ) and was inaugurated in 1876, although not completed to his design. Olmsted had planned to emphasize

1081-447: The federal Department of Transport because of the proximity to the flight path to Trudeau Airport nearby. The engineering challenge was to combine all the desired antennas in the limited space between the mountain top and 1100 feet above sea level, which led to the "candelabra" design. Outside the park, Mount Royal's slopes are also home to such Montreal landmarks as Saint Joseph's Oratory , Canada's largest church; McGill University ;

1128-425: The ferrosilite equivalents). Increasing the calcium content prevents the formation of the orthorhombic phases and pigeonite ( [Mg,Fe,Ca][Mg,Fe]Si 2 O 6 ) only crystallises in the monoclinic system. There is not complete solid solution in calcium content and Mg-Fe-Ca pyroxenes with calcium contents between about 15 and 25 mol.% are not stable with respect to a pair of exolved crystals. This leads to

1175-459: The formula of the hypothetical calcium end member ( Ca 2 Si 2 O 6 ) but important structural differences mean that it is instead classified as a pyroxenoid. Magnesium, calcium and iron are by no means the only cations that can occupy the X and Y sites in the pyroxene structure. A second important series of pyroxene minerals are the sodium-rich pyroxenes, corresponding to the 'pyroxene triangle' nomenclature. The inclusion of sodium, which has

1222-778: The governing body of golf in Canada. Among other duties, it organizes the major national championships, including the Canadian Open , the first of which was played at Royal Montreal in 1904. Royal Montreal hosted the Presidents Cup in 2007 and five Canadian Opens at the Île Bizard location (1975, 1980, 1997, 2001 and 2014). The Presidents Cup will once again be presented on the blue course at Royal Montreal Golf Club in late September 2024 . 45°29′35″N 73°54′07″W  /  45.493°N 73.902°W  / 45.493; -73.902 Mount Royal Park Mount Royal (French: Mont Royal , IPA: [mɔ̃ ʁwajal] )

1269-416: The mountainous topography through the use of vegetation. Shade trees at the bottom of the carriage path would resemble a valley. As the visitor went higher, the vegetation would get more sparse to give the illusion of exaggerated height. However, Montreal suffered a depression in the mid-1870s and many of Olmsted's plans were abandoned. The carriage way was built, but it was done hastily and without regards to

1316-605: The original plan. None of the vegetation choices were followed. The park contains two belvederes , the more prominent of which is the Kondiaronk Belvedere, a semicircular plaza with a Mount Royal Chalet overlooking Downtown Montreal . Built in 1906, it is named for the Petun chief Kondiaronk , whose influence led to the Great Peace of Montreal in 1701. Other features of the park are Beaver Lake (a small artificial lake),

1363-481: The outer faces of the I-beams to neighboring I-beams and providing the remaining charge balance. This binding is relatively weak and gives pyroxenes their characteristic cleavage . The chain silicate structure of the pyroxenes offers much flexibility in the incorporation of various cations and the names of the pyroxene minerals are primarily defined by their chemical composition. Pyroxene minerals are named according to

1410-465: The peak until 1959. A roadway named for longtime but controversial former mayor Camillien Houde now bisects the mountain, although Houde had been opposed to the idea of putting a road through the park. The park, cemeteries, and several adjacent parks and institutions have been combined into the Mount Royal Natural and Historical District ( Arrondissement historique et naturel du Mont-Royal ) by

1457-745: The people of the village of Hochelaga . He named it in honour of his patron, John Royal. He wrote in his journal : "And among these fields is situated and seated the said town of Hochelaga, near to and adjoining a mountain.... We named this mountain Mount Royal." One theory is that the name of the Island of Montréal derives from Mont Réal , as the mountain's name was spelled in Middle French ( Mont Royal in Modern French). However, Cartier's 1535 diary entry refers to "le mont Royal." Another argument, mentioned by

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1504-521: The point of view of the flora , the mountain shelters a set of natural spaces and semi-natural rich in trees, shrubs and herbaceous plants The first Mount Royal Cross was placed there in 1643 by Paul Chomedey de Maisonneuve , the founder of the city, in fulfillment of a vow he made to the Virgin Mary when praying to her to stop a disastrous flood. Today, the mountain is crowned by a 31.4-metre-high (103 ft) illuminated cross, installed in 1924 by

1551-484: The pressures of urban growth once again dictated a move, to its current location in Île-Bizard, Quebec . Forty-five holes were constructed by American golf course architect Dick Wilson . The Blue Course is routinely cited as a preeminent Canadian golf course and among the best in the world. Royal Montreal was one of the five founding Clubs of the Royal Canadian Golf Association, established in 1895 as

1598-520: The provincial government in order to legally protect the rich cultural and natural heritage of the region. In June 2017, during the 375th anniversary of Montreal, the city formally named the greenspace surrounding the Outremont peak Parc Tiohtià:ke Otsira'kéhne , Mohawk for "the place of the big fire," reflecting how the hill had been used for a fire beacon by First Nations people. It has an area of 35 hectares (86 acres). Mount Royal Park currently hosts

1645-431: The proximity of this tower to public areas of the park, in recent years significant concerns have been raised about radio-frequency radiation exposure; at several points formerly accessible to park users near the tower, radiation was found to be significantly higher than that permitted for the general public. The "shortness" indicated above was dictated by the maximum allowable height (1100 feet above sea level) dictated by

1692-419: The pyroxene is classified using the quadrilateral diagram. A wide range of other cations that can be accommodated in the different sites of pyroxene structures. In assigning ions to sites, the basic rule is to work from left to right in this table, first assigning all silicon to the T site and then filling the site with the remaining aluminium and finally iron(III); extra aluminium or iron can be accommodated in

1739-473: The region. The mountain was also a rich source of hornfels, sharp-edged rocks used instead of flint to make tools and weapons for hunting. Over time, indigenous populations used the mountain's wood to build villages and its fertile land to grow their main agricultural crops—corn, squash and beans—known as the Three Sisters. The first European to scale the mountain was Jacques Cartier , guided there in 1535 by

1786-439: The safety of those present. Although initially controversial in light of the event's communal and countercultural vibe (as well as a permissive attitude towards then-illegal cannabis use), the police presence has not led to conflict. Facing the mountain across Park Avenue is Jeanne-Mance Park . A popular recreational area, Jeanne-Mance Park features a playground, a wading pool, tennis courts, various sports fields, and in winter,

1833-513: The same time, encouraging others to dance. In addition, many children and adults participate nearby in a battle with foam-padded weapons. The Tam-tams began in the late 1970s with a workshop on African drumming at a jazz bar on Ontario Street. It is not organized by the municipal authorities. Despite initial resistance by participants, the city now intervenes in the event, restricting commercial activity to registered members in designated areas and assigning police and first aid technicians to ensure

1880-477: The site of Expo 67 before the exposition grounds were ultimately built on adjoining islands in the Saint Lawrence River . For the 1976 Summer Olympics , the park itself hosted the individual road race cycling event. The hilly roads of the park have subsequently been used for the 1974 UCI Road Cycling World Championships , and the annual Grand Prix Cycliste de Montréal cycling race. Mount Royal

1927-653: The substitution occurs only to a limited extent in most pyroxenes. They share a common structure consisting of single chains of silica tetrahedra . Pyroxenes that crystallize in the monoclinic system are known as clinopyroxenes and those that crystallize in the orthorhombic system are known as orthopyroxenes . The name pyroxene is derived from the Ancient Greek words for 'fire' ( πυρ , pur ) and 'stranger' ( ξένος , xénos ). Pyroxenes were so named due to their presence in volcanic lavas , where they are sometimes found as crystals embedded in volcanic glass ; it

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1974-478: The surrounding softer sedimentary rock was eroded , leaving behind the resistant igneous rock that forms the mountain. The mineral montroyalite, discovered in Montreal, is named after the mountain that provided the definition sample. Circa 3000 BC, the mountain's imposing presence in the centre of the island, views of the river and majestic forests made it a choice location for indigenous peoples travelling through

2021-514: The tetrahedral site and predominately ions with a charge of +2 in both the X and Y sites, giving the approximate formula XYT 2 O 6 . The names of the common calcium–iron–magnesium pyroxenes are defined in the 'pyroxene quadrilateral'. The enstatite-ferrosilite series ( [Mg,Fe]SiO 3 ) includes the common rock-forming mineral hypersthene , contains up to 5 mol.% calcium and exists in three polymorphs, orthorhombic orthoenstatite and protoenstatite and monoclinic clinoenstatite (and

2068-477: The top of the mountain to fulfill a vow made in the winter season on occasion of a great flood that swept up to the town palisades. In 1876, land owner and farmer James Swail began planning residential subdivisions on the western slope of Mount Murray, in what is now the Cote-des-Neiges district. In 1906, a large housing development was started in the area, called Northmount Heights, with homes built along what

2115-653: The tradition has been revived as the Tuques Bleues celebration by the Les amis de la montagne , a charitable organization that works to protect and preserve the park. In the summer, Mount Royal hosts a popular activity known as Tam-Tams, or the "Tam-Tam Jam", whereby a number of Montrealers and visitors play hand drums (such as djembes ) on the east slope of the mountain, near the George-Étienne Cartier Monument . The Sunday afternoon gatherings attract people of various backgrounds. Often, dozens of tam-tam players perform their art at

2162-479: Was assumed they were impurities in the glass, hence the name meaning "fire stranger". However, they are simply early-forming minerals that crystallized before the lava erupted. The upper mantle of Earth is composed mainly of olivine and pyroxene minerals. Pyroxene and feldspar are the major minerals in basalt , andesite , and gabbro rocks. Pyroxenes are the most common single-chain silicate minerals. (The only other important group of single-chain silicates,

2209-579: Was elected in 1891. The Ladies' Branch of the Royal Montreal Golf Club followed. The club has since moved twice. First to Dixie in the parish of Dorval in 1896; three years later the Ladies moved into their own clubhouse. The main clubhouse there is now the Saint Anne Academy, formerly Queen of Angels Academy, an all-girl private secondary school. In 1888, Queen of Angels Academy was founded by

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