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71-576: Royal Colours is a Chestnut colt with a blaze going down his face. He had no white markings on his front feet however he has two socks on his hind legs. Both sides of his pedigree come from Great Britain. His sire is Calpurnius a sire with both Bull Lea and Hyperion in his pedigree, and his dam is Baby Princess. Royal Colours was bred in Santa Cruz Valley on the island of Trinidad. He was bred by Alwin Poon Tip and John Sellier who were also co-owners. At

142-406: A better prognosis. The developmental phase is defined as the time between the initial exposure to the causative agent or incident, until the onset of clinical signs. It generally lasts 24–60 hours, and is the best time to treat a laminitis episode. Clinical laminitis may be prevented if cryotherapy (icing) is initiated during the developmental phase. The acute phase is the first 72 hours following

213-403: A causative agent of laminitis. However, contradictory evidence indicates the role of histamine in laminitis has not been conclusively established. Commonly known as road founder , mechanical separation occurs when horses with long toes are worked extensively on hard ground. The long toes and hard ground together contribute to delayed breakover , hence mechanical separation of the laminae at

284-434: A difficult one for all of them as the race was a huge field of 17 horses total. The gates opened and one of the other runners Sailing Home threw off his rider at the start. Almost immediately the field of horses jostled for position with Royal Colors putting himself right behind the front runners closely behind Mercurius who took up a similar position. Shortly after the first turn, another horse throws off his rider by bolting to

355-601: A hand full of defeats finishing second in both the Diamond Jubilee Caribbean Champion Stakes and the President's Cup but afterward being disqualified to fourth place. At the end of his 3-year-old season he would run in the biggest race of his life the Clásico del Caribe . Immediately a change from turf to dirt was already gonna make it hard. As well as that no horse from Trinidad And Tobago had ever won

426-438: A horse after long confinement. Laminitis has been observed following an equine standing in extreme conditions of cold, especially in deep snow. Laminitis has also followed prolonged heating such as may be experienced from prolonged contact with extremely hot soil or from incorrectly applied hot-shoeing. Whilst diet has long been known to be linked to laminitis, there is emerging evidence that breed and body condition also play

497-404: A length behind Guaybanex and a nose behind second and third. At age 4 he would run a total of 7 times managing 2 victories with 3 second-place finishes as well. Which included the introduction of the graded stakes system that same year. Royal Colours would get his first official grade 1 race when he took the President's Easter Trophy by a length. As well as having second places in major races such as

568-452: A non-weight bearing state that forces them to take excessive load on the opposing limb. This causes decreased blood flow to the cells, decreasing oxygen and nutrient delivery, and thus altering their metabolism which results in laminitis. One of the newest theories for the molecular basis of laminitis involves matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Metalloproteinases are enzymes that can degrade collagen, growth factors, and cytokines to remodel

639-471: A palmar digital block since they usually have primarily sole pain. Severe cases may not respond fully to nerve blocks. Radiographs are an important part of evaluating the laminitic horse. They not only allow the practitioner to determine the severity of the episode, which does not always correlate with degree of pain, but also to gauge improvement and response to treatment. Several measurements are made to predict severity. Additionally, radiographs also allow

710-475: A role. Levels of hormones, particularly adiponectin , and serum insulin are also implicated, opening up new possibilities for developing early prognostic tests and risk assessments. Early diagnosis is essential to effective treatment. However, early outward signs may be fairly nonspecific. Careful physical examination typically is diagnostic, but radiographs are also very useful. Laminitic horses are generally sore to pressure from hoof testers applied over

781-444: A significant portion of the hoof occurs. The destruction of the sensitive laminae results in the hoof wall becoming separated from the rest of the hoof, so that it drops within the hoof capsule. Sinking may be symmetrical, i.e., the entire bone moves distally, or asymmetric, where the lateral or medial aspect of the bone displaces distally. Pus may leak out at the white line or at the coronary band. In extreme cases, this event allows

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852-547: A single season. Bull Lea sired fifty-eight stakes winners, seven of which are Hall of Fame members. His progeny includes: Damsire of: Grandsire of: Bull Lea died on June 16, 1964, aged 29, at Calumet Farm and is buried there with a statue overlooking his grave. Laminitis Laminitis is a inflammation of laminae that affects the feet of ungulates and is found mostly in horses and cattle . Clinical signs include foot tenderness progressing to inability to walk, increased digital pulses, and increased temperature in

923-484: A stall. A notable example is the 2006 Kentucky Derby winner Barbaro . Transport laminitis sometimes occurs in horses confined in a trailer or other transportation for long periods of time. Historically, the most extreme instances were of horses shipped overseas on sailing ships. However, the continual shifting of weight required to balance in a moving vehicle may enhance blood circulation, so some horsemen recommend trailering as an initial step in rehabilitation of

994-717: A temperature less than 10 degrees Celsius at the hoof wall, for 24–72 hours. In the case of a full-blown case of laminitis, use of a cold water spa proved effective in the treatment of the thoroughbred racehorse Bal a Bali . For the first three days, Bal a Bali was kept in the spa for eight hours at a time. Once his condition stabilized, he continued to be put in the spa twice a day over the next few months. He eventually recovered enough to win two Grade 1 races before retiring to stud. Anti-inflammatories are always used when treating acute case of laminitis, and include Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications ( NSAIDS ), DMSO, pentoxpfylline, and cryotherapy. For analgesia, NSAIDs are often

1065-598: A treatment protocol. There is no cure for a laminitic episode and many go undetected. Initial treatment with cryotherapy and anti-inflammatory drugs may prevent mechanical breakdown if instituted immediately, but many cases are only detected after the initial microscopic damage has been done. In cases of sepsis or endotoxemia, the underlying cause should be addressed concurrently with laminitis treatment. There are various methods for treating laminitis, and opinions vary on which are most useful. Additionally, each horse and affected hoof should be evaluated individually to determine

1136-405: A way to quantify changes in bloodflow to the foot. The sooner the diagnosis is made, the faster the treatment and the recovery process can begin. Rapid diagnosis of laminitis is often difficult, since the general problem often starts somewhere else in the horse's body. With modern therapies, most laminitics will be able to bear a rider or completely recover, if treated quickly, and if the laminitis

1207-434: A wedge in the heel of approximately 20 degrees. Shoes are usually glued or cast onto the foot so painful nailing does not have to take place. The position of P3 within the hoof is monitored with radiographs. Once the horse has improved, the wedge of the shoe must be slowly reduced back to normal. The application of external orthotic devices to the foot in a horse with undisplaced laminitis and once displacement has occurred

1278-427: Is by no means the catastrophe sometimes supposed: most horses suffering an acute episode without pedal bone displacement make a complete functional recovery. Some countermeasures can be adopted for pasture based animals. Discovery of laminitis, either active or relatively stabilized, on an equine prepurchase exam typically downgrades the horse's value, as the possibility of recurrence is a significant risk factor for

1349-404: Is no injury to the coffin bone. The chronic phase occurs if damage to the lamellae is not controlled early in the process, so that the coffin bone displaces. Changes that may occur include separation of the dermal and epidermal lamellae, lengthening of the dermal lamellae, and compression of the coronary and solar dermis. If laminitis is allowed to continue, long-term changes such as remodeling of

1420-440: Is not totally eliminated, since this will encourage the horse to stand and move around, which increases mechanical separation of the laminae. Pentafusion, or the administration of ketamine , lidocaine , morphine , detomidine , and acepromazine at a constant rate of infusion, may be of particular benefit to horses suffering from laminitis. Epidurals may also be used in hind-limb laminitis. Vasodilators are often used with

1491-399: Is sometimes placed on the sole to increase surface area for weight-bearing, so that the sole in the area of the quarters, and the bars, will take some of the weight. The deep digital flexor tendon places a constant pull on the back of the coffin bone. This is sometimes counteracted by decreasing the palmar angle of the hoof by raising the heels, often with the use of special shoes which have

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1562-401: Is the primary mechanism of disease, evidence of inflammation occurs very early in some instances of the disease. A severe inflammatory event is thought to damage the basal epithelial cells, resulting in dysfunction of the hemidesmosomes and subsequent reduction in adherence between the epithelial cells and the basement membrane . Normal forces placed on the hoof are then strong enough to tear

1633-455: Is the subject of much research. Three conditions are thought to cause secondary laminitis: Inflammatory events that are associated with laminitis include sepsis, endotoxemia, retained placenta , carbohydrate overload (excessive grain or pasture), enterocolitis , pleuropneumonia , and contact with black walnut shavings. In these cases, there is an increase in blood flow to the hoof, bringing in damaging substances and inflammatory cells into

1704-469: The "break over" back to decrease the fulcrum-effect that stresses the laminae. Trimming the heels helps to ensure frog pressure and increases surface area for weight-bearing on the back half of the hoof. While horses may stabilize if left barefooted, some veterinarians believe the most successful methods of treating founder involve positive stabilisation of the distal phalanx, by mechanical means, e.g., shoes, pads, polymeric support, etc. Pour-in pads or putty

1775-516: The 1937 Hopeful and Champagne Stakes , two important races for his age group. At age three, Bull Lea recorded seven wins from sixteen starts. He set a new Keeneland Race Course record for nine furlongs in winning the 1938 Blue Grass Stakes . Made a 3:1 second choice by bettors for the Kentucky Derby , he finished eighth and then ran sixth in the Preakness Stakes . The following year,

1846-469: The Challenge Gold Cup managing to very game victory by holding off the late-charging Miss Amity. At the age of 3, he didn't start super promisingly with 2 defeats including finishing 8th 16 lengths behind the winner. Despite this, he would prove he had potential when racing against older horses in lower company at 1400 meters. In the race, he would come flying late to get up in the final strides to win

1917-603: The Cockspur 'Five Star' Gold Cup. His last major stakes victory would come in the International Trust Caribbean Stakes defeating champions from Barbados such as Martinique. As well as Dominican Republics Champion 3-year-old Senorita Cuquina. His 4-year-old season was cut short due to a fatal case of laminitis which would eventually take his life in October 1983. Despite this Royal Colours is still considered one of

1988-724: The Horse in Lexington, Kentucky wrote that Bull Lea was "one of the greatest sires in Thoroughbred breeding history." Bred by E. Dale Schaffer's Coldstream Stud in Lexington, Kentucky , Bull Lea was sired by Bull Dog and out of the mare Rose Leaves by Ballot. He was purchased as a yearling for $ 14,000 by Calumet Farm's Warren Wright, Sr. and sent to race at age two under trainer Frank J. Kearns . Bull Lea make nine starts at age two, earning two wins, two seconds and two third-place finishes. The highlights were his runner-up performances in both

2059-585: The Trial Stakes by 5 lengths. Those 2 races would be his preps for the final jewel of the Triple Crown the Trinidad Derby. The race began and with Roman Way setting the pace early as they went around the first turn quickly. However, this didn't last long as Casanova took the lead from him and began to open up but Royal Colours moved as well and by the far turn, it turned into a 2 horse race. The two battled down

2130-533: The age of 2 Royal Colours was not a particularly amazing racehorse. He wasn't a dominant force but he would manage to run in a handful of stakes races that year. He would have a few very tough defeats in stakes races mainly a second-place finish behind Mercurius. He was also second place in the Nursery Stakes to Search Part. But he was still able to win stakes races taking the Benson & Hedges Premium Stakes. As well as

2201-437: The animal probably contributes to rotation of the coffin bone. Rotation results in an obvious misalignment between PII (the short pastern bone) and PIII (the coffin bone). If rotation of the third phalanx continues, its tip can eventually penetrate the sole of the foot. Sinking is less common and much more severe. It results when a significant failure of the interdigitation between the sensitive and insensitive laminae around

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2272-431: The apex and distal border of the coffin bone (so that a "lip" develops) and osteolysis of the coffin bone can occur. The chronic phase may be compensated or uncompensated. Compensated cases will have altered hoof structure, including founder rings, wide white lines, and decreased concavity to the sole. Horses will be relatively sound. On radiographs , remodeling of the coffin bone and in cases of rotational displacement,

2343-527: The best treatment plan, which may change with time. Ideally, affected hooves are re-evaluated on a regular basis once treatment commences to track progress. Initial management usually includes stall rest to minimize movement, and deeply bedding the stall with shavings, straw, or sand. Exercise is slowly increased once the horse has improved, ideally in an area with good (soft) footing, beginning with hand-walking, then turn-out, and finally riding under saddle. This process may take months to complete. Cooling of

2414-589: The current therapy. Compression of veins within the hoof will be seen as sections that do not contain contrast material. Poor or improper blood flow to different regions of the hoof help determine the severity of the laminitic episode. Venography is especially useful for early detection of support limb laminitis, as changes will be seen on venograph (and MRI) within 1–2 weeks, whereas clinical signs and radiographic changes do not manifest until 4–6 weeks. Horses undergoing venography have plain radiographs taken beforehand to allow for comparison. The feet are blocked to allow

2485-418: The degree of separation of dermal and epidermal laminae, lead to either rotation or sinking of the pedal bone, both of which result in anatomical changes in the position of the coffin bone with visible separation of the laminae, colloquially known as founder. Rotation and distal displacement may occur in the same horse. Both forms of displacement may lead to the coffin bone penetrating the sole. Penetration of

2556-538: The distal hoof wall will be thicker than that proximally. Venograms will have relatively normal contrast distribution, including to the apex and distal border of the coffin bone, and the coronary band, but "feathering" may be present at the lamellar "scar." Uncompensated cases will develop a lamellar wedge (pathologic horn), leading to a poor bridge between P3 and the hoof capsule. This will lead to irregular horn growth and chronic lameness, and horses will suffer from laminitis "flares." Inappropriate hoof growth will occur:

2627-410: The dorsal horn will have a tendency to grow outward rather than down, the heels will grow faster than the toe, and the white line will widen, leading to a potential space for packing of debris. The solar dermis is often compressed enough to inhibit growth, leading to a soft, thin sole (<10 mm) that may develop seromas . In severe cases where collapse of the suspensory apparatus of P3 has occurred,

2698-460: The equine digit. Besides pain management and control of any predisposing factors, mechanical stabilization is a primary treatment goal once the initial inflammatory and metabolic issues have resolved. No approach has been shown to be effective in all situations, and debate is ongoing about the merits and faults of the numerous techniques. Once the distal phalanx rotates, it is essential to derotate and re-establish its proper spatial orientation within

2769-414: The extracellular matrix of tissues. To prevent tissue damage, they are regulated by tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). In cases of laminitis, an underlying cause is thought to cause an imbalance of MMPs and TIMPs, favoring MMPs, so that they may cleave substances within the extracellular matrix and therefore break down the basement membrane. Since the basement membrane is the main link between

2840-523: The first line of defense. Phenylbutazone is commonly used for its strong effect and relatively low cost. Flunixin (Banamine), ketofen, and others are also used. Nonspecific NSAIDs such as suxibuzone , or COX-2 -specific drugs, such as firocoxib and diclofenac , may be somewhat safer than phenylbutazone in preventing NSAID toxicity such as right dorsal colitis , gastric ulcers , and kidney damage. However, firocoxib provides less pain relief than phenylbutazone or flunixin. Care must be taken that pain

2911-422: The foot allows the practitioner to distinguish mild, moderate, and severe compromise of the hoof, chronic laminitis, and sinking. Other imaging tools have been used to show mechanical deviations in laminitis cases include computed tomography , as well as MRI , which also provides some physiologic information. Nuclear scintigraphy may also be useful in certain situations. Ultrasonography has been explored as

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2982-651: The four-year-old's most important win came in the Widener Handicap . Bull Lea entered stud in 1940 at Calumet Farm 's operation in Lexington, Kentucky. He was the Leading sire in North America for 1947, 1948, 1949, 1952 and 1953. He also was Leading broodmare sire from 1958 to 1961. He was also the first sire in the history of American Thoroughbred horse racing to have offspring with earnings of more than $ 1 million in

3053-405: The future performance of the horse. Several radiographic abnormalities can be judged to correlate with a worsened prognosis: In laminitis cases, a clear distinction must be made between the acute onset of a laminitis attack and a chronic situation. A chronic situation can be either stable or unstable. The difference between acute, chronic, stable, and unstable is of vital importance when choosing

3124-657: The goal of improving laminar blood flow. However, during the developmental phases of laminitis, vasodilation is contraindicated , either through hot water or vasodilatory drugs. Systemic acepromazine as a vasodilator with the fringe benefit of mild sedation which reduces the horse/pony's movements and thus reduces concussion on the hooves, may be beneficial after lamellar damage has occurred, although no effects on laminar blood flow with this medication have been shown. Nitroglycerine has also been applied topically in an attempt to increase blood flow, but this treatment does not appear to be an effective way to increase blood flow in

3195-553: The greatest horses to ever run in Trinidad And Tobago and was able to mass up $ 384,117 Trinidad dollars as well as US$ 15,300 and 12000 Barbados dollars. In his honor Santa Rosa Park the racetrack where he took the Triple Crown has since given him his own race the Royal Colours Classic. It's a grade 3 race currently held in early February for 3-year-olds at a distance of 1350 meters. As well as immortalising him amongst

3266-633: The greatest in Trinidad and Tobago by inducting him into the Trinidad and Tobago Racing Hall Of Fame . Bull Lea Bull Lea (March 11, 1935 – June 16, 1964) was an American Thoroughbred racehorse who is best known as the foundation sire responsible for making Calumet Farm one of the most successful racing stables in American history. In their article on Calumet Farm, the International Museum of

3337-461: The homestretch. He kept the lead but then in the final turn Cassanova took over sneaking up on the inside to take the lead by half a length. But there was still a good amount of stretch left with all his heart Royal Colours repelled Cassanova and took back his lead to win by half a length in the final strides. He would also add the Black and White Creole Trophy to his wins that year. However, he also suffered

3408-432: The hoof capsule, to ensure the best long-term prospects for the horse. With correct trimming and, as necessary, the application of orthotics , one can effect this reorientation. However, this is not always completely effective. Successful treatment for any type of founder must necessarily involve stabilization of the bony column by some means. Correct trimming can help improve stabilization. This usually includes bringing

3479-420: The hoof in the developmental stages of laminitis has been shown to have a protective effect when horses are experimentally exposed to carbohydrate overload. Feet placed in ice slurries were less likely to experience laminitis than "uniced" feet. Cryotherapy reduces inflammatory events in the lamellae. Ideally, limbs should be placed in an ice bath up to the level of the knee or hock. Hooves need to be maintained at

3550-495: The hoof wall and the connective tissue of P3, it is thought that its destruction results in their separation. MMP-2 and MMP-9 are the primary enzymes thought to be linked to laminitis. There are multiple theories as to how laminitis develops. These include: Normally, the front of the third phalanx is parallel to the hoof wall and its lower surface should be roughly parallel to the ground surface. A single severe laminitic episode or repeated, less severe episodes can, depending upon

3621-450: The hoof wall is pulled away from the bone or lost, as a result of external influences. Mechanical laminitis can occur when a horse habitually paws, is ridden or driven on hard surfaces ("road founder"), or in cases of excessive weight-bearing due to compensation for the opposing limb, a process called support limb laminitis . Support limb laminitis is most common in horses suffering from severe injury to one limb, such as fracture, resulting in

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3692-401: The hoof. Endocrinopathy is usually the result of improper insulin regulation, and is most commonly seen with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (also called equine Cushing's syndrome) and equine metabolic syndrome (EMS), as well as obesity and glucocorticoid administration. In cases of EMS, most episodes occur in the spring when the grass is lush. Mechanical laminitis starts when

3763-694: The hooves. There is also swelling in foot in some cases.Severe cases with outwardly visible clinical signs are known by the colloquial term founder , and progression of the disease will lead to perforation of the coffin bone through the sole of the hoof or being unable to stand up, requiring euthanasia . The bones of the hoof are suspended within the axial hooves of ungulates by layers of modified skin cells, known as laminae or lamellae , which act as shock absorbers during locomotion. In horses, there are about 550–600 pairs of primary epidermal laminae, each with 150–200 secondary laminae projecting from their surface. These interdigitate with equivalent structures on

3834-463: The initiation of clinical signs. Treatment response during this time determines if the horse will go into the subacute phase or chronic phase. Clinical signs at this time include bounding digital pulses, lameness, heat, and possibly response to hoof testing. The subacute phase occurs if there is minimal damage to the lamellae. Clinical signs seen in the acute phase resolve, and the horse becomes sound. The horse never shows radiographic changes, and there

3905-459: The lateral view, allow for objective evaluation of the episode. Venograms can help determine the prognosis for the animal, particularly in horses where the degree of pain does not match the radiographic changes. In venography, a contrast agent, visible on radiographs, is injected into the palmar digital vein to delineate the vasculature of the foot. The venogram can assess the severity and location of tissue compromise and monitor effectiveness of

3976-413: The lower limbs of a horse depends in part on the horse moving about. Lack of sufficient movement, alone or in combination with other factors, can cause stagnant anoxia , which in turn can cause laminitis. A horse favoring an injured leg will both severely limit its movement and place greater weight on the other legs. This sometimes leads to static laminitis , particularly if the animal is confined in

4047-454: The outside. Mercurius was just ahead of Royal Colours but with about 600 meters to go Mercurius makes his move and takes over the lead. Royal Colours follows right behind making sure to not let Mercurius get too far ahead. But by the far turn Royal Colours took the lead and opened up 10 lengths in the stretch. Following his win in the first jewel, he would continue his success with a win in the second jewel by 3 1/2 lengths as well as sandwiching in

4118-535: The race over Acabar who was carrying 8.5 kilograms more than him during the race. Things would get more difficult after that as he would then run in the first jewel of the Trinidadian Triple Crown the Easter Guineas. The race would be packed full of difficult horses including his old rival at the age of 2 Mercurius who was considered the best 2-year-old the previous year. Even so, the race was going to be

4189-404: The race. The race began with the field chasing right behind the front runner Guaybanex. In the final turn, he tried to make a move to catch Guaybanex but he didn't have it in him Guaybanex was simply too strong and would repel him and 2 other horses who would also make there move leading to a 3-way photo finish for second place. Royal Colours would get the short end of the stick finishing fourth only

4260-445: The remaining laminae, resulting in a failure of the interdigitation of the epidermal and dermal laminae between the hoof wall and the coffin bone. When severe enough, this results in displacement of the coffin bone within the hoof capsule. Most cases of laminitis occur in both front feet, but laminitis may be seen in all four feet, both hind feet, or in cases of support limb laminitis, in a single foot. The mechanism remains unclear and

4331-485: The sedated horse to stand comfortably during the procedure. Prior to injection, a tourniquet is placed around the fetlock to help keep the contrast material within the foot during radiography. Diffusion of contrast may make some areas appear hypoperfused, falsely increasing the apparent severity of the laminitic episode. After injection of the contrast material, films are taken within 45 seconds to avoid artifact caused by diffusion. Evaluation of blood supply to several areas of

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4402-480: The solar dermis or the tip of P3 may penetrate the sole. The horse will also be prone to recurrent abscessation within the hoof capsule. Venogram will show "feathering" into the vascular bed beneath the lamellae, and there will be decreased or absent contrast material in the area distal to the apex of the coffin bone. Laminitis has various causes, some of which commonly occur together. These include: The inflammatory molecule histamine has also been hypothesized as

4473-480: The sole is not inherently fatal; many horses have been returned to service by aggressive treatment by a veterinarian and farrier, but the treatment is time-consuming, difficult and expensive. Rotation is the most common form of displacement, and, in this case, the tip of the coffin bone rotates downward. The degree of rotation may be influenced by the severity of the initial attack and the time of initiation and aggressiveness of treatment. A combination of forces (e.g.

4544-473: The stretch head and head neither giving an inch until the final 100 meters when Royal Colours gained the advantage opening up 3/4ths of a length at the last moment. Following his triple crown victory, he would then attempt a 5th straight classic race the Hopeful Stakes. In a surprise, Royal Colours took the lead and set it for most of the race. He leads around the first turn and around the backstretch and into

4615-435: The surface of the coffin bone (PIII, P3, the third phalanx , pedal bone, or distal phalanx), known as dermal laminae. The secondary laminae contain basal cells which attach via hemidesmosomes to the basement membrane . The basement membrane is then attached to the coffin bone via the connective tissue of the dermis. Laminitis literally means inflammation of the laminae, and while it remains controversial whether this

4686-446: The tension of the deep digital flexor tendon and the weight of the horse) result in the deep digital flexor tendon literally pulling the dorsal face of the coffin bone away from the inside of the hoof wall, which allows the coffin bone to rotate. Also, ligaments attaching the collateral cartilages to the digit, primarily in the palmar portion of the foot, possibly contribute to a difference in support from front to back. The body weight of

4757-452: The tip to eventually penetrate the sole of the foot. A severe "sinker" usually warrants the gravest prognosis and may, depending upon many factors, including the quality of aftercare, age of the horse, diet and nutrition, skill, and knowledge and ability of the attending veterinarian and farrier (s), lead to euthanasia of the patient. Treatment and prognosis depend on the phase of the disease, with horses treated in earlier stages often having

4828-454: The toe area. However, there is risk of a false negative if the horse naturally has a thick sole, or if the hoof capsule is about to slough. The severity of lameness is qualified using the Obel grading system: Horses suffering from the disease usually require an abaxial sesamoid block to relieve them of pain, since the majority of pain comes from the hoof wall. However, chronic cases may respond to

4899-497: The toe. Historically, this was seen in carriage horses bred for heavy bodies and long, slim legs with relatively small hooves; their hooves were trimmed for long toes (to make them lift their feet higher, enhancing their stylish "action"), and they were worked at speed on hard roads. Road founder is also seen in overweight animals, particularly when hooves are allowed to grow long; classic examples are ponies on pasture board in spring, and pregnant mares. Normal blood circulation in

4970-446: The visualization and evaluation of the hoof capsule, and can help detect the presence of a lamellar wedge or seromas. The lateral view provides the majority of the information regarding degree of rotation, sole depth, dorsal hoof wall thickness, and vertical deviation. A 65-degree dorsopalmar view is useful in the case of chronic laminitis to evaluate the rim of the coffin bone for pathology. Several radiographic measurements, made on

5041-501: Was not severe or complicated (e.g. by equine metabolic syndrome or Cushing's disease ). Even in these cases, a clinical cure can often be achieved. Endotoxic laminitis (e.g. after foaling) tends to be more difficult to treat. Successful treatment requires a competent farrier and veterinarian , and success is not guaranteed. A horse can live with laminitis for many years, and although a single episode of laminitis predisposes to further episodes, with good management and prompt treatment it

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