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97-664: It has 254 folios, with a page size of 228 × 160 mm. After a Nazi-era confiscation from the Austrian branch of the Rothschild family , it was in the Austrian National Library in Vienna as Codex Vindobonensis S.N. 2844, before being returned. Since its sale in 1999 it has held the world record price at auction for an illuminated manuscript. In 2014 it was purchased by Australian businessman Kerry Stokes from Christie's New York and

194-572: A book of hours, contain distinctive elements that relate it to the Chartreuse des Dunes, near Bruges . By 1500 the printed book of hours had largely replaced manuscript ones, except for luxury books like this, which were restricted to the higher nobility and royalty. The manuscript belonged to the princely Wittelsbach family in the 16th century, and then to the library of the counts palatine in Heidelberg , leaving that collection before 1623. Its history

291-611: A hereditary baronet of the United Kingdom. In 1885, Sir Nathan Rothschild, 2nd Baronet , was granted the hereditary peerage title of Baron Rothschild in the Peerage of the United Kingdom . This title is currently held by the 5th Baron Rothschild . The Rothschild banking family of England was founded in 1798 by Nathan Mayer Rothschild (1777–1836), who first settled in Manchester but then moved to London. Nathan Mayer von Rothschild,

388-506: A joint venture with The Carlyle Group to acquire the equipment hire group Coates Hire . Stokes has always had a keen interest in the pastoral industry and acquired the 4,047-square-kilometre (1,563 sq mi) Napier Downs station in the Kimberley , stocked with 20,000 head of Red Brahman cattle, from Peter Leutenegger in 2015 for an estimated A$ 23 million to A$ 40 million. As of 2017 , Seven Group Holdings increased

485-417: A leading online venture, Yahoo!7, combining Yahoo! 's search and online capabilities with Seven's content and cross marketing. The successful joint venture is driving a range of online and IPTV businesses. Seven built and acquired several broadband businesses, including wireless broadband group Unwired (sold to Optus , and subsequently defunct), VOIP operator Engin (subsequently an independent business) and

582-447: A long period. The early history of the book is obscure, and the original owner is unknown, though he or she would clearly have been a very wealthy person. This is a feature shared by several important manuscripts of the late Ghent-Bruges school , where typically the heraldry and portraits of the owners of most luxury manuscripts are not found. The contents of the book, which has extra mass texts and prayers beyond those usually found in

679-629: A provisional Italian government. Because of the family's close political connections with Austria and France, Adolphe Carl von Rothschild  [ fr ] was caught in a delicate position. He chose to take temporary sanctuary in Gaeta with the last Neapolitan king, Francis II of the Two Sicilies . However, the Rothschild branches in London, Paris, and Vienna were not prepared nor willing to financially support

776-408: A single father. His third marriage was to Australian television actress Peta Toppano in 1992. This marriage lasted for three years. In 1996 he married his fourth wife, Christine Simpson (née Parker), a newsreader for rival station Channel 10 when they first met. Stokes has three grandchildren. As of 2019 , Forbes assessed Stokes' net worth as US$ 2.90  billion . As of May 2023 ,

873-516: A skiing trip in Colorado instead of in a hotel on medical grounds. However, it was unclear why Simpson was also given an exemption to strict State and Federal laws at the time. After Seven Network employee and former soldier Ben Roberts-Smith sued the publishers of The Age , The Sydney Morning Herald and The Canberra Times for defamation, it was reported in 2020 that Stokes’ private investment company, Australian Capital Equity, had extended

970-480: A smaller scale than they were throughout the 19th century, although they encompass a diverse range of fields, including: real estate, financial services, mixed farming, energy, mining, winemaking and nonprofits. Kerry Stokes Kerry Matthew Stokes AC (born John Patrick Alford on 13 September 1940) is an Australian businessman. He holds business interests in industries including electronic and print media, property, mining and construction equipment. He

1067-617: A year and only released after a substantial ransom was paid by his family. After Louis was allowed to leave the country in March 1939, the Nazis placed the firm of S M von Rothschild under compulsory administration. Nazi officers and senior staff from Austrian museums also emptied the Rothschild family estates of all their valuables. Following the war, the Austrian Rothschilds were unable to reclaim much of their former assets and properties. Later,

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1164-583: A £5 million (equal to £440 million in 2023) loan to the Prussian government, and the issuing of bonds for government loans formed a mainstay of his bank's business. He gained a position of such power in the City of London that by 1825–26 he was able to supply enough coin to the Bank of England to enable it to avert a market liquidity crisis. Rothschild family banking businesses pioneered international high finance during

1261-595: Is a complicated business, mainly because of the fanatics and extremists – and I am talking about both sides. I think you have fanatics in Israel. ... In general I am not in contact with politicians. I spoke once with Netanyahu . I met once with an Israeli finance minister, but the less I mingle with politicians the better I feel." Due to a dispute with the Israeli tax authorities, the baron refused to visit Israel. But his widow Ariane de Rothschild often visits Israel where she manages

1358-648: Is a wealthy Ashkenazi Jewish noble banking family originally from Frankfurt . The family's documented history starts in 16th century Frankfurt; its name is derived from the family house, Rothschild, built by Isaak Elchanan Bacharach in Frankfurt in 1567. The family rose to prominence with Mayer Amschel Rothschild (1744–1812), a court factor to the German Landgraves of Hesse-Kassel in the Free City of Frankfurt , Holy Roman Empire, who established his banking business in

1455-574: Is displayed the letter Dorothy de Rothschild wrote to then Prime Minister Shimon Peres expressing her intention to donate a new building for the Supreme Court. The Rothschilds also established the " Yad Hanadiv " philanthropic foundation in 1958. Interviewed by Haaretz in 2010, Baron Benjamin Rothschild , who was a Swiss-based member of the banking family, said that he supported the Israeli–Palestinian peace process : "I understand that it

1552-628: Is most widely known as the chairman of the Seven Network , one of the largest broadcasting corporations in Australia. Appointed an Officer of the Order of Australia (AO) in 1995, Stokes was appointed a Companion of the Order of Australia (AC) in 2006 in recognition of his contributions to Australian business, strategic leadership, promotion of corporate social responsibility, to the arts through philanthropy, and to

1649-539: Is no book about them that is both revealing and accurate. Libraries of nonsense have been written about them... A woman who planned to write a book entitled Lies about the Rothschilds abandoned it, saying: 'It was relatively easy to spot the lies, but it proved impossible to find out the truth.'" Johnson writes that, unlike the court factors of earlier centuries, who had financed and managed European noble houses, but often lost their wealth through violence or expropriation,

1746-642: Is no longer running a business after five years in Shanghai. and a second joint venture in mobile television with the Oriental Pearl Group in Shanghai. Seven held the Australian broadcasting rights for the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing and provided the broadcast feeds for the swimming and diving events for the rest of the world. The International Olympic Committee awarded Seven the gold medal for its TV coverage of

1843-742: Is on display in the National Library of Australia . It contains the work of several leading miniaturists of the final flowering of the Ghent-Bruges school of Flemish illumination, who also co-operated on the Grimani Breviary , the Spinola Hours (Getty, Malibu ) and other major manuscripts of these years. Most of the sixty-seven large miniatures are by the "Master of the First Prayerbook of Maximilian", an older artist, and Gerard Horenbout or

1940-503: Is rare in Germany. Families by country: The five sons of Mayer Amschel Rothschild were elevated to the Austrian nobility by Emperor Francis I of Austria , and they were all granted the Austrian hereditary title of Freiherr ( baron ) on 29 September 1822. The British branch of the family was elevated by Queen Victoria , who granted the hereditary title of baronet (1847) and later

2037-463: Is then unknown until it reappeared in the collection of the Viennese branch of the Rothschild family in the late 19th century. It was confiscated from Louis Nathaniel von Rothschild immediately after the March 1938 German annexation of Austria . After the end of World War II , the new Austrian government used legislation forbidding the export of culturally significant works of art in part to pressure

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2134-483: The ABC , "My background was very difficult, very hard and I wouldn't wish that on anybody. I had lots of different occupations and obviously lots of different experiences. I had some time on the street, and sometimes, work was very difficult. Australia, in that period of time, wasn't a place where you could actually easily go and get a job, it was difficult, and we went where there was work available". Stokes' first reported job

2231-522: The Australian Financial Review assessed Stokes' net worth as A$ 7.45 billion, the twelfth-richest Australian; and he was one of ten Australians who have appeared in every Financial Review Rich List , or its predecessor, the BRW Rich 200 , since it was first published in 1984. In 1995 Stokes was appointed an Officer of the Order of Australia (AO) for service to business and commerce to

2328-404: The Austrian nobility by Emperor Francis I of Austria . The remaining son, Nathan , was elevated in 1818. All of them were granted the Austrian hereditary title of Freiherr ( baron ) on 29 September 1822. As a result, some members of the family used the nobiliary particle de or von before their surname to acknowledge the grant of nobility. In 1847, Anthony de Rothschild was made

2425-702: The British South Africa Company . Leopold de Rothschild (1845–1917) administered Rhodes's estate after his death in 1902 and helped to set up the Rhodes Scholarship scheme at the University of Oxford . In 1873, de Rothschild Frères in France and N M Rothschild & Sons of London joined with other investors to acquire the Spanish government's money-losing Rio Tinto copper mines. The new owners restructured

2522-664: The Caesarea Foundation . She says: "It is insulting that the state [Israel] casts doubt on us. If there is a family that does not have to prove its commitment to Israel, it's ours." Primarily due to the generosity and influence of Baron Edmond James de Rothschild, HaNadiv (the Benefactor), on the history of the Land of Israel and the State of Israel, a tradition exists of naming cities, towns and other settlements in Israel in honor of members of

2619-586: The Caterpillar franchise in Western Australia (Wigmores Ltd) in 1988, and the company subsequently called WesTrac has equipment dealer franchises in Western Australia, New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory , with the total number of employees close to 4,000 people, as well as 500 apprentices in Australia. In 2007, Stokes' National Hire Group (over 50% owned by WesTrac) formed

2716-547: The Duke of Wellington's armies across Europe, as well as arranging the payment of British financial subsidies to their continental allies. In 1815 alone, the Rothschilds provided £9.8 million (equivalent to about £850 million in 2023) in subsidy loans to Britain's continental allies. The brothers helped coordinate Rothschild activities across the continent, and the family developed a network of agents, shippers and couriers to transport gold across war-torn Europe. The family network

2813-630: The Holocaust , some of them moving to the United States, and returning to Europe only after the war. In 1999, the government of Austria agreed to return to the Rothschild family some 250 art treasures looted by the Nazis and absorbed into state museums after the war. The C M de Rothschild & Figli bank arranged substantial loans to the Papal States and to various Kings of Naples plus the Duchy of Parma and

2910-479: The Master of James IV of Scotland (these being two names probably for the same artist). Other miniatures are by Gerard David , better known as a panel painter, or a pupil working in his style, with two miniatures by Simon Bening , and other work by further masters. There are wide borders, many with flowers and other objects and drolleries, and another group with trompe-l'œil imitations of bronzes. Other borders frame

3007-597: The National Gallery of Australia , where he served as chairman for several years and has made multimillion-dollar donations. He has also been awarded the Rotary Paul Harris Fellow Award by Rotary International and holds a life membership of the Returned and Services League of Australia , on whose behalf Stokes has acquired three Victoria Crosses, as well as other medals. These medals have been added to

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3104-524: The Nazis and flee the country. Their Rothschild palaces , a collection of vast palaces in Vienna built and owned by the family, were confiscated, plundered and destroyed by the Nazis. The palaces were famous for their sheer size and for their huge collections of paintings, armour , tapestries and statues (some of which were restored to the Rothschilds by the Austrian government in 1999). All family members escaped

3201-623: The Parc Edmond de Rothschild (Edmond de Rothschild Park), is also named after its founder. The Rothschilds also played a significant part in the funding of Israel's governmental infrastructure. James A. de Rothschild financed the Knesset building as a gift to the State of Israel and the Supreme Court of Israel building was donated to Israel by Dorothy de Rothschild . Outside the President's Chamber

3298-483: The Russo-Japanese War . The London consortium's issue of Japanese war bonds would total £11.5 million (at 1907 currency rates; £1.11 billion in 2012 currency terms). The name of Rothschild became synonymous with extravagance and great wealth; and the family was renowned for its art collecting, for its palaces, as well as for its philanthropy. By the end of the century, the family owned, or had built, at

3395-745: The Seven Network that Sunday Night airs on, had purchased it. The Prayerbook is part of Stokes' collection in Perth, Australia and was loaned to the National Library of Australia in Canberra for display. A full facsimile has been published: E. Trenkier, Rothschild Gebetbuch: facsimile und comentarium , Codices Selecti, 67 (Graz, 1979). [REDACTED] Media related to Rothschild Prayerbook at Wikimedia Commons Rothschild family The Rothschild family ( / ˈ r ɒ θ ( s ) tʃ aɪ l d / ROTH(S) -chylde German: [ˈʁoːt.ʃɪlt] )

3492-853: The South Australian Government , purchased the Victoria Cross medal set of Major Peter Badcoe for A$ 480,000. The Badcoe medals were on public display in the South Australian Museum in Adelaide, and on tour in South Australia, for twelve months before going on display at the Australian War Memorial in Canberra. On 23 April 2020, during the global COVID-19 pandemic , Stokes and his wife, Christine Simpson, were granted quarantine within their own home after returning from

3589-537: The fall of France during the Second World War led to the seizure of the property of the French Rothschilds under German occupation. Despite having their bank restored to them at the end of the war, the French Rothschilds were powerless in 1982 as the family business was nationalised by the socialist government of newly elected President François Mitterrand . In addition, The New York Times wrote that

3686-527: The hereditary peerage title of Baron Rothschild (1885). The Rothschilds already possessed a significant fortune before the start of the Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815), and the family had gained preeminence in the bullion trade by this time. From London in 1813 to 1815, Nathan Mayer Rothschild was instrumental in almost single-handedly financing the British war effort, organising the shipment of bullion to

3783-635: The third commercial station licence in Perth, as well as acquiring radio stations in Victoria (including 3DB (Melbourne) and 3GL ( Geelong ), South Australia and Western Australia, through a vehicle called BDC. These assets were sold to Frank Lowy in 1987. In 1996 Stokes acquired a strategic 19 per cent stake in the Seven Network (now approximately 43 per cent), a network of commercial free-to-air television stations in Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane and Adelaide , as well as regional Queensland and Perth . This

3880-532: The 1760s. Unlike most previous court factors, Rothschild managed to bequeath his wealth and established an international banking family through his five sons, who established businesses in Paris, Frankfurt, London, Vienna, and Naples. The family was elevated to noble rank in the Holy Roman Empire and the United Kingdom. During the 19th century, the Rothschild family possessed the largest private fortune in

3977-509: The Athens Summer Olympics in 2004. Stokes has been married four times. His first marriage was to Dorothy "Dot" Ebert, who is the mother of two of his children, Russell and Raelene. In an interview with The Bulletin , it was implied that Stokes was estranged from his first family. His second marriage was to his receptionist, Denise Bryant, with whom he had two sons. Denise walked out of the marriage and went overseas, and Stokes became

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4074-465: The British and French financial firms merged under the leadership of David René de Rothschild . There are two branches of the family connected to France. The first was the branch of James Mayer de Rothschild (1792–1868), known as "James", who established de Rothschild Frères in Paris; he married his niece Betty von Rothschild . Following the Napoleonic Wars, he played a major role in financing

4171-456: The British branch, plus Bank Rothschild AG, the Swiss branch, set up a representative banking office in Frankfurt. By the start of the 20th century, the introduction of national taxation systems had ended the Rothschilds' policy of operating with a single set of commercial account records, which resulted in the various branches gradually going their own separate ways as independent banks. The system of

4268-515: The Grand Duchy of Tuscany. However, in the 1830s, Naples followed Spain with a gradual shift away from conventional bond issues that began to affect the bank's growth and profitability. The Unification of Italy in 1861, with the ensuing decline of the Italian aristocracy who had been the Rothschilds' primary clients, eventually brought about the closure of their Naples bank, due to a forecasted decline in

4365-656: The Paris Rothschild family remained involved in the family business, becoming a major force in international investment banking. The Paris Rothschilds have since led the Thomson Financial League Tables in Investment Banking Merger and Acquisition deals in the UK, France and Italy. James Mayer de Rothschild 's other son, Edmond James de Rothschild (1845–1934), was very much engaged in philanthropy and

4462-440: The Rothschild family. Six of these places are grouped in the same vicinity, on the Sharon plain , while the others are scattered throughout the country. They are, listed in order of founding: Since the late 19th century, the family has taken a low-key public profile, donating many famous estates, as well as vast quantities of art, to charity, and generally eschewing conspicuous displays of wealth. Today, Rothschild businesses are on

4559-426: The Rothschilds "grossly misjudged the opportunities directly across the Atlantic" and quoted Evelyn de Rothschild as saying that despite the accomplishments made by the various branches of the family in international high finance for over 200 years, "we never seized the initiative in America and that was one of the mistakes my family made." In 1816, four of the five sons of Mayer Amschel Rothschild were elevated to

4656-485: The Rothschilds into "donating" a large number of works to Austrian museums, including the prayerbook, which went to the National Library. In exchange the family was allowed to export other works. Under international pressure over this and similar disputes, the government of Austria returned the book and other works of art to the Rothschild family in 1999. The book was sold for them by Christie's auction house in London on 8 July 1999 for £8,580,000 (then $ 13,400,000), still

4753-438: The arts and to the community. In 2008 Stokes was appointed a Companion of the Order of Australia (AC) for service to business and commerce through strategic leadership and promotion of corporate social responsibility, to the arts through executive roles and philanthropy, and to the community, particularly through contributions to organisations supporting youth. His passionate interest in art coincides with his long association with

4850-449: The arts, and he was a leading proponent of Zionism . His grandson, Baron Edmond Adolphe de Rothschild , founded in 1953 the LCF Rothschild Group , a private bank. Since 1997, Baron Benjamin de Rothschild chairs the group. The group has €100bn of assets in 2008 and owns many wine properties in France ( Château Clarke , Château des Laurets ), in Australia, or in South Africa. In 1961, the 35-year-old Edmond Adolphe de Rothschild purchased

4947-400: The bank was able to supply enough coin to the Bank of England to enable it to avert a liquidity crisis. Nathan Mayer's eldest son, Lionel de Rothschild (1808–1879), succeeded him as head of the London branch. Under Lionel, the bank financed the British government's 1875 purchase of Egypt 's interest in the Suez Canal . The Rothschild bank also funded Cecil Rhodes in the development of

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5044-465: The banking fraternity in general. By this means, Jewish financiers obtained an increasing share of international finance during the middle and last quarter of the 19th century. The head of the whole group was the Rothschild family..." It also says: "Of more recent years, non-Jewish financiers have learned the same cosmopolitan method, and, on the whole, the control is now rather less than more in Jewish hands than formerly." Mayer Rothschild successfully kept

5141-494: The bonds on the crest of a short bounce in the market in 1817 for a 40% profit. Given the sheer power of leverage the Rothschild family had at their disposal, this profit was an enormous sum. Nathan Mayer Rothschild started his business in Manchester in 1806 and gradually moved it to London, where in 1809 he acquired the location at 2 New Court in St. Swithin's Lane, City of London , where it operates today; he established N M Rothschild & Sons in 1811. In 1818, he arranged

5238-459: The centre of the Rothschild coat of arms. The family's ascent to international prominence began in 1744, with the birth of Mayer Amschel Rothschild in Frankfurt am Main , Germany. He was the son of Amschel Moses Rothschild (born circa 1710), a money changer who had traded with the Prince of Hesse . Born in the " Judengasse ", the ghetto of Frankfurt , Mayer developed a finance house and spread his empire by installing each of his five sons in

5335-402: The close involvement of the Rothschilds in the occasion. Major 19th-century businesses founded with Rothschild family capital include: The family funded Cecil Rhodes in the creation of the African colony of Rhodesia . From the late 1880s onwards, the family took over control of the Rio Tinto mining company. The Japanese government approached the London and Paris families for funding during

5432-419: The collection of the Australian War Memorial in Canberra. He now sits on the council of the War Memorial. In November 2012, Stokes was named Western Australia's Australian of the Year for his extensive philanthropic contributions to Australian society. In 1994, Stokes delivered the Boyer Lectures , a series of five lectures broadcast annually on ABC radio. His series was entitled "Advance Australia Where?" on

5529-474: The community, most especially those services supporting young people. As of May 2023 , Stokes was the twelfth-richest Australian by net worth , according to the 2023 Financial Review Rich List . John Patrick Alford was born in Melbourne , Victoria . His unmarried mother was Marie Jean Alford. Stokes was adopted by Matthew and Irene Stokes and grew up in Camp Pell , a slum housing area. He later dropped out of school at age 14. In June 2000, Stokes told

5626-418: The company Club Med , after he had visited a resort and enjoyed his stay. His interest in Club Med was sold off by the 1990s. In 1973, he bought out the Bank of California , selling his interests in 1984 before it was sold to Mitsubishi Bank in 1985. The second French branch was founded by Nathaniel de Rothschild (1812–1870). Born in London, he was the fourth child of the founder of the British branch of

5723-612: The company and turned it into a profitable business. By 1905, the Rothschild interest in Rio Tinto amounted to more than 30 percent. In 1887, the French and British Rothschild banking houses loaned money to, and invested in, the De Beers diamond mines in South Africa, becoming its largest shareholders. The London banking house continued under the management of Lionel Nathan de Rothschild (1882–1942) and his brother Anthony Gustav de Rothschild (1887–1961), and then to Sir Evelyn de Rothschild (1931–2022). In 2003, following Sir Evelyn's retirement as head of N M Rothschild & Sons of London,

5820-423: The construction of railways and the mining business that helped make France an industrial power. By 1980, the Paris business employed about 2,000 people and had an annual turnover of 26 billion francs (€4.13 billion or $ 5 billion in the currency rates of 1980). — Wilhelm I , Emperor of Germany, on visiting Château de Ferrières . However, the Paris business suffered a near death blow in 1982, when

5917-443: The creation of a network of agents, couriers and shippers, the bank was able to provide funds to the armies of the Duke of Wellington in Portugal and Spain, therefore funding the war. The providing of other innovative and complex financing for government projects formed a mainstay of the bank's business for the better part of the century. N M Rothschild & Sons' financial strength in the City of London became such that, by 1825–26,

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6014-432: The deposed king. With the ensuing unification of Italy , and the mounting tension between Adolph and the rest of the family, the Naples house closed in 1863 after forty-two years in business. In 1901, the German branch closed its doors after more than a century in business following the death of Wilhelm Rothschild with no male heirs. It was not until 1989 that the family returned to Germany, when N M Rothschild & Sons,

6111-446: The family, Nathan Mayer Rothschild (1777–1836). In 1850, Nathaniel Rothschild moved to Paris to work with his uncle James Mayer Rothschild. In 1853, Nathaniel acquired Château Brane Mouton, a vineyard in Pauillac in the Gironde département . Nathaniel Rothschild renamed the estate Château Mouton Rothschild , and it would become one of the best known labels in the world. In 1868, Nathaniel's uncle, James Mayer de Rothschild, acquired

6208-402: The five brothers and their successor sons all but disappeared by World War I . The rise of Nazi Germany in the 1930s led to a precarious situation for the Austrian Rothschilds under the annexation of Austria in 1938 when the family was pressured to sell its banking operation at a fraction of its real worth. While other Rothschilds had escaped the Nazis, Louis Rothschild was imprisoned for

6305-491: The five main European financial centres to conduct business. The Rothschild coat of arms contains a clenched fist with five arrows symbolising the five dynasties established by the five sons of Mayer Rothschild, in a reference to Psalm 127: "Like arrows in the hands of a warrior, so are the children of one's youth." The family motto appears below the shield: Concordia, Integritas, Industria (Unity, Integrity, Industry). Paul Johnson writes "[T]he Rothschilds are elusive. There

6402-487: The fortune in the family with carefully arranged marriages , often between first- or second- cousins (similar to royal intermarriage ). By the late 19th century, however, almost all Rothschilds had started to marry outside the family, usually into the aristocracy or other financial dynasties. His sons were: The German family name "Rothschild" is pronounced [ˈʁoːt.ʃɪlt] in German, unlike / ˈ r ɒ θ ( s ) tʃ aɪ l d / in English. The surname "Rothschild"

6499-464: The future reduction in government borrowing brought about by the peace would create a bounce in British government bonds after a two-year stabilisation, which would finalise the post-war restructuring of the domestic economy. In what has been described as one of the most audacious moves in financial history, Nathan immediately bought up the government bond market, for what at the time seemed an excessively high price, before waiting two years, then selling

6596-501: The head of the house, is the true king of Judah, the prince of the captivity, the Messiah so long looked for by this extraordinary people. He holds the keys of peace or war, blessing or cursing. ... They are the brokers and counselors of the kings of Europe and of the republican chiefs of America. What more can they desire? The Neapolitan Rothschilds was the first branch of the family to decline when revolution broke out and Giuseppe Garibaldi captured Naples on 7 September 1860 and set up

6693-429: The industrialisation of Europe and were instrumental in supporting railway systems across the world and in complex government financing for projects such as the Suez Canal . From 1895 through 1907 they loaned nearly $ 450,000,000 (equivalent to $ 14,700,000,000 in 2023 ) to European governments. During the 19th century, the family bought up a large proportion of the property in Mayfair , London. The Rothschild family

6790-423: The lowest estimates, 41 palaces, of a scale and luxury perhaps unparalleled even by the richest royal families. The British Chancellor of the Exchequer David Lloyd George claimed, in 1909, that Nathan, Lord Rothschild was the most powerful man in Britain. Niles' Weekly Register , Volume 49 had the following to say about the Rothschilds' influence on international high finance in 1836: The Rothschilds are

6887-442: The management of the family bank and was the most active in support for Eretz Israel . The Rothschild family archives show that during the 1870s the family contributed nearly 500,000 francs per year on behalf of Eastern Jewry to the Alliance Israélite Universelle . Baron Edmond James de Rothschild (known in Israel simply as "the Baron Rothschild" or "the Benefactor" (Hebrew: "HaNadiv")), youngest son of James Jacob de Rothschild,

6984-517: The miniature with illusionistically painted wooden tracery. Some pages follow the fashion of showing one scene as a framed inset within another larger one, In total 140 pages, over half of the whole book, have significant decoration outside the text. The calendar has scenes of the Labours of the Months at the bottom of the pages. As with other very lavishly illuminated manuscripts, it was probably worked on over

7081-477: The neighbouring Château Lafite vineyard. In Vienna , Salomon Mayer Rothschild established a bank in the 1820s and the Austrian family had vast wealth and position. The crash of 1929 brought problems, and Baron Louis von Schwartz Rothschild attempted to shore up the Creditanstalt , Austria's largest bank, to prevent its collapse. Nevertheless, during the Second World War they had to surrender their bank to

7178-437: The new kind of international bank created by the Rothschilds was impervious to local attacks. Their assets were held in financial instruments, circulating through the world as stocks, bonds and debts. Changes made by the Rothschilds allowed them to insulate their property from local violence: "Henceforth their real wealth was beyond the reach of the mob, almost beyond the reach of greedy monarchs." Johnson argued that their fortune

7275-871: The organization and transferred his Palestinian land holdings as well as 15 million francs to it. In 1924, he reorganized the Palestinian branch of the ICA into the Palestine Jewish Colonisation Association (PICA), which acquired more than 125,000 acres (50,586 ha) of land and set up business ventures. In Tel Aviv , the Rothschild Boulevard is named after him, as are a number of localities throughout Israel which he assisted in founding, including Metulla , Zikhron Ya'akov , Rishon Lezion and Rosh Pina . A park in Boulogne-Billancourt , Paris,

7372-603: The size of Stokes' privately owned cattle empire in Western Australia to more than 1 million ha (2.47 million acres). Stokes's commercial interests in the media sector commenced in Western Australia, with the development of the Golden West Network , a regional television network based in Bunbury in partnership with Jack Bendat. In 1979 Stokes acquired Canberra 's local TV station Seven Canberra , subsequently acquiring Seven Adelaide from Rupert Murdoch and won

7469-438: The socialist government of François Mitterrand nationalised and renamed it as Compagnie Européenne de Banque. Baron David de Rothschild , then 39, decided to stay and rebuild, creating a new entity named Rothschild & Cie Banque , with just three employees and €830,000 (US$ 1 million) in capital. Today, the Paris operation has 22 partners and accounts for a significant part of the global business. Ensuing generations of

7566-579: The subject of conspiracy theories , many of which have antisemitic origins. The first member of the family who was known to use the name "Rothschild" was Isaak Elchanan Rothschild, born in 1577. The name is derived from the German zum rothen Schild (with the old spelling "th"), meaning "at the red shield", in reference to the house where the family lived for many generations (in those days, houses were designated not by numbers, but by signs displaying different symbols or colours). A red shield can still be seen at

7663-616: The sustainability of the business over the long-term. However, in the early 19th century, the Rothschild family of Naples built up close relations with the Holy See , and the association between the family and the Vatican continued into the 20th century. In 1832, when Pope Gregory XVI was seen meeting Carl von Rothschild to arrange the 1832 Rothschild loan to the Holy See (for £400,000, worth €43,000,000 in 2014), observers were shocked that Rothschild

7760-482: The third son of Mayer Amschel Rothschild (1744–1812), first established a textile jobbing business in Manchester and from there went on to establish N M Rothschild & Sons bank in London. During the early part of the 19th century, the Rothschild family's London bank took a leading part in managing and financing the subsidies that the British government transferred to its allies during the Napoleonic Wars . Through

7857-599: The topic of the Information Superhighway . He delivered the Andrew Olle Media Lecture in October 2001. Stokes has taken an active role in preserving Australian ownership of significant military heritage; he has now purchased three Australian Victoria Cross medal sets, and a George Cross medal set. Stokes has purchased all four sets via auction from Bonhams & Goodman of Sydney, Australia. The first

7954-470: The wonders of modern banking ... we see the descendants of Judah, after a persecution of two thousand years, peering above kings, rising higher than emperors, and holding a whole continent in the hollow of their hands. The Rothschilds govern a Christian world. Not a cabinet moves without their advice. They stretch their hand, with equal ease, from [Saint] Petersburgh to Vienna, from Vienna to Paris, from Paris to London, from London to Washington. Baron Rothschild,

8051-457: The world record auction price for an illuminated manuscript before they sold it themselves. The prayerbook was offered for sale again at Christie's, New York, on 29 January 2014, when it fetched £8,195,783. The bidder remained anonymous until September 2014, when it was revealed on the Australian TV program Sunday Night that Kerry Stokes , an Australian businessman, billionaire and owner of

8148-429: The world, as well as in modern world history. The family's wealth declined over the 20th century, and was divided among many descendants. Today, their interests cover a diverse range of fields, including financial services, real estate, mining, energy, agriculture, winemaking , and nonprofits. Many examples of the family's rural architecture exist across northwestern Europe. The Rothschild family has frequently been

8245-582: Was a patron of the first permanent settlement in Palestine at Rishon-LeZion (1882). He also provided funding for the establishment of Petah Tikva as a permanent settlement (1883). Overall, he bought from Ottoman landlords 2–3% of the land. After Baron de Hirsch died in 1896, the Hirsch-founded Jewish Colonisation Association (ICA) started supporting the settlement of Palestine (1896), and Baron Rothschild took an active role in

8342-525: Was also to provide Nathan Rothschild time and again with political and financial information ahead of his peers, giving him an advantage in the markets and rendering the house of Rothschild still more invaluable to the British government. In one instance, the family network enabled Nathan to receive in London the news of Wellington's victory at the Battle of Waterloo a full day ahead of the government's official messengers. Rothschild's first concern on this occasion

8439-565: Was directly involved in the independence of Brazil from Portugal in the early 19th century. Upon an agreement, the Brazilian government should pay a compensation of two million pounds sterling to the Kingdom of Portugal to accept Brazil's independence. N M Rothschild & Sons was pre-eminent in raising this capital for the government of the newly formed Empire of Brazil on the London market. In 1825, Nathan Rothschild raised £2,000,000, and indeed

8536-470: Was generated to the greatest extent by Nathan Mayer Rothschild in London; however, more recent research by Niall Ferguson indicates that greater and equal profits also were realised by the other Rothschild dynasties, including James Mayer de Rothschild in Paris, Carl Mayer von Rothschild in Naples and Amschel Mayer Rothschild in Frankfurt. Another essential part of Mayer Rothschild's strategy for success

8633-545: Was not required to kiss the Pope's feet, as was then required for all other visitors to the Pope, including monarchs. The 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia described the Rothschilds as "the guardians of the papal treasure". Jewish solidarity in the family was not homogeneous. Many Rothschilds were supporters of Zionism , while other members of the family opposed the creation of the Jewish state. In 1917 Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild

8730-454: Was not to the potential financial advantage on the market which the knowledge would have given him; he and his courier immediately took the news to the government. That he used the news for financial advantage was a fiction then repeated in later popular accounts, such as that of Morton . The basis for the Rothschilds' most famously profitable move was made after the news of British victory had been made public. Nathan Rothschild calculated that

8827-476: Was probably discreetly involved in the earlier tranche of this loan which raised £1,000,000 in 1824. Part of the price of Portuguese recognition of Brazilian independence, secured in 1825, was that Brazil should take over repayment of the principal and interest on a £1,500,000 loan made to the Portuguese government in 1823 by N M Rothschild & Sons. A correspondence from Samuel Phillips & Co. in 1824 suggests

8924-481: Was supported by Alan Jackson , who Stokes appointed CEO of the company for a number of years. The platform, as well as a 33 per cent stake in Sky News Australia , reaches 98 per cent of Australians. Seven has also established a major magazine publishing business, Pacific Magazines , which accounts for more than 20 per cent of all magazines sold in Australia. Also under Stokes's leadership, Seven has established

9021-438: Was the Australian licensee for TiVo , launched in 2008 and abandoned in 2014. In 2006, Seven Network and KKR created a new joint venture, Seven Media Group, a multi-faceted media company combining a presence in broadcast television, magazine and online applications. West Australian Newspapers Ltd. merged with Seven to form Seven West Media in 2011. Stokes's private company, in conjunction with Shanghai People's Press ,

9118-595: Was the VC medal set of Captain Alfred John Shout , paying a world record price of A$ 1.2 million on 24 July 2006. In the same auction, he purchased the GC medal set of Lieutenant Commander George Gosse for A$ 180,000. On 28 November of the same year, Stokes purchased the VC set of Lance Corporal Bernard Gordon for A$ 478,000. He donated all three sets to the Australian War Memorial. On 20 May 2008, Stokes, in conjunction with

9215-575: Was the addressee of the Balfour Declaration to the Zionist Federation , which committed the British government to the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people. His nephew , Victor, Lord Rothschild was against granting asylum or helping Jewish refugees in 1938. After the death of James Jacob de Rothschild in 1868, his eldest son Alphonse Rothschild took over

9312-625: Was to install television antennas in Perth , followed by a sustained period in property development throughout the 1960s and 1970s. He also developed a range of shopping centres in Perth and regional Western Australia with partners Jack Bendat and Kevin Merifield. His private company, Australian Capital Equity , is the holding company for Stokes' interests in a diverse range of Australian and international businesses and ventures covering property, construction, mining and petroleum exploration. He invested in

9409-662: Was to keep control of their banks in family hands, allowing them to maintain full secrecy about the size of their fortunes. In about 1906, the Jewish Encyclopedia noted: "The practice initiated by the Rothschilds of having several brothers of a firm establish branches in the different financial centres was followed by other Jewish financiers, like the Bischoffsheims , Pereires , Seligmans , Lazards and others, and these financiers by their integrity and financial skill obtained credit not alone with their Jewish confrères, but with

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