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70-528: Following the death of highly regarded football coach Vince Lombardi in 1970 his widow, Marie, authorised the Rotary Club of Houston to establish the Rotary Lombardi Award. The award began as recognition to only interior line positions that Vince Lombardi played while an undergraduate at Fordham University , offensive and defensive guard, and later expanded to include linebackers and tight ends , with

140-442: A Dartmouth record which still stands. The 1925 Michigan team was coach Fielding H. Yost 's favorite and featured the passing tandem of Benny Friedman and Bennie Oosterbaan . Yost disciple Dan McGugin coached Vanderbilt and was one of the first emphasize the forward pass. His 1907 team beat Sewanee on a double pass play Grantland Rice cited as his biggest thrill in his years of watching sports. McGugin's 1927 team

210-413: A Georgia rush seemed destined to block the ball. The punter, with an impromptu dash to his right, tossed the ball and it was caught by George Stephens , who ran 70 yards for a touchdown. In a 1905 experimental game at Wichita, Kansas , Washburn University and Fairmount College (what would become Wichita State ) used the pass before new rules allowing the play were approved in early 1906. Credit for

280-434: A change in the rules. Another rule change on January 18, 1951, established that no center or guard could receive a forward pass, and a tackle may only do so if he announces his intent to the referee beforehand that he will be an eligible receiver, called a tackle-eligible play . The only linemen who can receive a forward pass are the ends ( tight ends and wide receivers ). The rules regulate who may throw and who may receive

350-408: A forward pass, and under what circumstances, as well as how the defensive team may try to prevent a pass from being completed. The primary passer is the quarterback , and statistical analysis is used to determine a quarterback's success rate at passing in various situations, as well as a team's overall success at the passing game. In gridiron football , a forward pass is usually referred to simply as

420-419: A forward pass. The quarterback generally either starts a few paces behind the line of scrimmage or drops back a few steps after the ball is snapped. This places him in an area called the "pocket", which is a specific protective region formed by the offensive blockers up front and between the tackles on each side. A quarterback who runs out of this pocket is said to be scrambling. Under NFL and NCAA rules, once

490-406: A linebacker, enabling a big running play. Defensive linemen, particularly defensive ends are typically lighter and faster than defensive tackles and offensive linemen. Defensive tackles weight averages between 260 and 310 lbs. Forward pass In several forms of football , a forward pass is the throwing of the ball in the direction in which the offensive team is trying to move, towards

560-405: A pass, and consists of a player throwing the football towards the opponent's goal line. This is permitted only once during a scrimmage down by the offensive team before team possession has changed, provided the pass is thrown from behind the line of scrimmage ; a pass is legal as long as some part of the passer's body is behind the line of scrimmage. The person passing the ball must be a member of

630-561: A play would have been instantly copied and become the vogue. The East, however, had not learned much or cared much about Midwest and Western football. Indeed, the East scarcely realized that football existed beyond the Alleghanies ..." Once the 1906 season got underway, many programs began experimenting with the forward pass. On September 26, 1906, Villanova's game against the Carlisle Indians

700-621: A professional football game may have been thrown in an Ohio League game played on October 25, 1906. The Ohio League, which traced its history to the 1890s, was a direct predecessor of the NFL . According to Robert W. Peterson in his book Pigskin The Early Years of Pro Football , the "passer was George W. (Peggy) Parratt , probably the best quarterback of the era", who played for the Massillon, Ohio Tigers , one of pro football's first franchises. Citing

770-431: A single defensive tackle, called the nose tackle (and a defensive line of three men, with four linebackers behind them). Defensive ends in a typical 3-4 have responsibilities more similar to a 4-3 defensive tackle than 4-3 defensive ends. On running plays, the goal is to tackle the ball carrier. The defensive line attempts to maintain their original formation (even spacing without holes), but also to prevent any members of

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840-408: A wrestling match similar to sumo . Offensive linemen thus tend to be the largest and strongest players on the field with excellent agility and balance, but limited straight-line running speed and stamina. On some running plays, an offensive lineman will pull by backing out of his initial position and running behind the other offensive linemen to engage a defensive player beyond the initial width of

910-407: Is a fumble and therefore a loose ball . In this case anybody can gain possession of the ball before or after it touches the ground. If the passer drops the ball while his arm is moving forward it is a forward pass, regardless of where the ball lands or is first touched. At some levels of play, a video replay may be required for the game's officials to conclusively determine if a play is a fumble or

980-453: Is called a blitz . Because the defense does not know whether the offense is attempting a passing play or a running play (or whether a quarterback will give up on an attempt to pass and instead run with the ball), they must balance passing and running strategies: running around offensive linemen and avoiding contact may allow faster pressure on a quarterback, but it also leaves a hole in the defensive line and frees an offensive lineman to engage

1050-444: Is the intention of football coaches to try repeatedly these frequent long and risky passes. Well executed they are undoubtedly highly spectacular, but the risk of dropping the ball is so great as to make the practice extremely hazardous and its desirability doubtful. Another coach sometimes credited with popularizing the overhead spiral pass in 1906 is former Princeton All-American "Bosey" Reiter . Reiter claimed to have invented

1120-609: The Professional Football Researchers Association as his source, Peterson writes that "Parratt completed a short pass to end Dan Riley (real name, Dan Policowski )" in a game played at Massillon against a team from West Virginia. Since the Tigers "ran up a 61 to 0 score on the hapless Mountain Staters, the pass played no important part in the result". According to National Football League history, it legalized

1190-540: The Syracuse Orangemen from Syracuse University . The game was organized by Frank Shaughnessy , the head coach of McGill. McGill player Robert "Boo" Anderson is credited with the first forward pass attempt in Canadian football history. The forward pass was not officially allowed in Canadian football until 1929. Most sources credit Saint Louis University's Bradbury Robinson from Bellevue, Ohio with throwing

1260-419: The center , who is responsible for snapping the ball into play, two guards who flank the center, and two offensive tackles flanking these guards. In addition, a full offensive line may also include a tight end outside one or both of the tackles. An offensive lineman's motion during a play is often limited to just a few quick steps (typically from a three-point stance ) to establish position, followed by

1330-431: The offensive team , and the recipient of the forward pass must be an eligible receiver and must touch the passed ball before any ineligible player. An illegal forward pass can incur a yardage penalty and the loss of a down, although it may be legally intercepted by the opponents and advanced. If an eligible receiver on the passing team legally catches the ball, the pass is completed and the receiver may attempt to advance

1400-459: The 1876 Yale – Princeton game in which Yale's Walter Camp threw forward to teammate Oliver Thompson as he was being tackled. Princeton's protest, one account said, went for naught when the referee 'tossed a coin to make his decision and allowed the touchdown to stand' ". The University of North Carolina used the forward pass in an 1895 game against the University of Georgia . However,

1470-469: The Lombardi Award. The total number of voters is approximately 500. The Ohio State University holds the record for most Lombardi awards with six. Orlando Pace , the only two-time winner (1995 and 1996), is the most recent offensive lineman to be honored. Net proceeds from the award activities are contributed to cancer research, awareness, and treatment, on the stipulation of Marie Lombardi. In 2017,

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1540-578: The Midwest did not pick it up. Arthur Schabinger , quarterback for the College of Emporia in Kansas , was reported to have regularly used the forward pass in 1910. Coach H. W. "Bill" Hargiss' "Presbies" are said to have featured the play in a 17–0 victory over Washburn University and in a 107–0 destruction of Pittsburg State University . Coach Pop Warner at Carlisle had quarterback Frank Mount Pleasant , one of

1610-471: The St. Louis coach in the development of the pass. Hackett was an official in games involving both teams. As Wray recalled almost 40 years later: "Hackett told this writer that in no other game that he handled had he seen the forward pass as used by St. Louis U. nor such bewildering variations of it." "Cochems said that the poor Iowa showing resulted from its use of the old style play and its failure to effectively use

1680-424: The addition of including non-performance values: leadership, courage, desire, respect for authority, and discipline. To be considered for the award, players must be an NCAA FBS College Football team member and meet the following qualifications: The voting electorate is made up of the head coaches from all NCAA Division I schools, sports media personnel from across the country, and former winners and finalists of

1750-532: The ball "like a baseball pitcher". On the other hand, Hall of Fame coach Gus Dorais told the United Press that "Eddie Cochems of the [Saint] Louis University team of 1906–07–08 deserves the full credit." Writing in Collier's more than 20 years earlier, Dorais' Notre Dame teammate Knute Rockne acknowledged Cochems as the early leader in the use of the pass, observing, "One would have thought that so effective

1820-410: The ball before an actual tackle is made; the goal is thus to put pressure on the quarterback as quickly as possible to force him to throw the ball before he can find an open receiver. Defensive ends are usually the most skilled pass rushers on the team. In order to increase the pressure on the quarterback, teams will often have players other than the defensive line attempt to tackle the quarterback; this

1890-406: The ball to within a foot or two of any given space" and noted that the 1921 team was the first at Notre Dame "to build its attack around a forward passing game, rather than use a forward passing game as a mere aid to the running game." Mohardt had both Eddie Anderson and Roger Kiley at end to receive his passes. From 1915 to 1916, Pudge Wyman and end Bert Baston of Minnesota were "one of

1960-518: The ball well into Yale territory, about the 20-yard line. The football season opened for most schools during the first week of October, and the impact of the forward pass was immediate: Some publications credit Yale All-American Paul Veeder with the "first forward pass in a major game". Veeder threw a 20- to 30-yard completion in leading Yale past Harvard 6–0 before 32,000 fans in New Haven on November 24, 1906. However, that Yale/Harvard game

2030-463: The ball. The defensive line consists of one or two defensive tackles and two defensive ends who play outside the defensive tackles. The defensive line works with the linebackers to try to control the line of scrimmage . The 4-3 defense , most commonly used in the NFL, employs two defensive tackles (and a defensive line of four men, with three linebackers behind them), while the 3-4 defense uses just

2100-433: The ball. If an opposing player legally catches the ball – all defensive players are eligible receivers – it is an interception . That player's team immediately gains possession of the ball and he may attempt to advance the ball toward his opponent's goal. If no player is able to legally catch the ball it is an incomplete pass and the ball becomes dead the moment it touches the ground. It will then be returned to

2170-577: The commitment was made to make the game safer. This meeting was the first step toward the establishment of what would become the NCAA and was followed by several sessions to work out "the new rules". The final meeting of the Rules Committee tasked with reshaping the game was held on April 6, 1906, at which time the forward pass officially became a legal play. The New York Times reported in September 1906 on

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2240-636: The country, outscoring their opponents 407–11. Football authority and College Football Hall of Fame coach David M. Nelson wrote that "E. B. Cochems is to forward passing what the Wright brothers are to aviation and Thomas Edison is to the electric light." While Saint Louis University completed the first legal forward pass in the first half of September, this accomplishment was in part because most schools did not begin their football schedule until early October. In 1952, football coach Amos Alonzo Stagg discounted accounts crediting any particular coach with being

2310-455: The dark." Because St. Louis was geographically isolated from both the dominant teams and the major sports media (newspapers) of the era, all centered in and focused on the East, Cochems' groundbreaking offensive strategy was not picked up by the major teams. Pass-oriented offenses would not be adopted by the Eastern football powers until the next decade. But that does not mean that other teams in

2380-484: The defensive team's goal line. The legal and widespread use of the forward pass distinguishes gridiron football ( American football and Canadian football ) from rugby football ( union and league ) from which the gridiron code evolved, in which the play is illegal. Illegal and experimental forward passes had been attempted as early as 1876, but the first legal forward pass in American football took place in 1906, after

2450-400: The east. ... The St. Louis university players shoot the ball hard and accurately to the man who is to receive it ... The fast throw by St. Louis enables the receiving player to dodge the opposing players, and it struck me as being all but perfect." Hackett is the only known expert witness to the passing offenses of both Cochems' 1906 squads and that of Stagg, who dismissed any special role for

2520-430: The field boundaries after the ball is first grasped, depending on the league rules. In the NFL the receiver must touch the ground with both feet, but in most other codes – CFL , NCAA and high school – one foot in bounds is sufficient. Common to all gridiron codes is the notion of control: a receiver must demonstrate control of the ball in order to be ruled in "possession" of it, while still in bounds. If

2590-415: The first legal forward pass. On September 5, 1906, in a game against Carroll College , Robinson's first attempt at a forward pass fell incomplete and resulted in a turnover under the 1906 rules. In the same game, Robinson later completed a 20-yard touchdown pass to Jack Schneider . The 1906 Saint Louis University team, coached by Eddie Cochems , was undefeated at 11–0 and featured the most potent offense in

2660-499: The first pass goes to Fairmount's Bill Davis, who completed a pass to Art Solter. 1905 had been a bloody year on the gridiron; the Chicago Tribune reported 19 players had been killed and 159 seriously injured that season. There were moves to outlaw the game, but United States President Theodore Roosevelt personally intervened and demanded that the rules of the game be reformed. In a meeting of more than 60 schools in late 1905,

2730-452: The first regular spiral pass quarterbacks in football. Knute Rockne and Gus Dorais worked on the pass while lifeguarding on a Lake Erie beach at Cedar Point in Sandusky, Ohio , during the summer of 1913. That year, Jesse Harper , Notre Dame head coach, also showed how the pass could be used by a smaller team to beat a bigger one, first utilizing it to defeat rival Army . After it

2800-456: The forward pass encouraged adoption of a narrower ball, starting with changes in the 1920s which enhanced rifled throwing and also spiral punting. This had the consequence of all but eliminating the drop kick from the American game. In the two codes of rugby ( union and league ), a forward pass is against the rules. Normally this results in a scrum to the opposing team, but on rare occasions

2870-465: The forward pass from anywhere behind the line of scrimmage on February 25, 1933. Before that rule change, a forward pass had to be made from 5 or more yards behind the line of scrimmage. Forward passes were first permitted in Canadian football in 1929, but the tactic remained a minor part of the game for several years. Jack Jacobs of the Winnipeg Blue Bombers is recognized, not for inventing

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2940-454: The forward pass", Nelson writes. "Iowa did attempt two basketball-style forward passes." "During the 1906 season [Robinson] threw a sixty-seven yard pass ... and ... Schneider tossed a sixty-five yarder. Considering the size, shape and weight of the ball, these were extraordinary passes." In 1907, after the first season of the forward pass, one football writer noted that, "with the single exception of Cochems, football teachers were groping in

3010-500: The forward pass, but for popularizing it in the Western Interprovincial Football Union (one of the forerunner leagues to the modern Canadian Football League ) in the early 1950s, thus changing the Canadian game from a more run-dominated game to a more passing-dominant game. Specification of the size of the ball for the American game came in 1912, but it was still essentially a rugby ball . Increased use of

3080-426: The forward pass: Eddie Cochems, who coached at [Saint] Louis University in 1906, also claimed to have invented the pass as we know it today ... It isn't so, because after the forward pass was legalized in 1906, most of the schools commenced experimenting with it and nearly all used. Stagg asserted that, as far back as 1894, before the rules committee even considered the forward pass, one of his players used to throw

3150-559: The game: "There has been no team that has proved that the forward pass is anything but a doubtful, dangerous play to be used only in the last extremity." John Heisman was instrumental in the rules' acceptance. In Canadian football, the first exhibition game using a forward pass was held on November 5, 1921, at McGill University in Montreal , Quebec, Canada, between the McGill Redmen football team and visiting American college football team

3220-400: The greatest forward-passing combinations in the history of the gridiron". In the 1921 Rose Bowl , California 's Brick Muller completed a touchdown against Washington & Jefferson which went 53 yards in the air, a feat previously thought impossible. In a 1925, 62–13 victory over Cornell , Dartmouth's Andy Oberlander had 477 yards in total offense, including six touchdown passes,

3290-452: The initial snap from center, offensive linemen are not eligible to handle the ball- with the exception of recovering fumbles- and are not allowed to advance more than two yards past the line of scrimmage at the time a pass is thrown, whether they are engaged with a defensive player or not. On running plays, the primary job of the offensive line is to create space for the ball carrier to run, either by pushing all defensive players backwards past

3360-482: The innovator of the forward pass. Stagg noted that he had Walter Eckersall working on pass plays and saw Pomeroy Sinnock of Illinois throw many passes in 1906. Stagg summed up his view as follows: "I have seen statements giving credit to certain people originating the forward pass. The fact is that all coaches were working on it. The first season, 1906, I personally had sixty-four different forward pass patterns." In 1954, Stagg disputed Cochems' claim to have invented

3430-481: The line of scrimmage, or by pushing defensive players to the side to allow the ball carrier to run past them. On passing plays, the offensive line is tasked with stopping defensive players from tackling the quarterback before he has thrown the ball. Stopping these players indefinitely is practically not possible, so the main objective of the offensive line is to slow them down, providing the quarterback with enough time to identify an open, eligible receiver and throw him

3500-414: The offensive line, whose job is to help protect the quarterback from getting sacked for a loss, or worse, fumbling . The defensive line is covered by the same rules that apply to all defensive players. Linemen are usually the largest players on the field in both height and weight, since their positions usually require less running and more strength than skill positions . The offensive line consists of

3570-412: The offensive line; in modern games this duty usually falls to guards . When an offensive lineman knocks a player down on a block, leaving the defensive player lying flat on his back, it is known as a pancake block. When an offensive line has an equal number of men on either side of the center, it is known as a balanced line . The interior offensive line consists of the center and guards. Besides

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3640-399: The opening game of the 1906 season against Yale , Reiter's quarterback Sammy Moore completed a forward pass to Irvin van Tassell for a thirty-yard gain. The New York Times called it "the prettiest play of the day", as Wesleyan's quarterback "deftly passed the ball past the whole Yale team to his mate Van Tassel". Van Tassel later described the historic play to the United Press : I was

3710-405: The opposing offensive line from successfully engaging the linebackers, who chase down the ball carrier. The defensive tackles are usually the most skilled run defenders on the team. On passing plays, the defensive line tries to reach the quarterback . Ideally, the defensive players are able to tackle the quarterback for a loss (a sack ), but in practice the quarterback will usually manage to throw

3780-429: The original line of scrimmage for the next down . If any player interferes with an eligible receiver's ability to catch the ball it is pass interference which draws a penalty of varying degrees, depending upon the particular league's rules. The moment that a forward pass begins is important to the game. The pass begins the moment the passer's arm begins to move forward. If the passer drops the ball before this moment it

3850-525: The overhead spiral pass while playing professional football as a player-coach for Connie Mack 's Philadelphia Athletics of the original National Football League (1902) . While playing for the Athletics, Reiter was a teammate of Hawley Pierce , a former star for the Carlisle Indian School . Pierce, a Native American , taught Reiter to throw an underhand spiral pass, but Reiter had short arms and

3920-414: The passer must simply throw the ball across the line of scrimmage – whether he is inside or outside of the "pocket"—to avoid the foul of "intentionally grounding". If a forward pass is caught near a sideline or endline it is a complete pass (or an interception) only if a receiver catches the ball "in bounds". For a pass to be ruled complete in-bounds, either one or two feet must touch the ground within

3990-415: The passes was twenty yards." Nelson continues, "the last play demonstrated the dramatic effect that the forward pass was having on football. St. Louis was on Iowa's thirty-five-yard line with a few seconds to play. Timekeeper Walter McCormack walked onto the field to end the game when the ball was thrown twenty-five yards and caught on the dead run for a touchdown." The 1906 Iowa game was refereed by one of

4060-627: The play was still illegal at the time. Bob Quincy stakes Carolina's claim in his 1973 book They Made the Bell Tower Chime : John Heisman , namesake of the Heisman Trophy , wrote 30 years later that, indeed, the Tar Heels had given birth to the forward pass against the Bulldogs (UGA). It was conceived to break a scoreless deadlock and give UNC a 6–0 win. The Carolinians were in a punting situation and

4130-485: The presenting Rotary Club expanded the award's eligibility to include all positions. This lasted until 2021, when they reverted to the original criteria. The winners from 2017 through 2020 are not recognized by the current award committee, although 2020 winner Zaven Collins qualified under the original criteria. The main part of the trophy is a block of granite , paying homage to Lombardi's college days at Fordham University as an offensive lineman when his offensive line

4200-432: The quarterback moves out of the pocket the ball may be legally thrown away to prevent a sack. NFHS (high school) rules do not allow for a passer to intentionally throw an incomplete forward pass to save loss of yardage or conserve time, except for a spike to conserve time after a hand-to-hand snap. If he throws the ball away while still in the pocket then a foul called "intentional grounding" is assessed. In Canadian football

4270-486: The rationale for the changes: "The main efforts of the football reformers have been to 'open up the game'—that is to provide for the natural elimination of the so-called mass plays and bring about a game in which speed and real skill shall supersede so far as possible mere brute strength and force of weight." However, the Times also reflected widespread skepticism as to whether the forward pass could be effectively integrated into

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4340-467: The receiver handles the ball but the official determines that he was still "bobbling" it prior to the end of the play, then the pass will be ruled incomplete. Similarly, if the receiver fails to continue to control the ball after falling to the ground, the pass may be ruled incomplete. The forward pass had been attempted at least 30 years before the play was actually made legal. Passes "had been carried out successfully but illegally several times, including

4410-469: The right halfback, and on this formation played one yard back of our right tackle. The quarterback, Sam Moore, took the ball from center and faded eight or 10 yards back of our line. Our two ends angled down the field toward the sidelines as a decoy, and I slipped through the strong side of our line straight down the center and past the secondary defense. The pass worked perfectly. However, the quarterback coming up fast nailed me as I caught it. This brought

4480-650: The top football officials in the country, West Point 's Lt. Horatio B. "Stuffy" Hackett . He had officiated games involving the top Eastern powers that year. Hackett, who would become a member of the football rules committee in December 1907 and officiated games into the 1930s, was quoted the next day in Ed Wray's Globe-Democrat article: "It was the most perfect exhibition ... of the new rules ... that I have seen all season and much better than that of Yale and Harvard. St. Louis' style of pass differs entirely from that in use in

4550-499: Was billed as "the first real game of football under the new rules". In the first play from scrimmage after the opening kicks, Villanova completed a pass that "succeeded in gaining ten yards". Following the Villanova-Carlisle game, The New York Times described the new passing game this way: The passing was more of the character of that familiar in basket ball than that which has hitherto characterized football. Apparently it

4620-451: Was piloted by Bill Spears , who threw for over a thousand yards. According to one writer, Vanderbilt produced "almost certainly the legit top Heisman candidate in Spears, if there had been a Heisman Trophy to award in 1927". McGugin disciple and former quarterback Ray Morrison brought the pass to the southwest when he coached Gerald Mann at Southern Methodist . The first forward pass in

4690-534: Was played three weeks after St. Louis completed 45- and 48-yard passes against Kansas before a crowd of 7,000 at Sportsman's Park . The forward pass was a central feature of Cochems' offensive scheme in 1906 as his St. Louis University team compiled an undefeated 11–0 season in which they outscored opponents by a combined score 407 to 11. The highlight of the campaign was St. Louis' 39–0 win over Iowa . Cochems' team reportedly completed eight passes in ten attempts for four touchdowns. "The average flight distance of

4760-442: Was referred to as the " Seven Blocks of Granite ". Stanford Oregon Lineman (gridiron football) In gridiron football , a lineman is a player who specializes in play at the line of scrimmage . The linemen of the team currently in possession of the ball are the offensive line , while linemen on the opposing team are the defensive line . A number of NFL rules specifically address restrictions and requirements for

4830-403: Was unable to throw for distance from an underhand delivery. Accordingly, Reiter began working on an overhand spiral pass. Reiter recalled trying to imitate the motion of a baseball catcher throwing to second base. After practice and experimentation, Reiter "discovered he could get greater distance and accuracy throwing that way". In 1906, Reiter was the head coach at Wesleyan University . In

4900-448: Was used against a major school on a national stage in this game, the forward pass rapidly gained popularity. The 1919 and 1920 Notre Dame teams had George Gipp , an ideal handler of the forward pass, who threw for 1,789 yards. John Mohardt led the 1921 Notre Dame team to a 10–1 record with 781 rushing yards, 995 passing yards, 12 rushing touchdowns, and nine passing touchdowns. Grantland Rice wrote that "Mohardt could throw

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