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41-740: Rowland Hazard may refer to: Rowland Hazard (1763-1835), Rhode Island industrialist, established a woollen mill in Peace Dale, Rhode Island c.1804 Rowland G. Hazard (1801–1888), son of above, industrialist associated with textile mill complexes in Peace Dale and Carolina, Rhode Island Rowland Hazard II (1829-1898), son of above, operated textile mills in Peace Dale and Carolina, Rhode Island ; initial investor in Solvay Process Co. Rowland G. Hazard II (1855–1918), son of above, vice president of

82-404: A sneeze , though this is often seen by snuff-takers as the sign of a beginner or amateur. This is not uncommon; however, the tendency to sneeze varies with the person and the particular snuff. Generally, drier snuffs are more likely to do this. For this reason, sellers of snuff often sell handkerchiefs . Snuff is readily available over the counter in most European tobacco shops. It is subject to

123-405: A day's worth of snuff only. Large snuff containers, called mulls (made from a variety of materials, notably including rams' horns decorated with silver), were usually kept on the table. An accessory often carried with the snuff box was the snuff spoon , a small spoon used for snuff-taking, that was used to avoid staining the fingers with powder. A floral-scented snuff called "English Rose"

164-448: A few miracle " snake oil " claims on the health or curative benefits of certain snuff types surfaced in publications. For instance, a London weekly journal called The Gentlewoman advised readers with ailing sight to use the correct type of Portuguese snuff, "whereby many eminent people had cured themselves so that they could read without spectacles after having used them for many years". Snuff's image as an aristocratic luxury attracted

205-537: A fireproof stone factory. In 1848 the partnership incorporated, becoming the Peace Dale Manufacturing Company, with Isaac P. Hazard as president and Rowland G. Hazard as secretary/treasurer. In 1849 the business started a transition into making woolen shawls and other high-quality woolens instead of cheaper fabrics. Later in the 19th century, the sons of Rowland G. Hazard, John N. and Rowland Hazard II (1829–1898), assumed responsibility for operating

246-721: A lengthy, multi-step process, in tobacco snuff mills. The selected tobacco leaves are first subject to special tobacco curing or fermentation processes, where they will later provide the individual characteristics and flavor for each type of snuff blend. Snuff is usually scented or flavored, with many blends of snuff requiring months to years of special storage to reach the required maturity. Typical traditional flavors are varieties of blended tobacco leaves considered original "fine snuff" without any addition of scents or essences. Varieties of spice , piquant, fruit , floral, and mentholated (also called "medicated") soon followed, either pure or in blends. Each snuff manufacturer usually has

287-413: A person quit smoking. Snuff is a cause of oral cancer , oesophagus cancer , and pancreas cancer . All tobacco products, including smokeless tobacco, contain cancer-causing chemicals. These carcinogenic compounds occurring in snuff vary widely, and depend upon the kind of product and how it was manufactured. There are 28 known cancer-causing substances in snuff products. Using snuff increases

328-417: A range of texture and moistness, from very fine to coarse, and from toast (very dry) to very moist. Often drier snuffs are ground more finely. There is also a range of tobacco-free snuffs, such as Pöschl's Weiss (White), made from glucose powder or herbs. While strictly speaking, these are not snuffs because they contain no tobacco, they are an alternative for those who wish to avoid nicotine, or for "cutting"

369-462: A status symbol among the elite of the Qing dynasty . These were usually available in two forms, both made of glass. In one type, glass bottles were painted on the inside to protect the design. Another type used layered multi-colored glass to create an image in relief. Besides glass, materials such as porcelain, agate, jade, coral, and lacquer were also used. Another common accessory is the snuff bullet, which

410-533: A strong snuff to an acceptable strength. When snuff-taking was fashionable, the manufacture of snuff accessories was a lucrative industry in several cultures. In Europe, snuff boxes ranged from those made in very basic materials, such as horn, to highly ornate designs featuring precious materials made using state-of-the-art techniques. Since prolonged exposure to air causes snuff to dry out and lose its quality, pocket snuff boxes were designed to be airtight containers with strong hinges, generally with enough space for

451-435: A variety of unique recipes and blends, as well as special recipes for individual customers. Common flavors also include coffee , chocolate , bordeaux , honey , vanilla , cherry , orange , apricot , plum , camphor , cinnamon , rose and spearmint . Modern flavors include bourbon , cola and whisky . Traditional classic German snuff blends are the pungent and sharp Schmalzler and Brasil blends. Snuff comes in

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492-559: Is a village in the town of South Kingstown , Rhode Island . Together with the village of Wakefield , it is treated by the U.S. Census as a component of the census-designated place identified as Wakefield-Peacedale, Rhode Island . The Peace Dale Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as a historic district in 1987. The historic district is roughly bounded by Kersey Rd., Oakwoods Dr., Kingstown Rd., School, Church and Railroad Sts., and contains

533-559: Is available throughout the United States and is much more widely consumed. In certain areas of Africa, some claim that snuff reached native Africans before white Europeans did, even though tobacco is not indigenous to Africa. A fictional representation of this is in Chinua Achebe 's novel Things Fall Apart , where the Igbo villagers are regular snuff-takers long before they ever encountered

574-537: Is designed to make snuff use easier and more discreet in public situations. These are small, bullet shaped devices that you would use to store a small amount of snuff for use throughout the day. The self-applicator pipe is known as ‘ Kuripe ’, and the blow pipe is known as a ‘ Tepi ’ in the Brazilian tradition . Various national and international health organizations including the World Health Organization ,

615-637: Is provided for members of the British House of Commons . Recent practice has been for this tradition to be maintained at the principal doorkeeper's personal expense due to smoking in the House being banned since 1693. A famous silver communal snuff box kept at the entrance of the House was destroyed in an air raid during World War II with a replacement being subsequently presented to the House by Winston Churchill . Very few members are said to take snuff nowadays. In China, elaborately decorated snuff bottles became

656-480: Is subject to the same warning labels on all smokeless tobacco, indicating a possibility of oral cancer and tooth loss. This reflects the fact that American dry snuff users may still use the product orally, unlike the majority of Europe, but nasal use of snuff is also practiced by some users. Dry snuff is typically not readily available outside the South and Appalachia, unlike its successor, dipping tobacco (moist snuff), which

697-565: The New York, Providence and Boston Railroad at Kingston Station (Rhode Island) and to shipping at South Pier in the village of Narragansett Pier . Buildings in Peace Dale that are identified as contributing properties in the historic district include: Snuff (tobacco) Snuff originated in the Americas and was commonly used in Europe by the 17th century. Traditional snuff production consists of

738-531: The Solvay Process Company Rowland Hazard III (1881–1945), son of above, American businessman and politician, connected with the founding of Alcoholics Anonymous See also [ edit ] Hazard family Hazard (disambiguation) [REDACTED] Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles about people with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change

779-436: The 17th century some prominent objectors to snuff-taking arose. Pope Urban VIII banned the use of snuff in churches and threatened to excommunicate snuff-takers. In Russia in 1643, Tsar Michael prohibited the sale of tobacco, instituted the punishment of removing the nose of those who used snuff, and declared that persistent users of tobacco would be killed. Despite this, use persisted elsewhere; King Louis XIII of France

820-452: The French nobility. The Dutch, who named the ground powdered tobacco "snuff" ( snuif ), were using the product by 1560. By the early 1600s, snuff had become an expensive luxury commodity. In 1611, commercially manufactured snuff made its way to North America by way of John Rolfe , the husband of Pocahontas , who introduced a sweeter Spanish variety of tobacco to North America. Though most of

861-474: The Peace Dale Mills. In 1856 Rowland Hazard II, an amateur architect, designed several new buildings in Peace Dale, including a new stone weaving mill and a stone building located across from the mills that housed offices, a store, the village post office, and a public hall. Over the next several decades he influenced the construction and design of numerous additional buildings, accounting for more than half of

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902-584: The US National Cancer Institute , and the UK Royal College of Physicians stated that, even if it is less dangerous than smoking, using snuff is addictive, represents a major health risk, has no safe level use, and is not a safe substitute for smoking. Using snuff can cause a number of adverse health effects such as dental disease, oral cancer , oesophagus cancer , pancreatic cancer , cardiovascular disease , asthma , and deformities in

943-593: The built environment of modern Peace Dale. Rowland Hazard II also was an initial investor in the Solvay Process Company , with works at Solvay, New York , and served as the company's first president. Peace Dale's mills operated for woolen manufacturing until 1948, when the manufacturing machinery was removed. The Hazard family also owned and operated the Narragansett Pier Railroad which connected their textile mills in Peace Dale and Wakefield to

984-563: The city; state control over the activity later concentrated the production to one location opposite the Church of San Pedro. By the mid-18th century it was decided to build a large and grand industrial building outside the city walls, and thus the Royal Tobacco Factory ( Real Fábrica de Tabacos ) was built, becoming Europe's first industrial tobacco factory, producing snuff and auctioning tobacco at first, and Spain's second largest building at

1025-668: The colonists in America never fully accepted the English style of snuff use, American aristocrats used snuff. Snuff use in England increased in popularity after the Great Plague of London (1665–1666). People believed snuff had valuable medicinal properties, which added a powerful impetus to its consumption. By 1650, snuff use had spread from France to England, Scotland, and Ireland, and throughout Europe , as well as Japan , China , and Africa . By

1066-403: The elite members of society from the common people, who generally smoked their tobacco. It was also during the 18th century that an English author and botanist, John Hill , concluded nasal cancer could develop with the use of snuff. Under the guise of a doctor, he reported five cases of " polyps , a swelling in the nostril adherent with the symptoms of open cancer". In Victorian era Britain,

1107-455: The female reproductive system. It also raises the risk of fatal coronary artery disease , fatal stroke and non-fatal ischaemic heart disease Smokeless tobacco globally contributes to 650 000 deaths each year with a significant proportion of them in Southeast Asia . Quitting snuff use is as challenging as smoking cessation . There is no scientific evidence that using snuff can help

1148-456: The first British missionaries . In some African countries, such as South Africa and Nigeria, snuff is still quite popular with the older generation, though its use is slowly declining, with cigarette smoking becoming the dominant form of tobacco use . This includes parts of southern Ethiopia, where powdered tobaccos can be purchased at many larger markets across the Oromo region. Around the time of

1189-403: The first U.S. federal tax on tobacco, created in 1794. Despite two centuries of pipe smoking and snuff use, by the mid-1850s, North Americans rejected European practices in general—especially British practices—that entailed snuff boxes and formality. By the late 1700s, taking snuff nasally had fallen out of fashion in the United States. Instead, dry snuff users would use a twig as a brush to "dip"

1230-516: The first people known to have used ground tobacco as snuff. They would grind their tobacco leaves using a mortar and pestle made of rosewood , where the tobacco would also acquire a delicate aroma of the wood. The resulting snuff was then stored in airtight ornate bone bottles or tubes to preserve its flavor for later consumption. Snuff-taking by the Taino and Carib people of the Lesser Antilles

1271-473: The historic core of the village. Peace Dale was established as an official town in 1793 by South Kingstown industrialist Rowland Hazard who named the village in honor of his wife, Mary Peace Hazard. Around 1804, Hazard reputedly pioneered the use of carding machines to process wool in Rhode Island. In 1814, Hazard was also one of the first American manufacturers to employ narrow-width power looms , and also

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1312-431: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rowland_Hazard&oldid=1059904395 " Category : Human name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Peace Dale, Rhode Island Peace Dale (also spelled Peacedale )

1353-410: The risk of fatal coronary heart disease and stroke . In 2010 more than 200,000 people died from coronary heart disease due to smokeless tobacco use. Snuff can cause adverse reproductive effects including stillbirth , premature birth , low birth weight . Nicotine in snuff products that are used during pregnancy can affect how a baby's brain develops before birth. When sniffed, snuff often causes

1394-733: The same sale and purchase age restrictions as with other tobacco products in accordance with local laws. In the United Kingdom, tobacco duty is not charged on "nasal" snuff tobacco. In the Republic of Ireland it is illegal to take snuff in workplaces and bars. In the United States, snuff is less readily available and is typically found only in specialty tobacco shops or online. Smokeless tobacco products including snuff are banned from sale in Australia but up to 1.5kg may be imported for personal use only. The indigenous populations of Brazil were

1435-445: The senior Rowland Hazard renamed the nearby industrial village to Wakefield after the town and family of the same name in England, who were friends of his. Prior to this, the village had been called McCoon's Mill for the snuff mill that by the 1820s had been converted to manufacturing woolen textiles. After an 1845 fire destroyed one of the mill buildings, the brothers built new facilities, including expanded hydropower systems and

1476-465: The snuff, which then involved placing the snuff inside the cheek. This is seen as a precursor to dipping tobacco (moist snuff) use which is still popular today. In addition, orally chewing tobacco or dipping snuff was more convenient for Americans trekking westward in their wagons. During the 1800s until the mid-1930s, a communal snuff box was installed for members of the US Congress . American snuff

1517-610: The time. In 1561 Jean Nicot , the French ambassador in Lisbon , Portugal, who described tobacco's medicinal properties as a panacea in his writings, is credited with introducing ground tobacco snuff to the Royal Court of Catherine de' Medici to treat her persistent headaches. Catherine was so impressed with its curative relieving properties, she promptly declared the tobacco would henceforth be termed Herba Regina (Queen Herb). Her royal seal of approval would help popularize snuff among

1558-412: Was a devout snuff-taker, whereas later, Louis XV of France banned the use of snuff from the Royal Court of France during his reign. By the 18th century, snuff had become the tobacco product of choice among the elite. Snuff use reached a peak in England during the reign of Queen Anne (1702–14). It was during this time that England's own production of ready-made snuff blends started; home-made blending

1599-700: Was common. Prominent snuff users included Pope Benedict XIII who repealed the smoking ban set by Pope Urban VIII; Queen Anne; King George III 's wife Queen Charlotte , referred to as 'Snuffy Charlotte', who had an entire room at Windsor Castle devoted to her snuff stock; and King George IV , who had his own special blends and hoarded a stockpile of snuff. Napoleon , Lord Nelson , the Duke of Wellington , Marie Antoinette , Alexander Pope , Samuel Johnson and Benjamin Disraeli all used snuff, as well as numerous other notable persons. The taking of snuff helped to distinguish

1640-709: Was observed by the Franciscan friar Ramón Pané on Columbus' second voyage to the New World in 1493. Pané returned to Spain with snuff, introducing it to Europe. In the early 16th century, the Spanish Casa de Contratación (House of Trade) established and held a trade monopoly in the first manufacturing industries of snuff, in the city of Seville , which became Europe's first manufacturing and development centre for snuff. The Spanish called snuff polvo or rapé . At first they were independent production mills dispersed within

1681-438: Was the first woolen manufacturer to combine all his manufacturing processes under one roof, from wool carding through spinning, weaving, and dyeing. In 1819 Rowland Hazard's sons Isaac P. Hazard and Rowland G. Hazard assumed management responsibility for the Peace Dale Manufacturing Company. A third brother, Joseph P. Hazard, joined them as a partner in 1828, and the business took the name "R.G. Hazard & Co." Around 1820

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